Babiana

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Babiana
Babiana stricta in the habitat

Babiana stricta in the habitat

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Iris family (Iridaceae)
Subfamily : Crocoideae
Genre : Babiana
Scientific name
Babiana
Ker Gawl. ex Sims

The Babiana are a plant genus in the family of the Iridaceae (Iridaceae). The 90 or so species are common in southern Africa . The Babiana varieties, which are occasionally cultivated as ornamental plants, usually derive from the species Babiana stricta .

Description and ecology

Illustration of Babiana tubulosa
Threefold, radial symmetry flower of Babiana rubrocyanea

Vegetative characteristics

Babiana species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form spherical bulbs with fibrous coverings ("tunics") as organs of persistence. Only a few of the Babiana species reach heights of stature of more than 30 centimeters, these species are reminiscent of very small gladioli in their appearance . Almost all species have leaves only in winter. The parallel- veined leaves are simple. The leaf blades are usually hairy.

Generative characteristics

The flowering time is usually at the end of winter or in spring. There are annual inflorescences . The bracts are green to dry brown. The hermaphroditic, threefold flowers are radial symmetry to zygomorphic . The six bracts are almost identical to distinctly different and overgrown with short to long tubes. The colors of the bracts range from whitish to yellow and pink to purple and blue. There is only one circle with three fertile stamens . The pollen is monosulcat. Three carpels have become an ovary grown. The three-part style is shorter or longer than the flower tube.

The pollination is usually by insects from four orders: Hymenoptera (mainly Apidae ), Diptera (mainly Nemestrinidae ), Coleoptera ( Scarabaeidae ) and Lepidoptera (mainly Noctuidae ). Few species are pollinated by birds .

The capsule fruits contain some blackish to dark brown, spherical seeds.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Babiana was established in 1802 by John Bellenden Ker-Gawler in Botanical Magazine , Volume 16, p. 576. Synonyms for Babiana Ker-Gawl. are: Anaclanthe N.E.Br. and Antholyza L.

The genus Babiana belongs to the tribe Croceae in the subfamily Crocoideae within the family of the iridaceae .

All Babiana species are native to southern Africa , from southern Namibia to the Eastern Cape and southern Zimbabwe . Many are floral elements of the Capensis . Most of the species grow in the southwest and western parts of the Western Cape (around 49 species) and in Namaqualand (around 30 species).

The genus Babiana contains 80 to 90 species:

