Mock crocuses

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Mock crocuses
Large-flowered mock crocus (Romulea bulbocodium)

Large-flowered mock crocus ( Romulea bulbocodium )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Iris family (Iridaceae)
Subfamily : Crocoideae
Genre : Mock crocuses
Scientific name
Romulea
Maratti

The romulea ( Romulea ), also Sandkrokusse called, are a genus within the family of the Iridaceae (Iridaceae). The approximately 114 species are mainly distributed in the Mediterranean region and southern Africa; the center of biodiversity is South Africa .

description

Subterranean parts of plants from subgenus Spatalanthus Section Spatalanthus : Romulea rosea
Unripe fruits of subgenus Romulea section Romulea : Romulea phenicia
Ripe, open fruit with seeds from subgenus Spatalanthus Section Spatalanthus : Romulea rosea
Seeds from subgenus Romulea section Romulea : Romulea phenicia
Illustration from Adolf Engler: The flora of Africa, especially its tropical regions - basic features of the plant distribution in Africa and the character plants of Africa , 1910, Fig. 260: A) Romulea linaresii Pari, subsp. abyssinica Beg. a Habitus, b Andröceum and Gynäceum in longitudinal section. B) Rome. campanuloides Harms, a habitus, b blossom, c Andröceum and Gynäceum in longitudinal section, d fruit, c seed. C) Moraea bella Harms, a whole plant, b flower, c style with the stamens, d fruit, e seed.

Vegetative characteristics

Romulea species grow as deciduous or, more rarely, evergreen, perennial, herbaceous plants . They form very differently shaped tubers with different coverings ("tunics") depending on the type as persistence organs. The basal , simple leaves are unifacial, linear to thread-shaped and have parallel veins, usually with two grooves (only the two species of the Aquaticae series have more grooves ). The leaf margin is smooth.

Generative characteristics

The only short, branched, spiked inflorescences often do not protrude above the surface of the earth and contain one flower per branch. The bracts have a membranous edge. There are two leathery, green bracts per flower.

The flowers usually do not smell. The sessile flowers are hermaphroditic, radial symmetry and threefold. The six almost identically shaped bloom are grown short bell-shaped. The colors of the bracts range from mostly white to yellow to orange (orange-brown) or pink. There is only one circle with three mostly free, fertile stamens . Three carpels are one under constant ovary fused with 20 to 50 ovules per ovary chamber. The style ends in usually six, rarely three scar branches.

In many species, the stem grows to fruit ripe after fertilization and then protrudes above the surface of the earth. The triple capsule fruits contain 20 to 100 seeds. The winged, spherical seeds are light to dark brown and mostly smooth.

Systematics and distribution

Subgenus Romulea Section Romulea : Romulea camerooniana
Subgenus Romulea Section Romulea : Large-flowered false crocus ( Romulea bulbocodium )
Subgenus Romulea Section Romulea : Romulea columnae
Subgenus Romulea, section Romulea : Canary mock crocus ( Romulea grandiscapa Baker)
Subgenus Romulea Section Romulea : Romulea ligustica
Subgenus Romulea Section Romulea : Greek false crocus ( Romulea linaresii )
Subgenus Romulea Section Romulea : Romulea phenicia
Subgenus Romulea Section Romulea : Romulea ramiflora
Subgenus Romulea Section Romulea : Romulea requienii
Subgenus Romulea Section Ciliatae : Romulea flava
Illustration from subgenus Romulea section Ciliatae : Romulea speciosa
Subgenus Romulea Section Ciliatae : Romulea tabularis
Subgenus Romulea section Hirsutae : Romulea hirsuta
Subgenus Spatalanthus Cruciatae section : Romulea eximia in the habitat
Subgenus Spatalanthus Section Spatalanthus : Romulea obscura
Subgenus Spatalanthus Section Spatalanthus : Romulea rosea
Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 575 by Romulea rosea var. Australis

The genus Romulea was established in 1772 by Giovanni Francesco Maratti in Plantarum Romuleae, et Saturniae , 13. The genus name Romulea Maratti nom. cons. has been preserved compared to the synonym Ilmu Adans published in 1763 . nom. rej. (Melbourne ICN Art. 14.4 & App. III). The genus name Romulea is derived from the founder of Rome Romulus ; the type species grows around Rome . More synonyms for Romulea Maratti nom. cons. are: Trichonema Ker Gawl. , Bulbocodium Gronov. nom. illeg., Bulbocodium Ludw. ex Kuntze nom. illeg., Spatalanthus Sweet .

The genus Romulea belongs to the tribe Croceae (Syn .: Ixieae) in the subfamily of the Crocoideae within the family of the Iridaceae .

