Bogwort

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Bogwort
Swamp-Siegwurz (Gladiolus palustris)

Swamp-Siegwurz ( Gladiolus palustris )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Iris family (Iridaceae)
Genre : Gladiolus ( Gladiolus )
Type : Bogwort
Scientific name
Gladiolus palustris
Gaudin

The marsh-Siegwurz or marsh gladiolus ( Gladiolus palustris ) is a species of the genus gladiolus ( Gladiolus ) within the family of the iris family (Iridaceae).

Description and ecology

Illustration from storm

The marsh Siegwurz is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 60 centimeters. As a permanent organ, this geophyte forms tubers . The stem is unbranched. Several leaves are basal, one is higher up on the stem. The leaves are shorter than the stem, simple, parallel-veined, sword-shaped and 4 to 9 millimeters wide.

In one-sided inflorescences are usually two to six flowers together. The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold. The purple-red bracts are 3 centimeters tall, fused at the base to form a curved funnel. The lower inner bracts have a white, red-edged longitudinal stripe. The Sumpf-Siegwurz flowers from mid-June to July. It is pollinated by bumblebees .

There are fruit capsules formed.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 60.

Occurrence

The marsh Siegwurz occurs exclusively in Europe: from eastern France via Austria and Italy further east to Bulgaria . Isolated occurrences can be found in Poland , Belarus , Russia and Lithuania (the occurrences in Lithuania are probably extinct). The main area of ​​distribution is in south-east Europe .

The marsh vigilante can be found at altitudes from 0 to 1500 meters. Preferred habitats are bog meadows and bog forests; it grows on soils that are humid, rather poor in nutrients, but rich in bases and humus . It is a characteristic of the litter meadows (Molinion), but you can also find the Swamp Siegwurz on semi -arid grassland (Mesobromion) and in dry limestone pine forests (Erico-Pinion). The largest known German deposit can be found on the Königsbrunner Heide south of Augsburg.

The marsh vigilante requires a small-scale mosaic of flat limestone bogs, poor grassland and litter meadows. Within these habitats, the marsh Siegwurz blooms annually, depending on the weather, on the differently humid locations. Fertilization, mowing several times a year, intensive grazing and drainage measures destroy the habitat of the bogweed.

Conservation status for the marsh Siegwurz
(reporting period 2007-2012)
EU country ALP CON MED PAN
Bulgaria
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    France
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    Slovenia
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    Biogeographical regions: ALP = alpine, CON = continental, MED = Mediterranean, PAN = Pannonian
    --- = the member state has no share in the respective biogeographical region or
    the natural range of the species in this state is not in the region
    Conservation status: green = cheap, orange = insufficient, red = bad, gray = unknown

    Hazard and protection

    The marsh Siegwurz is listed in the IUCN Red List . No classification was made in the Red List of Vascular Plants in Europe due to data deficits.

    The Sumpf-Siegwurz is in the Red List of Germany and in the Red List of Bavaria under the endangerment level 2 (endangered).

    In Austria the marsh vigil was also listed as endangered, in Upper Austria it had to be classified in the highest endangerment category (threatened with extinction) as of 2009.

    In Switzerland, too, the marsh Siegwurz is listed as endangered (EN) on the Red List.

    The Marshwort was included in Appendix II of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive due to the threat to which it and its habitats are exposed . The EU member states are obliged to designate protected areas for the species that are part of a coherent European network of ecological protected areas. This network must ensure the continued existence or the restoration of a favorable conservation status of the habitats of the species in their natural range.

    So far, this has not been successful: Bulgaria, France, Austria and Slovenia had to admit further deterioration for the evaluation period 2007–2012. Poland is the only EU country to have indicated improvements for the species, although the conservation status remains poor.

    The marsh Siegwurz is listed in Appendix IV of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive. The EU states have to establish a strict protection system for these species, which prohibits, among other things, any deliberate picking, collecting, cutting, digging up or destruction of specimens in nature (Article 13 Directive 92/43 / EEC).

    Taxonomy

    Gladiolus palustris in the State of Salzburg (Austria)

    Gladiolus palustris was first published by Jean Gaudin . The generic name Gladiolus is derived from the Latin word gladius for sword and the specific epithet palustris from the Latin word palus for swamp.

    Naming

    Berlin welfare stamp from 1981

    Your tuber is covered with a net, similar to a chain mail. In the Middle Ages it was believed that whoever wears the bulb under armor was invulnerable in combat. The common name Siegwurz still indicates this.

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , p. 698.
    2. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer: Plant-sociological excursion flora . 7th edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 , pp. 143 .
    3. ^ A b G. Riegel: Leaflet on species protection 7 - Swamp gladiolus Gladiolus palustris Gaudin , Bavarian State Office for the Environment, 2010, 4 pages. [PDF, 0.9 MB]
    4. ↑ a b European Topic Center on Biological Diversity (2014): Species assessments at EU biogeographical level, as of June 15, 2014
    5. ^ Gladiolus palustris in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.1. Posted by: M. Bilz, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
    6. ^ M. Bilz et al .: European Red List of Vascular Plants. , 2011, 144 pages.
    7. ↑ The swamp gladiolus (Gladiolus palustris) , data sheet from the Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management , accessed on June 7, 2014.
    8. ↑ M. Hohla et al .: Catalog and Red List of vascular plants of Upper Austria. In: Stapfia. Volume 91, Linz 2009, 324 pages, PDF on ZOBODAT
    9. ↑ C. Käsermann: Gladiolus palustris GAUDIN - Swamp gladiolus - Iridaceae. In: Leaflets on species protection - flowering plants and ferns, BUWAL / SKEW / ZDSF / PRONATURA, October 1999, pp. 152–153.
    10. ↑ Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive (Council Directive 92/43 / EEC of May 21, 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild animals and plants) in the version of January 1, 2007 (PDF)

    Web links

    Commons : Sumpf-Siegwurz ( Gladiolus palustris )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files