Threefold zygomorphic flower of Babiana ambigua
Inflorescence of Babana angustifolia
Habitus and inflorescences of Babana fragrans
Babana nana subsp. nana in the habitat
Babana rubrocyanea
Babiana sambucina
Threefold, flower of Babiana sambucina
Babiana stricta in culture
Babiana tubiflora
Threefold, zygomorphic flowers of Babiana tubiflora
Inflorescence of Babiana villosa
Illustration by Babiana villosa
Babiana villosula
  • Babiana ambigua (Roem & Schult..) GJLewis (Syn .: Babiana obliqua E.Phillips ): It thrives in the fynbos . It is known from more than 20 sites from Gifberg south to the Cape Peninsula and east along the coast to Riversdale in the North Cape and Western Cape . The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana angustifolia Sweet : It thrives in the fynbos . It is known from about 20 sites from Piketberg to Somerset West in the Western Cape. The stocks are decreasing.
  • Babiana arenicola Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic is only known from two localities in Brandvlei in the Western Cape. A part of the stock of a site has disappeared due to the construction of a dam. With the expansion of viticulture, the stocks continuously decrease.
  • Babiana attenuata G.J.Lewis : It occurs only in the North Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana auriculata G.J. Lewis : This endemic is only known from four localities. It thrives in the fynbos in the Pakhuis Mountains in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana avicularis Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic is only known from four localities. It occurs only in the West Coast Sandveld between Elands Bay and Clanwilliam in the Western Cape. The declining stocks arecontinuously threatenedby the loss of habitat due to potato fields.
  • Babiana bainesii Baker : It is common in the South African provinces of Limpopo , North Cape and North West . The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana blanda (L.Bolus) GJLewis : This endemic is only known from two very isolated sites. It was collected three times in the 1940s and has not been sighted for 56 years thereafter. During this time, 98% of the habitat was transformed through urbanization and agriculture. In 2006 a site near Philadelphia with more than 2000 specimens was rediscovered. In 2007 a population of around 1,000 was found near Malmesbury. The populations are decreasing due to invasive plant species . Part of the Malmesbury stock was lost in 2012. In the fynbos it only thrives in seasonally humid locations from Darling to Paarl in the Western Cape.
  • Babiana brachystachys (Baker) GJLewis : It thrives in the deep white sand near the coast in the “West Coast strandveld” vegetation in the Succulent Karoo on the coast of Namaqualand from Lambert's Bay to Hondeklipbaai in the North Cape. Two of the stocks are decreasing due to sand mining for heavy metal extraction. But the other populations in the dunes are stable.
  • Babiana carminea J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This endemic only thrives in crevices on limestone in Knersvlakte in the Western Cape. Only two sites are known with less than 100 specimens in total. These two sites are endangered by limestone mining, but the stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana cedarbergensis G.J. Lewis : This endemic thrives in the fynbos on stony soils over sandstone only in the cedar mountains . Ten locations are known, most of which are in protected, non-agricultural areas and the stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana cinnamomea J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This species, first described in 2007, occurs from Vanrhynsdorp to the Langeberg Mountains north-west of Loeriesfontein in the Western Cape. So far, six widely isolated, very small locations are known. It is a habitat specialist in the Succulent Karoo in crevices on slopes at the base of mountains and it appears to betiedto granite sites. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana confusa (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning : Little is known about this species and it has probably been too little collected at eight sites so far (fewer than ten collections). It occurs from the southern Namaqualand (Groen River) to Hopefield in the Western and Northern Cape. It thrives in the fynbos and the succulent karoo. Some stocks are threatened by agriculture.
  • Babiana crispa G.J. Lewis : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana cuneata J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It is distributed from the Bokkeveld Mountains to the Inland Cold Bokkeveld with Karoopoort and eastwards on the Roggeveld Escarpment south to the base of the Witteberge near Laingsburg in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana curviscapa G.J.Lewis (Syn .: Babiana framesii var. Kamiesbergensis G.J.Lewis ): It is with more than ten localities one of the most abundant Babiana TYPES in Namaqualand not endangered and. It occurs from Steinkopf southwards to the Kamiesberg Mountains and hills west of Bitterfontein in the North Cape. It thrives in the Succulent Karoo on granite outcrops and stony granitic plains. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana dregei Baker : It only occurs in the North Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana ecklonii Klatt (Syn .: Babiana velutina Schltr. ): It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana engysiphon J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : Only three to five sites are known in the southern Bokkeveld Escarpment between Botterkloof and Gifberg in the North Cape. It thrives in Restio -dominated fynbos in deep, sandy soils . The stocks arecontinuously decreasingdue to the expansion of the cultivation of rooibos tea.
  • Babiana fimbriata (Klatt) Baker : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana flabellifolia Harv. ex Klatt : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana foliosa G.J. Lewis : Only one collection of her near Riviersonderend in the Western Cape from 1951 is known. In this clay plain, the original vegetation was fynbos. Today this area is largely a wheat field. This species may be extinct.