Romulea species are common in Atlantic Europe and the Mediterranean , in East Africa , on the Arabian Peninsula , on Socotra , on mountains in tropical Africa (three species: Romulea camerooniana , Romulea congoensis and Romulea fischeri ) and in southern Africa . About 15 species occur in the Mediterranean, Western Europe and Macaronesia (on the Canary Islands , Madeira and the Azores ). There are twelve species in Italy. There are 16 species on the islands of the western Mediterranean (Corsica eight species, Sicily six species). 83 species occur in southern Africa , mainly in areas with winter rain (80% of all species).

The genus Romulea is divided into two sub-genera with six sections and series and contains 114 species since 2014:

  • Subgenus Romulea :
    • Section Romulea :
    • Section Ciliatae (MPde Vos) JCManning & Goldblatt : It occurs only in South Africa.
      • Ciliatae series : It contains about 21 species in South Africa:
        • Romulea barkerae M.P. de Vos : It is only known from four sites. It occurs only from Paternoster to Saldanha Bay in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea biflora (Bég.) MP de Vos : It occurs in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea citrina Baker : It occurs in the North Cape.
        • Romulea elliptica M.P. de Vos : This endemic occurs only from Vredenburg to Saldanha Bay in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea flava (Lam.) MP de Vos : There are four varieties in the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea flexuosa Klatt : It occurs in the Western and Northern Cape .
        • Romulea kamisensis M.P. de Vos : It occurs in the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea leipoldtii Marais : It occurs in the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea maculata J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It is only known from two localities. At one of these locations there are fewer than 20 flowering specimens. It occurs only in Knersvlakte and Komaggas in the North Cape.
        • Romulea montana Schltr. ex Bég. : It occurs in the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea namaquensis M.P. de Vos : It is only known from nine localities. It only occurs from Steinkopf to Kamiesberg in the North Cape.
        • Romulea pearsonii M.P. de Vos : It is only known from five sites. It occurs only in Namaqualand and Kamiesberg in the North Cape.
        • Romulea quartzicola J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It was first described in 2011. It is only known from one site near Knersvlakte in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea rupestris J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It is only known from three localities. Less than 15 specimens exist at one of these locations. It occurs only in Richtersveld and Kamiesberg in the North Cape.
        • Romulea saldanhensis M.P. de Vos : It is only known from eight sites. It occurs only from St. Helena Bay to Darling in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea saxatilis M.P. de Vos : It occurs in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea schlechteri Bég. : It occurs in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea speciosa (Andrews) Baker (Syn .: Romulea neglecta (Schult.) MPde Vos nom illeg., Romulea oliveri M.P.de Vos ): Only one site of this endemic is known in Namaqualand, Kamiesberg in the North Cape . It is endangered by agriculture. It thrives in the fynbos on moist granitic sand at an altitude of about 1200 meters.
        • Romulea sulphurea Bég. : It is only known from one site in the Pakhuis Mountains in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea tabularis Eckl. ex Bég. : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea tetragona M.P. de Vos : The two varieties occur in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea toximontana M.P. de Vos : It is only known from six sites. It occurs only from the Bokkeveld Mountains to Gifberg in the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea vinacea M.P. de Vos : It is only known from two isolated sites on the Pakhuis Pass and in Oorlogskloof in the Northern and Western Cape. But there could be other locations in the mountains.
      • Minutiflorae series : It contains two species in South Africa:
        • Romulea minutiflora Klatt : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Eastern, Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea sinispinosensis M.P. de Vos : There are only two known sites in Doringbaai and Velddrif in the Western Cape.
      • Aquaticae series : It contains two species in South Africa:
        • Romulea aquatica G.J. Lewis : Only five sites are known, maybe only two are left. It occurs only from Piketberg to Malmesbury in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea multisulcata M.P. de Vos : Only five sites are known. It thrives in the Bokkeveld Mountains, Gifberg Plains and in Namaqualand in the South African provinces of Eastern and Northern Cape.
      • Stellanthe series : It contains only one type:
        • Romulea stellata M.P. de Vos : Only five sites are known. It occurs only in Gifberg and in the Pakhuis Mountains in the Western Cape.
      • Tortuosae series : it contains four types:
        • Romulea austinii E.Phillips : It occurs in the South African provinces of North and Western Cape.
        • Romulea macowanii Baker : The three varieties occur in the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape and Free State and in Lesotho .
