Aristea

Aristea
	Aristea africana
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Iris family (Iridaceae)
Subfamily :	Nivenioideae
Genre :	Aristea
Scientific name
	Aristea
	Aiton

Aristea is a genus of plants in the family of the Iris family (Iridaceae). They are also called guard lilies in German. The distribution area of the approximately fifty Aristean species is in Africa south of the Sahara (Sub-Sahara).

description

It takes about three years from germination of the seed to flowering.

Appearance and leaves

Aristea species grow as evergreen, perennial herbaceous plants that form clumps . Short to long rhizomes are formed as persistence organs. The simple or branched stem has a rounded, flattened or strongly winged cross-section and only has a leaf at the top or additionally reduced leaves in the lower area. The leaves are arranged in two rows and at the base and are, depending on the species, with a length of 20 to 90 cm, relatively long and sword-shaped or linear, rarely pedicels.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowering period is usually between late winter and summer. The only bract is leaf-like and green or partially to completely membranous to dry-skinned with a smooth or irregularly torn to frayed edge. The inflorescence has the shape of a two-part fan (Rhiphidium), with one or more flowers in two groups. The bracts are also leaf-like and green or partially to completely membranous to dry-skinned with a smooth or irregularly torn to frayed edge. Usually there is no flower stalk.

Section of an inflorescence of Aristea bakeri with three-fold flowers

The relatively short-lived flowers pass within a day. The flowers usually open in the morning and begin to wither as early as midday or early afternoon. The scentless, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The six mostly almost identical, lanceolate to egg-shaped, mostly horizontally spreading or sometimes ascending bracts are fused over a length of about 0.5 to 2 mm and twist when they wither. In a few species, the bracts of the outer circle are significantly smaller. The colors of the bracts range from mostly dark blue or more rarely purple or mauve, light blue to white, sometimes with contrasting drawings. Nectar production has only been proven in one species with nectaries on the bracts. The 2 × 3 upright, free stamens have elongated to linear anthers. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown. The thin stylus, which is not exactly on the tip of the ovary, ends in a very short, three-notched, three-part or short three-lobed stigma; the stigma lobes can be smooth or fringed.

The pollination is effected by scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae: Hopliini ) which are attracted by the pollen.

Fruits and seeds

There is a very short to clearly recognizable fruit stalk. Most of the remnants of the bracts are still present in ripe fruits. The egg-shaped to elongated or cylindrical capsule fruits have a round, slightly to deeply three-lobed or broadly triangular cross-section. The triple, loculicidal capsule fruits open with three valves and contain one or two or many seeds. The rounded or angular seeds are cylindrical to flattened.

Chromosome numbers

The basic chromosome number is x = 16.

Occurrence

The distribution area of the approximately fifty Aristea species in sub-Saharan Africa (Sub-Sahara) includes tropical and southern Africa as well as Madagascar . About 32 species are native to the Capensis and about seven species are found in Madagascar. On the African continent one finds species from Senegal and Ethiopia to the Western Cape .

Most species thrive in winter rain areas . In the winter rain areas of South Africa, most species are found in mountain regions, most often in sandstone habitats ( cape fold belts ) and then they often bloom en masse after fires . In summer rain areas from tropical to eastern South Africa, they are most often found in the moist highlands, on rocks or in swamps.

Systematics

The genus Aristea was established in 1789 by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis , 1, p. 67. A synonym for Aristea Ait. is Cleanthe Salisb. The genus Aristea belongs to the subfamily Nivenioideae in the family Iridaceae .

The genus Aristea is divided into three sub-genera: Aristea , Eucapsulares , Pseudaristea and some sections.

Illustration by Aristea africana , Syn .: Aristea cyanea

Habit and inflorescences of Aristea bakeri on Table Mountain near Cape Town

Aristea ecklonii

Flower of Aristea spiralis

The genus Aristea contains about 50 species:

Aristea abyssinica Pax : The wide distribution area extends from Ethiopia and Cameroon to the area around Humansdorp (34 ° 2 ′ S / 24 ° 46 ′ E) in the Eastern Cape .
Aristea africana (L.) Hoffmanns. (Syn .: Aristea cyanea Aiton , Aristea eriophora Pers. , Aristea lacera Stokes , Ixia africana L. , Moraea africana (L.) Thunb. ): It thrives in the Republic of South Africa from Giftberg to Bredasdorp and Riversdale .
Aristea alata Baker : It occurs in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya.
Aristea anceps Eckl. ex Klatt : It occurs from Humansdorp to Transkei .
Aristea angolensis Baker : It occurs in four subspecies in tropical and southern Africa.
Aristea angustifolia Baker : It is native to Madagascar.
Aristea bakeri Klatt : The South African distribution area extends from Piketberg to Port Elizabeth and the Eastern Cape.
Aristea biflora Weim. : It occurs in the Renosterveld from Caledon to Drayton .
Aristea bracteata Pers. : It comes from the cedar mountains before (Cedarberg Mountains) to Du Toit's Kloof.
Aristea cantharophila Goldblatt & JCManning , Origin : South Africa (Cape)

Aristea capitata (L.) Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Anomatheca capitata (L.) de Vriese , Aristea caerulea Vahl var. Caerulea , Aristea major Andrews , Aristea spicata Pers. , Aristea thyrsiflora (D.Delaroche) NEBr. , Gladiolus capitatus L. , Ixia thyrsiflora D.Delaroche , Moraea caerulea Thunb. ), Origin: South Africa (Cape)

Aristea cistiflora J.C. Manning & Goldblatt , Origin: South Africa (Cape)

Aristea cladocarpa Baker : It is native to Madagascar.