  • Babiana fourcadei G.J. Lewis : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana fragrans (Jacq.) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Babiana disticha Ker Gawl. , Babiana plicata Ker Gawl. , Babiana stricta var. Sulphurea sensu GJLewis , Gladiolus fragrans Jacq. ): It comes from the Cape Peninsula to Malmesbury and Ceres in the Western Cape in front. It used to be more widespread and has lost many of its lower-lying localities through urbanization, agriculture and invasive plant species. There are still 14 to 20 sites and the stocks are continuously decreasing. It thrives in the Fynbos and Renosterveld on sandstone, granite, clay slopes and plains at altitudes below 900 meters.
  • Babiana framesii L.Bolus : This endemic occurs only in the Bokkeveld Plateau in an area of ​​no more than 100 km² around Nieuwoudtville in the North Cape. It thrives in fynbos in heavy clay soils on dolerite outcrops. This rare species is not considered endangered.
  • Babiana gariepensis Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2007. It is common in the Richtersveld in Orange River and Steinkopf in the North Cape and in southwestern Namibia . The range is not well explored botanically. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana geniculata G.J.Lewis : This rare endemic occurs only in the Pakhuis Mountains, Biedouw Mountain and northern Ceder Mountains in the Western Cape. It thrives on rocky sandstone in dry fynbos. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana grandiflora Goldblatt & JCManning : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana hirsuta (Lam.) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Babiana thunbergii Ker Gawl. ): It occurs in the coastal area of Namaqualand from Saldanha to the mouth of the Orange River in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives on the coast in the desert and the Succulent Karoo in sandy plains and dunes . There are 15 known sites, all of which are endangered by different activities. The stocks are decreasing.
  • Babiana horizontalis G.J.Lewis : This endemic is only known from three sites in the Richtersveld in the North Cape. It thrives in the succulent Karoo bushland in crevices on granite outcrops . Parts of the distribution area are overgrazed, there the stocks are endangered. But some populations are safe and stable.
  • Babiana hypogaea Burch. : It thrives on red sand plains in Namibia and in Bushmanland as well as in the Upper Karoo in the South African provinces of Free State , North Cape and North West .
  • Babiana inclinata Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in the lowlands from Piketberg, Porterville to Gouda and Darling in the Western Cape. Most of this area has been converted to wheat fields. Only about ten strongly isolated sites, mainly on roadsides, remain. It actually thrives in the fynbos of the Swartland Shale Renosterveld, clay plains and lower slopes. Most of the time, the specialized pollinators are no longer available.
  • Babiana karooica Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic, first described in 2007, only occurs from Oudtshoorn to De Rust in the Western Cape. It thrives in the Albany thicket, succulent karoo on enone conglomerate outcrops. Less than ten sites are known. All sites have been affected by agriculture and urbanization and some have already been lost. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
  • Babiana lapeirousioides Goldblatt & JCManning : This rare endemic occurs only in the Namaqualand east of Kamieskroon in the North Cape. It thrives in the succulent Karoo on sandy soils in crevices on rock ridges. This area has hardly been explored botanically and so only one site is known, but in this case this does not mean that there are no more sites. This species is classified as rare in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa 2014, but not threatened.
  • Babiana × lata G.J. Lewis : It is a hybrid of Babiana blanda × Babiana villosula .
  • Babiana latifolia L.Bolus : Only one site of this endemic at the base of the Piketberg in the Western Cape is known. This site is a small rock outcrop in the middle of wheat fields in a clay plain. 98% of the area was lost to these arable land. Less than 50 copies survived. A variety of reasons lead to continued decimation of the population.
  • Babiana leipoldtii G.J.Lewis : This endemic occurs only in the Swartland from Malmesbury to Darling and Klipheuwel in the Western Cape. This species used to be more widespread and by 2006 lost over 95% of its area to wheat fields, urbanization and severe damage from invasive plant species. Less than 5 km² of its moist, sandy, flat habitats are unchanged. The only four remaining small, isolated sites continue to shrink due to invasive plant species and urbanization.
  • Babiana lewisiana B. North. This endemic is only known from two localities in the eastern Knersvlakte in the Northern and Western Cape. In the Succulent Karoo, it only thrives on quartzite sites above salty clay soils. The sites are potentially endangered by mining and agriculture. Nevertheless, the stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana lineolata Klatt : It occurs in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana lobata G.J.Lewis : This Richtersveld endemic occurs from Armanshoek to the Stinkfontein Mountains. It thrives in the Succulent Karoo on plains and rocky low slope areas. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana longicollis Dinter : It occurs in Namibia .
  • Babiana melanops Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only on hills from Darling to Mamre and in the Tulbagh Valley in the Western Cape. There are also isolated sites at Wellington, Klapmuts and on the Bottelary Hills. Large areas of the original area have been lost. Only seven to ten isolated sites are known. The remaining stocks are at risk in many ways.
  • Babiana minuta G.J. Lewis : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana montana G.J. Lewis : Only three localities of this endemic from Caledon to Bredasdorp in the Western Cape are known. It thrives in the fynbos on sandstone and limestone slopes. Over 80% of the original area has been lost to wheat fields in the last 70 years. The remaining populations are endangered by overgrazing and invasive plants and are continuously decreasing.
  • Babiana mucronata (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. : There are two subspecies:
    • Babiana mucronata subsp. minor (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Babiana klaverensis G.J.Lewis , Babiana mucronata var. minor G.J.Lewis ) This endemic occurs only from Gifberg to the Bokkeveld Escarpment in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives on sandy soils in the Succulent Karoo. It is only known from five localities. Its habitat on sandy soils is particularly suitable for rooibos tea plantations. Expansion of agricultural land and collection of specimens leads to a continuous reduction in stocks.
    • Babiana mucronata (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. subsp. mucronata (Syn .: Babiana mucronata var. longituba G.J. Lewis , Babiana mucronata (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. var. mucronata ): It occurs only in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana namaquensis Baker (Syn .: Babiana buchubergensis Dinter ): It occurs from southwestern Namibia to the North Cape.
  • Babiana nana (Andrews) Blast. : There are two subspecies:
    • Babiana nana subsp. maculata (Klatt) Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only along the coast from the Cape Peninsula to Mossel Bay in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos in sandy coastal plains and dunes. The 15 to 20 isolated sites are threatened by urbanization, agriculture and invasive plant species. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
    • Babiana nana (Andrews) Blast. subsp. nana : This endemic occurs only from Milnerton to the Vredenburg Peninsula in the Western Cape and is already extinct in the southern part of the original range. It thrives in the sandy plains-fynbos and dune-strandveld vegetation in sandy coastal plains and dunes. The widely isolated sites are threatened by urbanization and invasive plant species. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
  • Babiana nervosa (Lam.) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Gladiolus nervosus Lam. ): It occurs in the southwestern Cape Province.
  • Babiana noctiflora J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This endemic occurs only in Paardeberg in the Western Cape. Only two sites with a very small area of ​​less than 10 km² are known. The earlier habitats were lost to orchards. The two sites together contain fewer than 250 flowering specimens. They thrive in the Renosterveld in the lower area of ​​slopes on floors above granite. Various factors lead to the continued deterioration of both habitats, but the remainder is considered stable.
  • Babiana odorata L.Bolus : This endemic Swartland occurs from Piketberg to Durbanville in the Western Cape. Much of the original site has been lost to wheat fields and urbanization of Malmesbury and Darling. Of the four remaining sites, one has lost 98% of the specimens since 2005 due to urbanization and infrastructure measures. Habitats continue to deteriorate from pollution and invasive plant species. It thrives on alluvial Renosterveld on clay slopes and plains.
  • Babiana papyracea Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in Nieuwoudtville in the North Cape. Over 95% of the former area has been lost to wheat fields since the 1940s. It thrives in the Renosterveld on tillitic loam. Only two small remnants are known, which are continuously decreasing and are potentially threatened by invasive grass species.
  • Babiana patersoniae L.Bolus : It is common in the Western and Eastern Cape . The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana patula N.E.Br. : It is common from Tulbagh to Albertinia in the Western Cape. Although over 60% of the original area has been lost for a variety of reasons in the last 80 years, over 20 large sites are still known. It thrives in the fynbos on clay slopes and plains. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
  • Babiana pauciflora G.J. Lewis : This endemic occurs only in the Bokkeveld Escarpment in the North Cape. Areas were lost through agriculture and road construction. Only four sites are known. It thrives in the arid Renosterveld on red sand-loam soils on rocky plains. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana petiolata Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only from Velddrif to Lambert's Bay in the Western Cape. It thrives in the Strandveld on flat sandy spots near the coast. Only four sites are known. The stocks are continuously decreasing due to potato fields, urbanization and mining.
  • Babiana pilosa G.J. Lewis : This rare endemic occurs only in Nuwerus in the Western Cape. Only two sites are known. It thrives in the Succulent Karoo in quartzite bands on rocky slopes. There are no known threats to the stocks as the habitats are inaccessible.
  • Babiana planifolia (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Babiana striata var. Planifolia G.J.Lewis ): It occurs in the North Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana praemorsa Goldblatt & JCManning : It occurs in Calvinia and the Hantamsberg to the Bloukranspass in the North Cape. It thrives in the succulent Karoo on dolerite outcrops, mostly in crevices. It is known from fewer than five localities, but not endangered because they are inaccessible.
  • Babiana pubescens (Lam.) GJLewis : It occurs in the North Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana purpurea (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Babiana stricta var. Purpurea (Ker Gawl.) Ker Gawl ): This endemic occurs from Bot River to Bredasdorp and to Robertson in the Western Cape. It thrives in the Renosterveld on clay plains and hills. He is only known from two localities. In the last 60 years it has lost over 80% of its area to wheat fields and vineyards. The larger remainder on common land of the City of Caledon is due to urbanization and invasive eucalyptus as well as acacia species. The other remnant is on a roadside and is at risk of road construction and maintenance of the roadside.
  • Babiana pygmaea (Burm. F.) NEBr. : This endemic occurs from Hopefield to Mamre in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on gravel plains and sandstone outcrops. Most of its original area was lost to wheat fields and a vineyard. Only two or three widely isolated, small sites are known. These remnants are continuously endangered by overgrazing and invasive plant species.
