Grape hyacinths

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Grape hyacinths
Illustration: left: Lumpy grape hyacinth (Muscari comosum) right: Vineyard grape hyacinth (Muscari neglectum)

Illustration:
left: Lumpy grape hyacinth ( Muscari comosum )
right: Vineyard grape hyacinth ( Muscari neglectum )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Scilloideae
Genre : Grape hyacinths
Scientific name
Muscari
Mill.

The grape hyacinths ( Muscari ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae). Sometimes they are also referred to as pearl hyacinths, in parts of southern Germany also as peasant boys. In contrast, the name Bergmännchen is used for the plant in parts of central Germany. In addition to the botanical species, there are also some hybrids . Home areas of the species are in Europe , North Africa and Southwest Asia .

description

Detail of an artificially opened flower of Muscari botryoides

Grape hyacinths are perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form egg-shaped bulbs with a brown covering ("tunic") as persistence organs. Only at the base are (one to) mostly two to seven parallel-veined, fleshy leaves .

Many flowers stand together in a terminal cluster on an inflorescence stem . In each inflorescence, the upper flowers are smaller, differently colored and sterile. The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are threefold. The six uniformly shaped bracts are tubular or urn-shaped fused, they are always shorter than 2.5 cm and mostly blue. There are two circles with three stamens each; the anthers are dark blue. The three carpels are a green, Upper permanent ovary grown, with a stylus and three scars.

The capsule fruit is three-winged and contains six black, spherical seeds.

Armenian grape hyacinth ( Muscari armeniacum )
Muscari commutatum
Muscari dolichanthum
Broad-leaved grape hyacinth ( Muscari latifolium )
Vineyard grape hyacinth ( Muscari neglectum )
Muscari parviflorum
Muscari spreitzenhoferi

Systematics

The genus Muscari was established by Philip Miller in 1754 . It is divided into four sub-genera, which are also treated as separate genera:

  • Muscari subgen. Leopoldia (Parl.) Peterm. (Syn .: Leopoldia Parl. ); Type species is Muscari comosum (L.) Miller . This subheading also includes, for example, Muscari bicolor , Muscari caucasicum , Muscari cycladicum , Muscari eburneum , Muscari gussonei , Muscari longipes , Muscari spreitzenhoferi , Muscari tenuiflorum and Muscari weissii .
  • Muscari subgen. Moscharia (Baker) Chouard ; Type species is Muscari muscarimi medication .
  • Muscari subgen. Muscari ; Type species is Muscari botryoides (L.) Miller .
  • Muscari subgen. Pseudomuscari Stuart (Syn. Pseudomuscari Garbari & Greuter ); The type is Muscari pallens (M.Bieb.) Fish. This subheading also includes Muscari azureum , Muscari coeleste , Muscari forniculatum , Muscari inconstrictum and Muscari pseudomuscari .

There are around 50 types of Muscari :

