Iris family

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Iris family
Bastard Iris (Iris spuria)

Bastard Iris ( Iris spuria )

Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Iris family
Scientific name
Iridaceae
Yuss.

The Iris family (Iridaceae) form a world-wide spread plant family in the order of the asparagus-like (Asparagales). The best known species are the eponymous irises ( Iris ) and the gladiolus ( Gladiolus ).

description

Illustration of Olsynium filifolium from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 111, 1885, Plate 6829

The Iridaceae can from other monocots ( monocots ) mainly due to the many sword-shaped leaves, whose top and bottom are morphologically identical (unifacial) and the flowers with just a circle with three stamens and (except in the genus Isophysis ) one under constant ovary distinction become.

Appearance

Tribus Croceae: Habitus of Babiana sambucina
Tribus Trimezieae: Neomarica northiana
Tribe Tigridieae: Tigridia pavonia

Iris plants are mostly perennial , herbaceous plants , they are only rarely annual (some Sisyrinchium species). The species of the subfamily Nivenioideae lignify.

The basic form of the underground survival organs within the family is a creeping, persistent rhizome , which is usually short. In the tribe Tigrideae onion-like tubers have developed, which are surrounded with dry, brownish coatings (" tunics "). Also in the subgenus Scorpiris , Xiphion and Reticulata of the irises ( Iris ) there are onion-like tubers, which probably originated there independently of each other. The formation of tubers is a fundamental property of the subfamily Crocoideae, but also occurs in some African genera of the sub-shoots Homeriinae and Ferrariinae within the tribe Irideae. In the Crocoideae the tubers have a pronounced central cylinder, form roots from the base of the tubers and usually consist of several internodes . The formation of the tubers differs within the shoots. In the Tribe Watsonieae they arise from an axillary bud at the base of the flower sprout, the sprout on the tuber arises in the tip of the tuber. In contrast, in the Croceae at least some of the tubers arise from the base of the flower sprout, the shoots of the next year arise from buds in the upper nodes of the tuber. The tubers within the tribe Irideae have a diffuse central cylinder, the roots arise from a bud at the tip of the tubers.

leaves

The leaves are usually sword-shaped and morphologically and anatomically the same on the top and bottom (unifacial) and stand on an open leaf sheath. Deviations from this occur with the folded leaves of the Tigridieae and some Crocoideae ( Babiana and most species of Crocosmia ). Dorsi-central stipules with different leaf surfaces have developed several times, especially in the African Homeriinae, a sub-tribus of the tribe Irideae. The subgenus Scorpiris , Xiphium and Reticulata of the iris ( Iris ) have leaves with different tops and bottoms. Dorsiventral leaves occur in the Ixioideae as well as the genera of the crocuses ( Crocus ) and Syringodea . Closed leaf sheaths are found in the whole subfamily Crocoideae, occasionally they also occur in the subfamily Iridoideae.

Inflorescences

The basic form of the inflorescences of the family is the so-called Rhiphidium , a specialized, single-forked Zyme . In the subfamily Iridoideae, these Rhiphidia are either terminally on the main and secondary levels and can be differently designed, arranged in panicles, or they are terminally individually or in groups of a few Rhiphidia. These rhiphidia consist of two large, bract-like flower sheaths, each of which envelops some stemmed flowers that arise from a common starting point. The flowers are lifted out of the vagina one after the other, depending on the number of flowers over a period of up to a week. For the subfamily Nivenioideae, Rhiphidia that are grown in pairs are characteristic. In the genus Isophysis of the monogeneric subfamily Isophysidoideae, the flowers are single, but like the Rhiphidia of the Iridoidae, they are surrounded by two opposite flower sheaths. In the subfamily Crocoideae, the flowers are sessile and surrounded by an outer bract and an inner, two-part cover sheet. Except in the genus Pillansia , the flowers of all Ixioideae are arranged on a straight or slightly curved axis, thus forming a kind of spike. In the genus Pillansia , the flowers are arranged in panicles. In some Crocoideae the spikes are reduced, so that the flowers stand individually or individually at each branch of the flower axis. This form of the inflorescence occurs, for example, in the genera Romulea , Syringodea and the crocuses ( Crocus ).

blossoms

Flower diagram of the Iridaceae using the example of Iris
Tribus Irideae: flower of an Iris laevigata

The hermaphrodite flowers of the iris family are very variable in color, size and shape, basic properties are the trinity and the loss of the inner circle of the stamens . Except for the Isophysidoideae, the ovary is subordinate. The flowers are often radial symmetry , exceptions are a large part of the Crocoideae and the genus Diplarrhena from the Iridoideae which are zygomorphic .