  • Babiana radiata Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic was first described in 2007 and only occurs in De Rust in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos in deep, gravelly soils. So far it has only been collected at three isolated, small sites; one of them was destroyed in 2006 when a pig farm was built. The two remaining sites are on the roadsides and are threatened by road maintenance measures. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
  • Babiana regia (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Babiana stricta var. Regia G.J.Lewis ): This endemic occurs from Agter-Paarl to Stellenbosch in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos in seasonally moist plains on loamy soils. 11 of the 14 historical sites have been lost in the past 60 years due to agriculture and invasive plant species. All three remaining sites are isolated from each other, small and endangered by invasive plant species. The stocks continue to decline.
  • Babiana rigidifolia Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Babiana sambucina var. Unguiculata G.J.Lewis ): It is common in the West and the North Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana wrestling (L.) Ker Gawl. : There are two subspecies.
    • Babiana ringens subsp. australis Goldblatt & JCManning : It occurs from the Cape Peninsula to Albertinia in the Western Cape. It thrives in the sandy coastal fynbos. At a few locations the populations are falling somewhat due to the activities on the beach, but overall they are considered stable.
    • Babiana wrestling (L.) Ker Gawl. subsp. ringens : It is relatively widespread and quite common from Bokkeveld Escarpment to the Cape Peninsula in the Western and Northern Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on sandy coastal plains.
  • Babiana rivulicola Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic wasfirst describedin 2012 from a flowing water south of the Rooiberges in the Kamiesberg Mountains in the North Cape. It only thrives in cracks in the granite rock along this flowing water.
  • Babiana rubella Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in Kotzesrus in Namaqualand in the North Cape. It thrives on a sandy plain in the Namaqualand Strandveld. Only two small sites of around 200 hectares in the vicinity of the type locality are known. This area has been converted into wheat fields in the last 10 years and the population is still threatened. The total stock consists of less than 1000 flowering specimens.
  • Babiana rubrocyanea (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. : This endemic occurs only in Darling in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on moist, alluvial sand over clay. Most of its original area was lost to wheat fields. It is only known from one site in a private protected area. During the spring bloom, this area is visited by thousands of tourists. The population is constantly threatened by grazing animals and tread damage from tourists.
  • Babiana salteri G.J.Lewis : This endemic only comes in Knersvlakte between Vanrhynsdorp and Vanrhyns pass in front of the Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos as well as the succulent karoo in quartzite sites, arid rocky plains and under areas of slopes. Only four sites are known. The stocks are potentially endangered by habitat loss due to gypsum mining and grazing.
  • Babiana sambucina (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. : There are two subspecies:
    • Babiana sambucina subsp. longibracteata (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in the Bokkeveld plateau in the vicinity of Nieuwoudtville in the North Cape. It thrives only in the Bokkeveld sandstone fynbos on deep sandy soils on plains and rolling hills. Most Aufsammlung come before 1970. The original site was, especially in this century in rooibos tea - plantations converted. In 2008 it was suggested that there could still be five locations. The stocks continue to decline due to habitat loss.
    • Babiana sambucina (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. subsp. sambucina (Syn .: Babiana sambucina (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. var. sambucina , Babiana sambucina var. undulato-venosa (Klatt) GJLewis , Babiana stellata Schltr. ): It is widespread in the Eastern and Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana scabrifolia Brehmer ex Klatt (Syn .: Babiana scabrifolia var. Acuminata G.J.Lewis , Babiana scabrifolia . Var declinata GJLewis , Babiana scabrifolia Brehmer ex Klatt . Var scabrifolia , Babiana subglabra G.J.Lewis ): This endemic is only in the Nardous mountains and the north-eastern Cederberg to the Olifants River valley in the vicinity of Citrusdal in the Western Cape. It thrives in dry fynbos in the lower area of ​​stony and sandy mountain slopes. There are still more than 20 known sites and this species is common in some places. Large stocks are protected by the "Cederberg Wilderness". Some sites will continue to be lost to agriculture.
  • Babiana scariosa G.J. Lewis : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana secunda (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. : This endemic occurs from Hopefield to Paarl in the Western Cape. Of the 47 historical sites, urbanization and expansion of wheat fields and vineyards have left only three small sites with a total of less than 10 km², which are strongly isolated from one another. It thrives in the Renosterveld on clay plains. The remaining stocks are endangered by invasive plant species.
  • Babiana sinuata G.J. Lewis : It occurs from Kamieskroon to Clanwilliam in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos and in the Succulent Karoo on rocky hills above shale. It is relatively common and not endangered. Only 20% of the original area has been lost, as most of the habitats are unsuitable for human use.