        • Romulea sphaerocarpa M.P. de Vos : It thrives in the highlands of the Tanqua- Karoo from Katbakkies Pass to Waboomsberg in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea tortuosa (Licht. Ex Roem. & Schult.) Baker : The three varieties occur in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape.
    • Section Hirsutae (Bég.) JCManning & Goldblatt
      • Hirsutae series : It contains six species in South Africa:
        • Romulea discifera J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : There is only one known site near Nieuwoudtville in the North Cape. This small location is by the roadside and the population is continuously endangered, for example by grazing animals.
        • Romulea gracillima Baker : It occurs in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea hirsuta (Steud. Ex Klatt) Baker : The four varieties occur only in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea sladenii M.P. de Vos : Only two sites are known only on the Gifberg Plateau in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea tortilis Baker : The two varieties only occur in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea triflora (Burm. F.) NEBr. : It occurs in the Western Cape.
    • Section Aggregatae M.P.de Vos : It only occurs in South Africa:
      • Amoenae series : It contains two species in South Africa:
        • Romulea pudica (Sol. Ex Ker Gawl.) Baker (Syn .: Romulea amoena Schltr. Ex Bég. ): Only two localities are known only on the plateau of the Bokkeveld Mountains in the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea sanguinalis M.P. de Vos : The last report of this kind comes from 1952. The only known site of the Bokkeveld layered landscape near Nieuwoudtville in the North Cape was searched intensively, but without success. This species is believed to be extinct.
      • Aggregatae series : It contains six species in South Africa:
        • Romulea albomarginata M.P. de Vos : It was collected four times in Koue Bokkeveld, but the habitats in this area were lost due to fruit and wine growing. This species was first found in the Hex River Mountains in this century and it is hoped to discover more locations there.
        • Romulea dichotoma (Thunb.) Baker : It occurs in the Western and Eastern Cape.
        • Romulea fibrosa M.P. de Vos : It occurs in the Western and Eastern Cape.
        • Romulea jugicola M.P. de Vos : There are fewer than ten sites and the stocks are decreasing. It occurs in Kammanassie and from the Outeniqua Mountains to Potberg in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea longipes Schltr. : It occurs in the Eastern Cape.
        • Romulea pilosa J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : Although herbarium of this type existed from 1930, it was only described in 2011 after it was rediscovered in 2009. There is only one site in Overberg, southeast of Riviersonderend in the Western Cape. Fewer than 50 specimens were counted there and this location is continuously endangered by habitat degradation and loss.
        • Romulea setifolia N.E.Br. : The four varieties come from the Bokkeveld layered landscape to Port Elizabeth and inland to the western Karoo in the northern and western Cape.
  • Subgenus Spatalanthus :
    • Section Cruciatae (MPde Vos) JCManning & Goldblatt :
      • Cruciatae series : It contains four species in South Africa:
        • Romulea cruciata (Jacq.) Bég. : There are two varieties:
          • Romulea cruciata (Jacq.) Bég. var. cruciata : It occurs in the Western Cape.
          • Romulea cruciata var. Intermedia (Bég.) MPde Vos (Syn .: Romulea intermedia Bég., Romulea ambigua Bég.): It occurs in the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea eximia M.P. de Vos : There is much older herbarium material of this species, which was common earlier. There are only five isolated sites from Vredenburg to Melkbos in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea membranacea M.P. de Vos : Of the only six sites left, five are continuously threatened by the expansion of rooibos tea plantations. In the Western Cape it occurs only in Gifberg, in the southern Bokkeveld and Roggeveld layered landscape.
        • Romulea vlokii M.P. de Vos : There are only five known sites in Kammanassie, Swartberg, Gamkaberg and the Langeberg Mountains in the Western Cape. In total there are only 650 flowering specimens in natural locations.
      • Tubiformes series : it contains only one type:
        • Romulea hantamensis (Diels) Goldblatt : This rare species only thrives in moist dolerite plains at an altitude of around 1500 meters on the Hantamsberg mountain in the North Cape. The stocks are stable and not at risk.
    • Section Spatalanthus
      • Roseae series : It contains six species in South Africa:
        • Romulea cedarbergensis M.P. de Vos : This rare species only thrives over sandstone at an altitude of around 1500 meters on the Cederberg Mountains. There are four known sites whose populations are stable and not endangered.
        • Romulea hirta Schltr. : It occurs in the Northern and Western Cape.
        • Romulea lilacina J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It is only of the type location Koue Bokkeveld in the Western Cape. Continuous loss of habitat endangers this single stock.
        • Romulea monticola M.P. de Vos : There are eight known sites from the Bokkeveld Mountains to Gifberg at altitudes of 700 to 800 meters in the North Cape.