Aristea compressa Buchinger ex Baker (Syn .: Aristea gerrardii Weim. ): It occurs from Mozambique to South Africa (Cape).

Aristea cuspidata Schinz : It occurs only in the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea dichotoma (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. : South Africa (Cape).

Aristea djalonis A. Chev. ex Hutch. : It is native to tropical West Africa.

Aristea ecklonii Baker : It occurs from Cameroon and Uganda to South Africa.

Aristea elliptica Goldblatt & APDold : Origin : South Africa (Cape).

Aristea ensifolia John Muir : Origin: South Africa (Cape)

Aristea fimbriata Goldblatt & JCManning : It only occurs on rocky sandstone hills at altitudes of 500 to 800 meters near Piketberg .

Aristea flexicaulis Baker : It is native to South Africa.

Aristea galpinii N.E.Br. ex Weim. : It occurs from Mpumalanga to Swaziland .

Aristea glauca Klatt : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea goetzei Harms : She is from Tanzania and Madagascar.

Aristea grandis Weim. : It occurs from Mpumalanga to KwaZulu-Natal .

Aristea humbertii H.Perrier : It is native to Madagascar.

Aristea inaequalis Goldblatt & JCManning , Origin : South Africa (Cape)

Aristea juncifolia Eckl. ex Baker : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea kitchingii Baker : It is native to Madagascar.

Aristea latifolia GJLewis : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea lugens (L. f.) Steud. : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea madagascariensis Baker : It is native to Madagascar.

Aristea montana Baker (Syn .: Aristea caerulea var. Elongata Weim. , Aristea caerulea var. Robusta Weim. ): The home is southern Africa.

Aristea monticola Goldblatt : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea nana Goldblatt & JCManning , Origin : South Africa (Cape)

Aristea nigrescens J.C. Manning & Goldblatt , Origin: South Africa (Cape)

Aristea nyikensis Baker : The range extends from Tanzania to southern tropical Africa.

Aristea oligocephala Baker : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea palustris Schltr. : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea parviflora Baker : The home is the Cape Province.

Aristea pauciflora Wolley-Dod : It occurs only on the Cape Peninsula .

Aristea platycaulis Baker : The home is the southern Cape Province.

Aristea polycephala Harms : The range extends from Tanzania to Mozambique.

Aristea pusilla (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. : The home is the Cape Province.

Aristea racemosa Baker : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea ranomafana Goldblatt : It is native to Madagascar.

Aristea recisa Weim. : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea rigidifolia G.J.Lewis : It only occurs on sandy areas from the Cape Peninsula to the Hermanus Mountains.

Aristea rupicola Goldblatt & JCManning , Origin : South Africa (Cape)

Aristea schizolaena Harv. ex Baker : The home is the southern Cape Province to KwaZulu-Natal.

Aristea simplex Weim. : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea singularis Weim. : It occurs only in South Africa in the Pakhuis Mountains .

Aristea spiralis (L. f.) Ker Gawl. : The home is the southwestern Cape Province.

Aristea teretifolia Goldblatt & JCManning , Origin : South Africa (Cape)

Aristea torulosa Klatt : The range extends from southern Tanzania to southern Africa.

Aristea zeyheri Baker : It occurs only on sandstone slopes, mostly in damp locations from the Cape Peninsula to the Hermanus Mountains.

use

Few species ( Aristea capitata , Aristea ecklonii , Aristea africana , Aristea bakeri , Aristea inaequalis ) are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens in the tropics and subtropics . They are usually propagated by seeds.

swell

John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt & Dee Snijman: The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs , 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0 (section description and occurrence)
Peter Goldblatt, Annick Le Thomas & Maria Suárez-Cervera: Phylogeny of the Afro-Madagascan Aristea (Iridaceae) revisited in the light of new data on pollen morphology , In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 144, 2004, p. 41 -68.
Peter Goldblatt, AP Dold & John C. Manning: Three cryptic new species of Aristea (Iridaceae) from southern Africa , In: Bothalia 4, 2005, pp. 121-128.
Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning & Roy E. Gereau: Nomenclatural Clarification in Aristea Section Racemosae (Iridaceae) in the Cape Flora of South Africa , In: Novon , Volume 12, No. 2, 2002, pp. 190-195.
Aristea - Iridaceae at A Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar .
Walter Erhardt among others: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7

Individual evidence

^ Aristea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ Aristea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at Rafaël Govaerts ( Ed.): Aristea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 23, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Aristea - collection of images, videos and audio files

[tropicos-1] Aristea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[GRIN-2] Aristea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[WCSP-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at Rafaël Govaerts ( Ed.): Aristea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 23, 2018.