  • Babiana spathacea (L. f.) Ker Gawl. : It occurs in the North Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana spiralis Baker : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana stenomera Schltr. : This rare endemic occurs only in Nuwerus, Kareeberg in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on sandy, granitic and loamy soils. He is only known from one site. This location is not threatened by anything and the stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana striata (Jacq.) GJLewis : It is widespread from Richtersveld to Nuwerus in the Western and Northern Cape. This area has not been studied botanically and therefore it may be that this species is more common than the herbarium evidence suggests. The stocks are considered stable. It thrives in the Succulent Karoo on stony and gravel slopes at low altitudes.
  • Babiana stricta (Aiton) Ker Gawl. : It occurs from Richtersveld to Nuwerus in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives in the Succulent Karoo on rocky or gravel slopes at low altitudes. It is relatively common and not endangered.
  • Babiana symmetrantha Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in the summit area of ​​the Langberg, whichlieson the border of Namaqualand and the western Karoo near Loeriesfontein in the North Cape. It was first described in 2008.
  • Babiana tanquana J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It only occurs in the North Cape.
  • Babiana teretifolia Goldblatt & JCManning : It occurs only in the Western Cape.
  • Babiana torta G.J.Lewis : It comes from Springbok to Bitterfontein and Kliprand ago in Namaqualand in the Northern Cape. It thrives in the succulent Karoo in the granite in crevices in which water collects after light rainfalls or heavy dew formation and there the bulbs are protected from predators. It had long been thought that this species was quite rare, but it has been shown to be relatively common and there are more than 15 known sites; it was previously overlooked. The stocks are considered stable.
  • Babiana toximontana J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This endemic occurs on the foothills and plains below the Matsikamma Mountains and Gif Mountains between Klawer and Vanrhynsdorp in the Western Cape. It thrives in the arid fynbos on sandy plains and lower areas of stony slopes. Only four or five sites are known. five locations. The sites on the sandy plains are endangered by the expansion of rooibos tea plantations. This species has shown that it can repopulate fallow fields. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
  • Babiana tritonioides G.J.Lewis : This endemic occurs from the southern Richtersveld to Komaggas in the North Cape. It thrives on rocky hills above granite in the Succulent Karoo. It is known from fewer than five localities. The stocks are potentially endangered by grazing, but the stocks are still considered stable.
  • Babiana tubaeformis Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Babiana longiflora ) Goldblatt & JCManning , Babiana stricta var. Grandiflora G.J.Lewis : This endemic occurs only from Piketberg to Porterville in the Western Cape. It thrives in the transitional Fynbos-Renosterveld on sandstone outcrops. 98% of the original area was lost to wheat fields. Only a natural remnant with less than 50 specimens in the middle of wheat fields is known.
  • Babiana tubiflora (L. f.) Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Babiana tubulosa var. Tubiflora (L. f.) GJLewis ): It occurs in coastal areas from Lamberts Bay to Stilbaai and inland around Darling and Piketberg in the Western Cape. It thrives in sandy coastal plains and in dunes in the Strandveld and fynbos. Significant areas were lost to urbanization and agriculture. It is still known from more than ten localities that are not very isolated from each other. It tolerates disturbances relatively well. The stocks continuously decrease.
  • Babiana tubulosa (Burm. F.) Ker Gawl. : This endemic occurs in Darling, Mamre and Langebaan in the Western Cape. It is only known from three localities. The population is potentially threatened in Langebaan by urbanization and in Darling, as well as by tread damage and overgrazing by cattle. Invasive plant species are also continuously threatening the populations. It thrives in fynbos on humus-rich soils over granite.
  • Babiana unguiculata G.J.Lewis : This endemic occurs only in the Nardous Mountains and in the southern Bokkeveld Escarpment in the Western and Northern Cape. It is only known from two localities, both of which areendangeredby rooibos tea plantations. This species occurs only in habitats with rare sandy soakings in the fynbos.
  • Babiana vanzyliae L.Bolus : This endemic occurs only in the Bokkeveld Escarpment from Nieuwoudtville to Lokenburg in the North Cape. It thrives in the Renosterveld and Fynbos on rocky soils that were formed over sandstone and tillite. It is from 10 to 15 localities. Habitat losses continue to occur through wheat fields and rooibos tea plantations.
  • Babiana villosa (Aiton) Ker Gawl. : There are no more subtaxas. It occurs from Malmesbury and Wellington and Tulbagh Valley in the Western Cape. 80% of the original distribution area was lost through agriculture, especially vineyards and olive groves. 16 sites are known. The stocks are continuously decreasing. It thrives in the Renosterveld over slate in plains, on hills and in the lower area of ​​mountain slopes.
  • Babiana villosula (JFGmel.) Ker Gawl. ex Steud. (Syn .: Ixia villosula J.F. Gmel. Nom. Superfl., Ixia plicata L. , Ixia coerulescens Pers. , Gladiolus plicatus (L.) L. , Gladiolus villosulus Roem. & Schult. , Babiana orthosantha Baker , Babiana obtusifolia Ker Gawl. , Babiana stricta var. Obtusifolia (Ker Gawl.) Baker , Babiana hiemalis L.Bolus ): This endemic occurs only from Malmesbury to Gordon's Bay in the Western Cape. Over 80% of the original distribution area was lost through urbanization, wheat fields and vineyards; there were 18 historical sites. There are still seven widely isolated sites known to exist. Urbanization and invasive plant species continue to endanger the population. It thrives in the Renosterveld and Fynbos over slate rock on seasonally moist locations in clay plains and on slopes.
  • Babiana virescens Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2008 from the southern Namaqualand between Nuwerus and Bitterfontein in the Western Cape.
  • Babiana virginea Goldblatt : This endemic occurs only in the Roggeveld Escarpment, Middelpos to Verlate Kloof in the North Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on shale outcrops between groups of Merxmuellera spec.