The bloom in all Crocoideae and some Nivenioideae ( Nivenia , Witsenia ) Patersonioideae and Iridoideae ( irises ( Iris ), Moraea sect. Tubiflora , Olsynium ) grow together. A corolla tube is typical for all Crocoideae, the flowers of this subfamily are very long-lived with a flowering period of at least two days and have an unbranched venature, which distinguishes them from the short-flowering flowers with branched venature of the Iridoideae and Nivenioideae. The Isophysidoideae also have long-lived flowers.

The stamens are characterized in most genres of tribes Mariceae and Tigridieae by a relatively weak filament from which hardly for supporting the dust bag contributes. These are therefore easily grown together with the upper parts of the pen . In some Irideae and Tigridieae the stamens are fused together. The pollen of the iris family are simply grooved and have a roof-shaped, net-like exine (pollen grain surface). The Crocoideae deviate slightly from this, the exine is finely dotted here and often finely spiked. Pollen without an aperture occurs in the genera Syringodea and the crocuses ( Crocus ). Double-furrowed pollen is common in the Tigridieae. Syncolpate pollen is common in the Iridoideae. Akolpate or anomatreme pollen grains are for some sections and sub-genres of irises ( Iris occupied).

Open capsule fruits and seeds of the leopard flower ( Iris domestica , Syn .: Belamcanda chinensis )

The stylus within the Isophysidoideae and the Nivenioideae consists of relatively short lobes or branches and is pitted on the entire surface. In many Iridoideae the styles have long branches that often protrude beyond the style itself. The edges of these branches are curled up so that they are tubular with only the tip pitted. This structure is further specialized in the Irideae, Mariceae and some genera of the Tigridieae: the tips of the stylus branches are transformed into upright, non-grained appendages in pairs, the grained surface is limited to the lower part. In the Irideae, the appendages are flattened and similar to the corolla, the surface of the stigma is often only a small area in the middle of the appendages. In the Trimezieae and many Tigridieae the stylus processes are thickened, the cicatricial lobe itself often has a second pair of upright processes, which are similar to the processes on the pistil branches, but are smaller. In some genera these stylus structures have regressed, for example in the Eleutherine and Calydorea , where they only form long, thread-like arms, and in the Nemastylis , Alophia and the tiger flowers ( Tigridia ), which usually have slender stylus lobes in pairs.

Fruits and seeds

The compartmentalized ( loculicidal ) capsule fruits have three fruit compartments in which the seeds are in one or two rows. The embryo lies straight in the seed and the endosperm is fleshy or horny. The seeds can have an aril or wings.

Systematics

According to Goldblatt 2008, the Iris family (Iridaceae) now consists of seven subfamilies with 66 genera and a little more than 2,000 species:

Systematics of the iris family
Subfamily Aristeoideae: Aristea bakeri
Tribus Croceae: Romulea phenicia
Tribe Freesieae: Freesia laxa
Tribus Gladioleae: Gladiolus illyricus
Tribe Watsonieae: Watsonia pyramidata
Tribe Irideae: Moraea sisyrinchium
Tribus Sisyrinchieae: Striped grass sword ( Sisyrinchium striatum )
Tribe Tigridieae: Hesperoxiphion peruvianum
Tribus Trimezieae: Neomarica northiana
Subfamily Isophysidoideae: flower of Isophysis tasmanica
Subfamily Nivenioideae: Nivenia corymbosa
Subfamily Patersonioideae: Flower in detail of Patersonia sericea
  • Subfamily Aristeoideae Vines : It contains only one genus:
    • Aristea Sol. ex Aiton : The approximately 55 species are distributed in Africa and Madagascar .
  • Subfamily Crocoideae GTBurnett (Syn .: Ixioideae Rchb. Ex Klatt ): It contains five tribes with about 29 genera and about 1025 species:
    • Tribe Croceae Dumort. (Syn .: Ixieae Dumort. ): It contains about 14 genera:
      • Afrocrocus J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It contains only one species:
      • Babiana Ker Gawl. ex Sims (Syn .: Acaste Salisb. nom. inval., Anaclanthe N.E.Br. ): The 90 or so species are distributed in southern Africa. Most species thrive in arid areas, mainly along the west coast. They occur from southern Zambia , Zimbabwe and Namibia to South Africa . The focus of biodiversity is in South Africa.
      • Chasmanthe N.E.Br. : The only three species occur in the South African provinces of the North, Western and Eastern Cape .
      • Crocuses ( Crocus L. ): It contains more than 200 species in Eurasia and North Africa.
      • Dierama K.Koch : The 44 or so species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa.
      • Duthiastrum M.P. de Vos : It only contains one species:
      • Geissorhiza Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Anomaza .. Laws ex Salisb .. Nom inval, Rochea . Salisb , Weihea . Eckl , Sphaerospora Klatt , Engysiphon G.J.Lewis ): It contains about 86 species in South Africa.
      • Hesperantha Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Hesperanthus Salisb. , Schizostylis Backh. & Harv. ): The approximately 82 species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa.
      • Ixia L. (Syn .: Houttuynia Houtt. Nom. Rej., Dichone Lawson ex Salisb. , Hyalis Salisb. Nom. Nud., Agretta Eckl. Nom. Nud., Morphixia Ker Gawl. , Wuerthia Regel ): It contains about 67 Species in South Africa.
      • Radinosiphon N.E.Br. : It contains only two species in southern Africa:
      • Mock crocus ( Romulea Maratti ): The approximately 92 species are common in Africa and the Mediterranean region.
      • Sparaxis Ker Gawl. ( Synnotia Sweet , Streptanthera Sweet , Anactorion Raf. , × Sparanthera Cif. & Giacom. ): The approximately 15 species occur only in the South African provinces of North Cape and Western Cape.
      • Syringodea Hook. f. : The seven to eight species are common in South Africa
      • Tritonia Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Waitzia Rchb. Nom. Superfl., Montbretia DC. , Freesea Eckl. Nom. Nud., Belendenia Raf. , Tritonixia Klatt , Montbretiopsis L.Bolus ): The approximately 30 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa.
    • Tribe Freesieae Goldblatt & JCManning : It contains four genera:
      • Montbretia ( Crocosmia Planch. , Syn .: Crocanthus Klotzsch ex Klatt nom. Nud., Curtonus N.E.Br. ): The eight or so species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar.
      • Devia Goldblatt & JCManning : It only contains one species:
        • Devia xeromorpha Goldblatt & JCManning : Only two sites of this rare species are known in the highest areas of the Roggeveld Escarpment northwest of Sutherland in the North Cape. It thrives on rocky clay in the Renosterveld at altitudes of 1500 to 1700 meters.
      • Freesia Klatt (Syn .: Anomatheca Ker Gawl. , Nymanina Kuntze ): The 15 or so species are distributed in eastern tropical and southern Africa.
      • Xenoscapa (Goldblatt) Goldblatt & JCManning : Of the only two species, one is common in southern Africa and the other is rare and only occurs in the North Cape.
    • Tribe Gladioleae Dumort. : It contains only two genera:
      • Gladiolus ( Gladiolus L. ): It contains about 262 species in Africa, Madagascar and Eurasia.
      • Melasphaerula Ker Gawl. : It contains only one type:
    • Tribus Tritonopsideae Goldblatt & JCManning : It contains only one genus:
      • Tritoniopsis L.Bolus (Syn .: Schweiggera . E.Mey ex Baker , Anapalina N.E.Br. , Tanaosolen N.E.Br. , Exohebea R.C.Foster ): It contains about 24 species in South Africa.
    • Tribe Watsonieae Klatt : It contains eight genera:
      • Cyanixia Goldblatt & JCManning : It contains only one species:
      • Lapeirousia Pourr .: The approximately 42 species are widespread in tropical and southern Africa.
      • Micranthus (pers.) Eckl. : Of only three South African species, two occur only in the Western Cape and the other also in the North Cape.
      • Pillansia L.Bolus : it contains only one species:
      • Savannosiphon Goldblatt & Marais : It contains only one type:
      • Thereianthus G.J. Lewis : The eleven or so species are only found in the South African province of Western Cape.
      • Watsonia Mill. (Syn .: Meriana Trew , Lomenia Pourr. , Lemonia Pers. , Warneria Mill. Ex L. , Neuberia Eckl. Nom. Nud.): It contains about 51 species in southern Africa.
      • Zygotritonia Mildbr. : It contains four species in tropical Africa.
  • Subfamily Geosiridoideae Goldblatt & JCManning : It contains only one genus:
  • Subfamily Iridoideae Eaton : It contains five tribe with about 30 genera and about 900 species:
    • Tribus Diplarrheneae Goldblatt : It contains only one genus:
      • Diplarrhena Labill. : It contains only two species in southeastern Australia and Tasmania.
    • Tribe Irideae putty. : It contains five genera with over 300 species:
      • Bobartia L .: It contains about 15 species in South Africa.
      • Dietes Salisb. ex Klatt : It contains six species on Lord Howe Island , in eastern and southern Africa.
      • Ferraria Burm. ex Mill .: It contains about 14 species in tropical and southern Africa.
      • Irises ( Iris L. ) (Syn .: Hermodactylus Mill. , Xiphion Mill. , Xyphion Medik. Orth. Var., Belamcanda Adans. Nom. Cons., Beverna Adans. , Chamoletta Adans. , Gemmingia Heist. Ex Fabr. , Iriastrum Heist. Ex Fabr. , Xuris Adans. , Xeris Medik. , Chamaeiris Med. , Gattenhofia Med. , Pseudo-iris Med. , Pardanthus Ker Gawl. , Evansia Salisb. , Thelysia Salisb. , Juno Tratt. , Limniris (Exchange) Rchb . , Oncocyclus Siemssen , Limnirion Opiz , Costia Willk. , Coresantha Alef. , Neubeckia Alef. , Spathula Fourr. , Xyridion (Tausch) Fourr. , Joniris (Spach) Klatt , Ioniris Baker orth. Var., Cryptobasis Nevski , Sclerosiphon Nevski , Iridodictyum Rodion. , Siphonostylis Wern.Schulze , Junopsis Wern.Schulze , × Pardancanda L.W.Lenz , Pardanthopsis (Hance) LWLenz , Alatavia Rodion. , Ophioiris (YTZhao) Rodion. , Eremiris (Spach) Rodion. ): The approximately 280 species are Eurasia, North Africa and North America widespread.
      • Moraea Mill. (Syn .: Sisyrinchium Mill. Nom. Illeg., Vieusseuxia D.Delaroche , Galaxia Thunb. , Hexaglottis Vent. , Homeria Vent. , Diaphane Salisb. , Freuchenia Eckl. , Jania Schult. & Schult. F. , Phaianthes Raf. , Hymenostigma Hochst. , Plantia Herb. , Gynandriris Parl. , Iridopsis Welw. Ex Baker , Helixyra Salisb. Ex NEBr. , Barnardiella Goldblatt , Roggeveldia Goldblatt , Rheome Goldblatt , Sessilistigma Goldblatt ): It contains about 198 species in Eurasia (Mediterranean area , Near and Middle East) and Sub-Saharan Africa including South Africa.
    • Tribe Sisyrinchieae Baker : It contains about six genera:
      • Libertia Spreng. (Syn .: Tekel Adans. , Tekelia Scop. Orth. Var., Renealmia R.Br. nom. Illeg., Nematostigma A.Dietr. , Orthrosanthes Raf. , Taumastos Raf. , Choeradodia Herb. , Ezeria Raf. ): The about 15 species in Australasia (southeastern Queensland to southeastern Australia and New Zealand) and in the Andes to southern South America.
      • Olsynium Raf. (Syn .: Phaiophleps Raf. , Symphyostemon Miers nom. Superfl., Psithyrisma Herb. In Lindl. Nom. Superfl., Chamelum Phil. , Ona Ravenna ): It contains about 17 species in the New World from western Canada to the western USA and distributed from Costa Rica to southern South America.
      • Orthrosanthus Sweet (Syn .: Eveltria Raf. ): The approximately nine species are distributed in southern Australia and from Mexico via Central America to northwestern Argentina .
      • Grasschwertel ( Sisyrinchium L. , syn .: Bermudiana Mill. , Hydastylus Dryand ex Salisb.. , Souza Vell. , Paneguia Raf. , Pogadelpha Raf. , Echthronema Herb. , Eriphilema Herb. , Glumosia Herb. , Oreolirion E.P.Bicknell ): You contains about 200 species in temperate to subtropical areas in the New World to the Falkland Islands and Hawaiian Islands.