  • Muscari adilii M.B. Güner & H. Duman : The home is the area around Ankara in Turkey.
  • Muscari albiflorum (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni : It occurs only in northern Egypt.
  • Muscari alpanicum Schchian : It occurs in Transcaucasia.
  • Muscari anatolicum Cowley & Özhatay : It occurs only in Turkey.
  • Armenian grape hyacinth ( Muscari armeniacum H.J.Veitch ; Syn .: Muscari apertum Freyn & Conrath , Muscari sosnovskyi Schchian , Muscari szovitsianum Baker ), home: Southeastern Europe, Middle Asia.
  • Muscari artvinense Demirci & E. Kaya : It occurs in Turkey.
  • Muscari atillae Yildirim : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Turkey.
  • Muscari atlanticum Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs only in Morocco and in southern and eastern Spain.
  • Aucher grape hyacinth ( Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker ; Syn .: Muscari lingulatum Baker , Muscari sintenisii Freyn , Muscari tubergenianum Hoog ex Turrill ): The home is northern Turkey.
  • Muscari babachii Eker & Koyuncu : It occurs only in Turkey in the Hatay province .
  • Muscari baeticum Blanca , Ruíz Rejón & Suár.-Sant .: It occurs in Spain.
  • Muscari bicolor Boiss. (Syn .: Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig & Feinbrun ): It occurs in Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and on the Sinai Peninsula.
  • Small grape hyacinth ( Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill .; Syn .: Muscari motelayi Foucaud , Muscari carpaticum Racib. , Muscari longifolium Rigo , Muscari pocuticum Zapal. ): The home is Central to Southeastern Europe.
  • Muscari bourgaei Baker : It occurs only in southern and western Turkey.
  • Muscari caucasicum (Griseb.) Baker (Syn. Bellevalia caucasica Griseb. , Leopoldia caucasica (Griseb.) Losinsk. ): It occurs in Turkey, Iraq and Iran.
  • Muscari cazorlanum C. Soriano & al. : It is endemic to the Sierra de Cazorla in Spain.
  • Confused grape hyacinth ( Muscari commutatum Guss .; Syn .: Botryanthus commutatus (Guss.) Kunth ): It occurs in southeastern Europe as far as the Aegean.
  • Lumpy grape hyacinth ( Muscari comosum (L.) Mill .; Syn .: Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. ), Origin: Europe, Middle East, North Africa.
  • Muscari cycladicum P.H.Davis & DCStuart : The home is the Cyclades .
  • Muscari dionysicum Rech.f. (Syn .: Leopoldia dionysica (Rech.f.) Greuter ): It occurs only on small islands in the Cyclades and around Crete .
  • Muscari discolor Boiss. & Hausskn. : It is native to eastern Turkey.
  • Muscari dolichanthum Voronow & Tron : It occurs only in Transcaucasia.
  • Muscari eburneum (Eig & Feinbrun) DC Stuart (Syn .: Leopoldia eburnea Eig & Feinbrun ): It occurs in Egypt, on the Sinai Peninsula and in Palestine.
  • Muscari elmasii Yildirim : The species first described in 2016 occurs in Turkey.
  • Muscari erdalii Özhatay & Demirci : It was first described in 2013 and only occurs in Turkey.
  • Muscari fertile Ravenna : It occurs only in Israel.
  • Muscari filiforme Ravenna : It occurs only in Israel.
  • Muscari gussonei (Parl.) Death. (Syn .: Leopoldia gussonei Parl .; Muscari cupanianum Taranto & Gerbino ex Guss. , Muscari aestivale Baker ): It occurs only in southern Italy and Sicily.
  • Muscari heldreichii Boiss. : It occurs in southern Greece.
  • Muscari hermonense Ravenna : It occurs only from Lebanon to southwest Syria.
  • Muscari hierosolymitanum Ravenna : It occurs only in Israel.
  • Muscari kerkis Karlén : It only occurs on Samos .
  • Muscari kurdicum Maroofi : It occurs in northwestern Iran.
  • Broad-leaved grape hyacinth ( Muscari latifolium Kirk ), native to western and southern Turkey.
  • Muscari lazulinum Ravenna : It occurs only in Israel.
  • Muscari longistylum (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni : It occurs only in Palestine (Gaza).
  • Muscari longipes Boiss. (Syn .: Muscari aaronsohnii Oppenh. & Beauverd , Muscari albicaule Post , Muscari atropatanum Grossh. , Muscari bushiricum var. Pumilum Parsa , Muscari deserticola Rech.f. , Muscari dinsmorei Rech.f. , Leopoldia longipes (Boiss.) Losinsk. ) : It occurs from Turkey to the Sinai Peninsula and Iran.
  • Muscari macbeathianum Kit Tan : The home is the area around Adana in Turkey.
  • Large-fruited grape hyacinth ( Muscari macrocarpum Sweet ; Syn .: Muscari creticum (Baker) NEBr. , Muscari moschatum var. Flavum Ker Gawl. ); Homeland: southern Aegean Sea, southwestern Turkey.
  • Muscari massayanum C. Grunert : The home is southern and eastern Turkey.
  • Muscari matritense Ruíz Rejón, Pascual, C.Ruíz Rejón, Valdés & JLOliv. (Syn .: Leopoldia matritensis (Ruíz Rejón, Pascual, C.Ruíz Rejón, Valdés & JLOliv.) Ined. ): The home is central and southern Spain.
  • Muscari microstomum P.H. Davis & DC Stuart : The home is central Turkey.
  • Muscari mirum Speta : The home is south-western Turkey.
  • Muscari neglectum or Missed Traubenhyazinthe ( Muscari neglectum cast ex Ten.. ;. Syn Muscari racemosum .. (L.) Mill non Mill noun ambiguum; Muscari grandifolium Baker ; Muscari leucostomum Woronow ex Czerniak. , Muscari bootanensis handle. , Muscari elwesii Baker , Muscari letourneuxii Boiss. , Muscari nivale Stapf , Muscari macranthum Freyn , Muscari flaccidum O.Schwarz , Hyacinthus racemosus L. , Botryanthus odorus Kunth , Botryanthus mordoanus (Heldr.) Nyman ): The home is Europe and North Africa; to Central Asia; it is naturalized in North America.
  • Muscari olivetorum Blanca, Ruíz Rejón & Suár.-Sant. : It occurs in southern Spain.
  • Muscari parviflorum Desf. : The homeland is the Mediterranean area from Spain and Algeria to Turkey.
  • Muscari pulchellum Heldr. & Sart. : It occurs from southeast Greece to the islands of the Aegean Sea. With two subspecies:
    • Muscari pulchellum subsp. clepsydroides Karlén : It occurs in the Cyclades.
    • Muscari pulchellum subsp. pulchellum : It occurs in southeastern Greece.
  • Musk-grape hyacinth ( Muscari racemosum Mill. Non (L.) Mill. Nomen ambiguum; Syn .: Muscari muscarimi med. , Muscari ambrosiacum Moench , Muscari moschatum Willd. , Hyacinthus muscari L. ): The home is south-western Turkey.
  • Muscari sabihapinari Eroğlu, Pinar & Fidan : occurs in southern Anatolia.
  • Muscari salah-eidii (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni : The home is Rafah on the Sinai Peninsula.
  • Muscari sandrasicum Karlén : The homeland is southwestern Turkey.
  • Muscari serpentinicum Yildirim, Altioglu & Pirhan : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Turkey.
  • Muscari sivrihisardaghlarense Yıld. & B. Selvi : The home is Turkey.
  • Muscari spreitzenhoferi (Heldr. Ex Osterm.) HRWehrh. (Syn .: Muscari amoenocomum Rech.f. , Muscari creticum Vierh. , Leopoldia spreitzenhoferi Heldr. Ex Osterm. ): The home is Crete.
  • Muscari stenanthum Freyn : The home is north-western Libya.
  • Muscari tavoricum Ravenna : The homeland is Israel.
  • Narrow-flowered grape hyacinth ( Muscari tenuiflorum Tausch ; Syn .: Muscari alpinum J. Gay ex Baker , Leopoldia tenuiflora (Tausch) Heldr. ): The home is Europe and the Middle East.
  • Muscari turcicum Uysal, Ertugrul & Dural : The home is Turkey.
  • Muscari tuzgoluense Yıld. : The home is Turkey.
  • Muscari ufukii E. Kaya & Demirci : The home is Turkey.
  • Muscari vuralii Bağci & Doğu : The home is Turkey.
  • Muscari weissii Freyn , (Syn .: Leopoldia theraea Heldr. , Leopoldia weissii Freyn ): The homeland is Greece and Turkey.