The only species native to Socotra that was previously included in the genus Babiana , Babiana socotrana Hook. f. → Cyanixia socotrana (Hook. F.) Goldblatt & JCManning , today forms its own genus Cyanixia , which belongs to the tribe Watsonieae Klatt . The pollen is trisulcat.

use

A few species, especially Babiana stricta , are used as ornamental plants .

swell

  • Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: The Iris Family: Natural History and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, 2008. ISBN 978-0-88192-897-6 . Babiana p. 175 ff.
  • Peter Goldblatt: A revision of the southern African genus Babiana, Iridaceae: Crocoideae , In: Strelitzia , Volume 18, South African National Biodiversity Institute , Pretoria, 2007. ISBN 978-1-919976-32-7
  • Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Floral biology of Babiana (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): Adaptive floral radiation and pollination , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 94, Issue 4, 2007, pp. 709-733: Online.
  • Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning, D. Snijman: The color encyclopedia of Cape bulbs. Timber Press, Portland, 2002.
  • Peter Goldblatt: Iridaceae , In: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 12, 1993. Babiana - Online.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Babiana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu Species list for Babiana in the Red List of South African Plants
  3. ↑ Species list of the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute - Genéve.
  4. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Babiana. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  5. ^ Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning, J. Davies, V. Savolainen, S. Rezai: Cyanixia, a new genus for the Socotran endemic, Babiana socotrana (Iridaceae subfamily Corocoideae). In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany , Volume 60, Issue 3, pp. 517-532, Cambridge University Press, Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, 2003. doi : 10.1017 / S0960428603000398
  6. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 130).

Web links

Commons : Babiana  - collection of images, videos and audio files