      • Solenomelus Miers (Syn .: Cruckshanksia Miers nom. Inval., Lechlera Griseb. , Susarium Phil. ): It contains two species in Chile and in southern Argentina.
      • Tapeinia Comm. ex Juss. : It contains a type:
        • Tapeinia pumila (G.Forst.) Baillon (Syn .: Ixia pumila G.Forst. , Witsenia pumila (G.Forst.) Vahl , Sisyrinchium pumilum (G.Forst.) Hook.f. , Ixia magellanica Lam. , Tapeinia magellanica (Lam.) JFGmel. , Moraea magellanica (Lam.) Willd. , Witsenia magellanica (Lam.) Pers. , Galaxia magellanica (Lam.) Steud. ): It occurs in Tierra del Fuego in southern Chile and southern Argentina.
    • Tribe Tigridieae Baker : It contains about 15 genera in the Neotropic :
      • Alophia Herb. (Syn .: Eustylis Engelm. & A.Gray ): The approximately five species are distributed from the south of the central and southern USA via Mexico and Central America to Brazil.
      • Calydorea Herb. (Syn .: Botherbe Steud. Ex Klatt , Roterbe Klatt orth. Var., Catila Ravenna , Itysa Ravenna , Tamia Ravenna ): The approximately 21 species are common in the Neotropic.
      • Cipura Aubl. (Syn .: Marica Schreb. , Bauxia Neck. ): The eight or so species from Mexico across Central to South America and on the Caribbean islands.
      • Cobana Ravenna : it contains only one species:
        • Cobana guatemalensis (Standl.) Ravenna (Syn .: Eleutherine guatemalensis Standl. , Calydorea guatemalensis (Standl.) RCFoster ): It occurs in Guatemala and Honduras.
      • Cypella ( Cypella Herb. , Syn .: Polia Ten. , Kelissa Ravenna , Onira Ravenna ): The 30 species are spread from Brazil to Peru and northern Argentina.
      • Eleutherine Herb. : The only two species are distributed from Central to South America and on the Caribbean islands.
      • Ennealophus N.E.Br. : It contains five species in South America.
      • Gelasine Herb. : It contains about six species in South America.
      • Herbertia Sweet : It contains about seven species in temperate South America and southern America.
      • Hesperoxiphion Baker : It contains about four species in the Andes .
      • Larentia Klatt : It contains about four species in northern South America and Mexico (is also included in Cypella ).
      • Mastigostyla I.M.Johnst. (Syn .: Cardenanthus R.C.Foster ): It contains about 20 species in South America.
      • Nemastylis Nutt. (Syn .: Chlamydostylus Baker ): The approximately six species are distributed from the central USA via Mexico to Honduras .
      • Salpingostylis Small : it contains only one species:
      • Tiger Flower ( Tigridia . Juss , Syn .: Hydrotaenia . Lindl , Beatonia . Herb , Rigidella . Lindl , Pardinia . Herb , cardio stigma Baker , Fosteria Molseed , Ainea Ravenna , Colima . (Ravenna) Aarón Rodr & Ortiz-Cat. ): It contains about 45 to 55 species in South and Central America.
    • Tribus Trimezieae Ravenna : It contains about three genera with about 66 species in the Neotropic:
      • Neomarica Sprague (Syn .: Marica Ker Gawl. Nom. Illeg., Galathea Liebm. Non Cass. Ex Less. , Cypella Klatt nom. Illeg.): The approximately 28 species are from Mexico via Central America and from Trinidad via Brazil to the northeast Argentina spread.
      • Pseudotrimezia R.C. Foster : The approximately 18 species are distributed in southeastern Brazil.
      • Trimezia Salisb. ex Herb. (Syn .: Lansbergia de Briese , Poarchon Allemão , Xanthocromyon H.Karst. , Remaclea C.Morren , Anomalostylus R.C.Foster ): The approximately 20 species of the Lesser Antilles spread to tropical South America.
  • Subfamily Isophysidoideae Takhtajan ex Thorne & Reveal : It contains only one genus:
    • Isophysis T.Moore ex Seemann : It contains only one species:
  • Subfamily Nivenioideae Schulze ex Goldblatt : It contains three genera and about 14 woody species that occur only in the western Capensis , only in the South African province of Western Cape :
    • Klattia Baker : The only three species are endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa.
    • Nivenia Vent. : The eleven species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape.
    • Witsenia Thunb. : It contains only one type:
      • Witsenia maura (L.) Thunb. : This endemic occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Subfamily Patersonioideae Goldblatt : It contains only one genus:

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Individual evidence

  1. ^ Peter Goldblatt: Phylogeny and classification of Iridaceae , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 77, Issue 4, 1990, pp. 607-627.
  2. ↑ a b Yu-tang Zhao, Henry J. Noltie & Brian F. Mathew: Iridaceae , p. 297 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
  3. ↑ a b c d e Peter Goldblatt & John C. Manning: The Iris Family: Natural History and Classification. , Timber Press, Portland, 2008: Google Books.
  4. ^ Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark: Flora of Guatemala , Field Museum of History Botanical Series, Volume 24, Part III, Chicago, USA, 1952.
  5. ^ Peter Goldblatt & John C. Manning: Phylogeny of the African genera Anomatheca and Freesia (Iridaceae-Ixioideae), and a new genus Xenoscapa. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 20, 1995, pp. 161-178. Abstract.
  6. ^ Peter Goldblatt: A synoptic review of the African genus Hesperantha (Iridaceae: Crocoideae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 90, 2003, pp. 390-443.
  7. ↑ Peter Goldblatt, Aaron Rodriguez, MP Powell, T. Jonathan Davies, John C. Manning, M. van der Bank & Vincent Savolainen: Iridaceae 'Out of Australasia'? Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Divergence Time Based on Plastid DNA Sequences , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 33, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 495-508: Online.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Data sheet at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Last accessed on October 8, 2016
  9. ↑ Iridaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  10. ↑ Syringodea unifolia in the Red List of South African Plants
  11. ↑ Species list for Chasmanthe in the Red List of South African Plants
  12. ↑ Species list for Duthiastrum in the Red List of South African Plants
  13. ↑ a b Species list for radinosiphon in the Red List of South African Plants
  14. ↑ Species list on Sparaxis in the Red List of South African Plants
  15. ↑ Species list for Devia in the Red List of South African Plants
  16. ↑ Species list for Xenoscapa in the Red List of South African Plants
  17. ↑ Species list for Melasphaerula in the Red List of South African Plants
  18. ↑ Species list for Micranthus in the Red List of South African Plants
  19. ↑ Species list for Pillansia in the Red List of South African Plants
  20. ↑ Species list for Thereianthus in the Red List of South African Plants
  21. ↑ Species list for Watsonia in the Red List of South African Plants
  22. ↑ Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  23. ↑ Species list for Klattia in the Red List of South African Plants
  24. ↑ Species list for Nivenia in the Red List of South African Plants
  25. ↑ Species list to Witsenia in the Red List of South African Plants

Web links

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