No longer counted in this genus:

use

From some Muscari species, varieties have been bred as ornamental plants :

Variety with white flowers
Muscari botryoides, white
Muscari botryoides, white
  • Muscari armeniacum :
    • 'Argei Album'
    • 'Atlantic'
    • 'Blue Spike'
    • 'Cantab'
    • 'Christmas Pearl'
    • 'French Riviera'
    • 'Denim'
    • 'Fant. Creation '
    • 'Peppermint'
    • 'Saffier'
    • 'Rimshot'
  • Muscari azureum :
    • 'Album'
    • 'Amphibolis'
    • 'Purple Form'
  • Muscari botryoides :
    • 'Album'
    • 'Carneum'
    • 'Superstar'
  • Muscari comosum :
    • 'Pinard'
    • 'Plumosum'
    • 'Dark Eyes'
  • Muscari macrocarpum :
    • 'Golden Fragrance'
  • Muscari neglectum :
    • 'Valerie Finnis'
    • 'Sky Blue'
    • 'White Beauty'

Garden volatile grape hyacinths

The Small Grape Hyacinth and the Schopfige Grape Hyacinth grow in places in orchards and vineyards in warm areas of Central Europe. Because of their rare occurrence, they are classified as endangered on the Red List . However, they are plants that were spread by humans (so-called ethelochory ). In terms of garden history, they were introduced in the so-called oriental phase of ornamental plants, when between 1560 and 1620 a large number of hyacinths , tulips and daffodils were imported to Central Europe, mainly from Turkey. The small grape hyacinth and the Schopfige grape hyacinth are therefore among the so-called garden refugees .

