Gladiolus
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Zygomorphic flower of Illyrian Siegwurz ( Gladiolus illyricus ) |
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The gladiolus ( Gladiolus , even sword flower called; lat. Gladius " Sword ") is a genus in the family Iridaceae ( Iridaceae ).
distribution
The species of this genus are native from southern Europe over the Middle East to Africa and Madagascar. The species with the most striking and colorful flowers come from South Africa .
In Central Europe they are mainly used as an ornamental plant . In Central Europe, the marsh Siegwurz and the meadow Siegwurz occur in Germany. The distribution area of the marsh Siegwurz is in southern Germany. You can find them on the Bavarian Lechtalheiden between Landsberg am Lech and Augsburg ; A notable population of wild gladioli can also be found on the Rotstein and in the Dauban Forest (both Saxony).
description
Gladioli are evergreen or deciduous, perennial herbaceous plants that can reach heights of up to 1.50 m. They form tubers as persistence organs. The leaves in particular have an unpleasant smell. The leaves sit either in basal rosettes or are alternate and distributed in two rows on the stem. The simple, long, often sword-shaped leaves have parallel veins. The leaf margin is smooth.
There are terminal, branched or unbranched, spiked inflorescences formed bracts included. Some flowers smell a bit. The sessile, hermaphroditic, threefold flowers can be radial symmetry to zygomorphic . There are two times three bracts ; they can be the same or different in both circles. Except for blue, brown and pure black, the bracts come in all colors. There is only the inner circle with three free, fertile stamens , because they are opposite the outer bracts. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown. The stylus ends in three pits. The pollination is done in many ways: Entomophilie , ornithophily or anemophily . The triple capsule fruit contains 20 to 100 seeds. The light to dark brown seeds are usually winged.
use
The flowers of some species can be eaten raw or cooked. The underground plant parts of some species are eaten cooked.
Use as an ornamental plant
Only a few gladioli are cultivated north of southern Europe, the main reason being their lack of winter hardiness. As ornamental plants, especially cut flowers , hybrids from the group of garden gladioli ( Gladiolus × hortulanus ), which are often very large-flowered, are cultivated. These gladioli go back to numerous South African parent species. The flowers of butterfly or butterfly gladiolus, on the other hand, are always small, multicolored and have a wavy edge.
Use as a bio-indicator
Gladioli are among those plants that react with visible damage even at low inorganic fluoride concentrations in the air. They are therefore used as a bio-indicator to detect inorganic fluorine compounds in the outside air. Gladiolus exposure was standardized in 2005 with guideline VDI 3957 Part 14 .
Cultural history
The biblical " Rose of Sharon " could have been a gladiolus.
Systematics
There are about 250 to 280 Gladiolus TYPES (selection):
- Gladiolus alatus L. , home: South Africa
- Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. , Home: Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, Palestine, Caucasus, Iraq, Iran
- Cardinal gladiolus ( Gladiolus cardinalis Curtis ), native to: South Africa (Southwest Cape)
- Flesh pink gladiolus ( Gladiolus carneus D. Delaroche ), Origin: South Africa (Cape)
- Dwarf gladiolus ( Gladiolus x colvillei Sweet ) = Gladiolus cardinalis × Gladiolus tristis
- Common Siegwurz ( Gladiolus communis L. ), Origin: Europe, Middle East, Northwest Africa
- Blood-red gladiolus ( Gladiolus cruentus T. Moore ), home: South Africa
- Primrose gladiolus ( Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel ), native to: Ethiopia, East Africa, South Africa, Arabia
- Illyrian Siegwurz ( Gladiolus illyricus W.DJ Koch ), native to: Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, Caucasus
- Roof-tiled gladiolus or meadow Siegwurz ( Gladiolus imbricatus L. ), Origin: Europe, Asia
- Field gladiolus or field Siegwurz ( Gladiolus italicus Mill. , Syn .: Gladiolus segetum Ker Gawl. ), Native to Europe to Central Asia
- Gladiolus liliaceus Houtt. , Home: South Africa
- Abyssinian gladiolus or star gladiolus ( Gladiolus murielae Kelway , Syn .: Gladiolus callianthus Marais ): It occurs from Ethiopia to Burundi and Mozambique.
- Opposite gladiolus ( Gladiolus oppositiflorus Herb. ), Origin: South Africa (Cape to KwaZulu-Natal)
- Swamp Siegwurz ( Gladiolus palustris Gaudin ), home: Europe
- Butterfly gladiolus ( Gladiolus papilio Hook. F. ), Origin: South Africa
- Monotonous gladiolus ( Gladiolus tristis L. ), Origin: South Africa (Cape)
A complete list of all 283 recognized species (as of 2018) of the genus can be found at R. Govaerts.
The garden gladiolus ( Gladiolus × hortulanus ) is a hybrid group of Gladiolus tristis , Gladiolus dalenii , Gladiolus oppositiflorus , Gladiolus papilio , Gladiolus carneus , Gladiolus cruentus and Gladiolus cardinalis . This is divided into the Grandiflorus group, the Nanus group and the Primulinus group.
swell
- Description in the Western Australian Flora. (English)
- Description in the Flora of North America. (English)
- Walter Erhardt among others: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
Individual evidence
- ↑ Entry in Plants for a Future. (English)
- ↑ Hans Simon, Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht: Die Freiland - Schmuckstauden ., Pp. 422-423, 5th edition, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6
- ↑ VDI 3957 sheet 14: 2005-11 Biological measurement methods for determining and assessing the effects of air pollution on plants (bioindication); Phytotoxic effects of immissions from inorganic fluorine compounds; Method of standardized gladiolus exposure (Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (bioindication); Phytotoxic effect of inorganic fluorides in ambient air; Method of Standardized Gladiolus Exposure). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 4.
- ^ A b Willfried Nobel, Heike Beismann, Jürgen Franzaring, Reinhard Kostka-Rick, Gerhard Wagner, Walter Erhardt: Standardized biological measurement methods for determining and evaluating the effects of air pollution on plants (bioindication) in Germany. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air . 65, No. 11/12, 2005, ISSN 0949-8036 , pp. 478-484.
- ^ Mythological Associations of the Rose of Sharon on Paghat.com
- ↑ The genus Gladiolus in GRIN. (English)
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Gladiolus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 24, 2018.
- ^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
Web links
- References to the genus Gladiolus in the Kew Bibliographic Databases. (English)
- Gladiolus . In: S. Dressler, M. Schmidt, G. Zizka (Eds.): African plants - A Photo Guide. Senckenberg, Frankfurt / Main 2014.