Philatelic

With the initial issue date 1 March 2019 which gave German Post AG in the permanent stamp series flowers a postage stamp in the denomination out of 120 euro cents with the motif of a grape. The design comes from the graphic designers Stefan Klein and Olaf Neumann from Iserlohn.

swell

literature

  • Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Rose hip and Co. Flowers, fruits and spread of European plants . Fauna-Verlag, Nottuln 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 .
  • Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Muscari. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 316 (English, online ).
  • Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  • Peter Hadland Davis, DC Stuart: Muscari Miller . In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, ISBN 0-521-20108-X , pp. 46–49 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Wolf: Muscari grape hyacinths in Ostwuerttemberg ( Memento of the original from February 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Society for Natural History in Württemberg, branch of the East Württemberg association. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.natur-ostwuerttemberg.de
  2. ↑ Uta Kietsch: Grape Hyacinths - Muscari. Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg 2003 (PDF file).
  3. ^ Philip Miller: The Gardeners Dictionary: Containing the Methods of Cultivating and Improving All Sorts of Trees, Plants, and Flowers, for the Kitchen, Fruit and Pleasure Gardens; as Also Those which are Used in Medicine, with Directions for the Culture of Vineyards, and Making of Wine in England. In which Likewsie are Included the Practical Parts of Husbandry. 4th edition. Volume 2, John & James Rivington, London 1754, preview in Google Book Search
  4. ↑ Franz Speta: About the delimitation and structure of the genus Muscari and about its relationship to other representatives of the Hyacinthaceae. In: Botanical yearbooks for systematics and plant geography. Volume 103, No. 2, 1982, pp. 247-291.
  5. ↑ Martin Philippo: Muscaripages. A website about the genus Muscari. Species and Cultivars. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / home-3.tiscali.nl
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Muscari. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  7. ↑ İsmail Eker, Mehmet Koyuncu: Muscari babachii sp. nov. (Hyacinthaceae) from south Anatolia. In: Nordic Journal of Botany. Volume 26, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 49-52, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2008.00299.x .
  8. ↑ a b Panayiotis Dimopoulos, Thomas Raus, Erwin Bergmeier, Theophanis Constantinidis, Gregoris Iatrou, Stella Kokkini, Arne Strid, Dimitrios Tzanoudakis: Vascular Plants of Greece: An Annotated Checklist. (= Englera. Volume 31). Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem / Hellenic Botanical Society, Berlin / Athens 2013, ISBN 978-3-921800-88-1 , p. 102.
  9. ↑ Huseyin Eroğlu, Suleyman Mesut Pinar and Mehmet Fidan. 2019. Muscari sabihapinari sp. nov. (Asparagaceae) from Anatolia, Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany. 37 (11). DOI: 10.1111 / njb.02514
  10. ^ Thomas Karlén: Muscari sandrasicum (Liliaceae), a New Species from Turkey. In: Willdenowia. Volume 16, No. 2, 1987, pp. 375-382 (JSTOR).
  11. ↑ Şinasi Yıldırımlı, Bedrettin Selvi: A new species, Muscari sivrihisardaghlarensis (Liliaceae) from Central Anatolia, Turkey. In: Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi. Volume 9, No. 1, 2002, pp. 7-12.
  12. ↑ Tuna Uysal, Kuddisi Ertuğrul, Hüseyin Dural, Mustafa Küçüködük: Muscari turcicum (Liliaceae / Hyacinthaceae), a new species from south Anatolia, Turkey. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 154, No. 2, 2007, pp. 233-236, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2007.00646.x .
  13. ↑ Suleyman Doğu, Yavuz Bağcı: Muscari vuralii sp. nov. (Liliaceae / Hyacinthaceae) from south Anatolia, Turkey. In: Nordic Journal of Botany. Volume 27, No. 3, 2009, pp. 243-246, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2009.00427.x

Web links

Commons : Grape Hyacinth ( Muscari )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files