        • Romulea obscura Klatt : There are four varieties in the Western Cape:
          • Romulea obscura var. Blanda M.P.de Vos
          • Romulea obscura var. Campestris M.P.de Vos
          • Romulea obscura Klatt var. Obscura
          • Romulea obscura var. Subtestacea M.P.de Vos
        • Romulea rosea (L.) Eckl. : It occurs with five varieties in South Africa:
          • Romulea rosea (L.) Eckl. var. australis (Ewart) MPde Vos (Syn .: Romulea parviflora Eckl. ): It occurs in the Eastern and Western Cape.
          • Romulea rosea var. Communis M.P. de Vos : It occurs in the Western Cape.
          • Romulea rosea var. Elegans (Klatt) Bég. : It occurs in the Western Cape.
          • Romulea rosea var. Muirii (NEBr.) JCManning & Goldblatt (Syn .: Romulea muirii N.E.Br. , Romulea rosea var. Reflexa Bég. ): It occurs from Cederberg to the Cape Peninsula and in Riversdale in the Western Cape.
          • Romulea rosea (L.) Eckl. var. rosea : Originally only found in the Western Cape. It is a neophyte in Australia, New Zealand, California, Chile, France, the United Kingdom, Sardinia, and Tuscany .
      • Atrandrae series : It contains seven types:
        • Romulea atrandra G.J. Lewis : There are three varieties in South Africa:
          • Romulea atrandra G.J. Lewis var. Atrandra : It occurs in the Western, Eastern and Northern Cape.
          • Romulea atrandra var. Esterhuyseniae M.P.de Vos : It occurs in the Western and Northern Cape.
          • Romulea atrandra var. Lewisiae M.P.de Vos : It occurs in the Western and Eastern Cape.
        • Romulea diversiformis M.P. de Vos : It occurs in the North Cape.
        • Romulea hallii M.P. de Vos : It is only known from the type location on the Roggeveld Plateau southwest of Sutherland in the North Cape. This population is continuously endangered.
        • Romulea komsbergensis M.P. de Vos : There are seven known sites from Komsberg Pass to Middelpos in the North Cape, but this area has not been well researched and so there will probably be more sites.
        • Romulea luteiflora (MP de Vos) MP de Vos : There are two varieties:
          • Romulea luteiflora (MP de Vos) MP de Vos var. Luteiflora : It occurs in the Western and Northern Cape.
          • Romulea luteiflora var. Sanisensis M.P.de Vos : This endemic occurs only at the Sani Pass in Lesotho .
        • Romulea malaniae M.P. de Vos : It is only known from one site from Matroosberg to Koo in the Western Cape.
        • Romulea multifida M.P. de Vos : It is only known from three sites on the Roggeveld Plateau in the North Cape.
      • Spatalanthus series : It contains five species in South Africa:
        • Romulea monadelpha (Sweet ex Steud.) Baker : It occurs in the North Cape.
        • Romulea sabulosa Schltr. ex Bég. : It is only known from five sites in the Bokkeveld layered plain in the North Cape.
        • Romulea subfistulosa M.P. de Vos (Syn .: Romulea vanzyliae M.P. de Vos ): It is known from eleven sites from Calvinia to the Roggeveld stratiform land near Sutherland in the North Cape.
        • Romulea unifolia M.P. de Vos : It is only known from three sites in Roggeveld in the North Cape, but there could be more sites in this little-explored area.
        • Romulea viridibracteata M.P. de Vos The original distribution area extends from the Bokkeveld Mountains to the Pakhuis Pass. Except for an old collection, all herbarium specimens come from the Pakhuis Pass.
      • Lomurea series : It contains two species only in the North Cape:
        • Romulea albiflora J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : There are only three collections from one site in the Roggeveld layered plain in the North Cape. There are only 250 flowering specimens and the stocks are threatened.
        • Romulea syringodeoflora M.P. de Vos : It is only known from four sites on the Roggeveld Plateau in the North Cape. The stocks are threatened.

The following species have also been described for the first time since 2008 - without being classified in a section or series:

  • Romulea alticola J.C. Manning & Goldblatt (subgenus Romulea ): This endemic occurs only in the Jonkershoek Mountains in the Western Cape.
  • Romulea lutea J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This endemic occurs only in the coastal dunes and plains west of Koekenaap in the Western Cape.
  • Romulea monophylla J.C. Manning & Goldblatt (subgenus Spatalanthus ): It occurs only in the Cedar Mountains in the Western Cape.
  • Romulea tubulosa J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : It occurs in the North Cape.
  • Romulea variicolor Mifsud : It occurs in three varieties in Malta .

There are many nature hybrids , some of which have also been described as species.

use

Cultivars of Romulea bulbocodium are used as ornamental plants .

literature

  • Peter Goldblatt: Romulea. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 407 (English, online ).
  • J. Gathe: Romulea. In: Western Australian Herbarium (Ed.): FloraBase. The Western Australian Flora. Department of Environment and Conservation 2008, online.
  • John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt: A synoptic review of Romulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) in sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra including new species, biological notes, and a new questioneric classification. In: Adansonia, 3ème Série. Volume 23, No. 1, 2001, pp. 59-108 (PDF file).
  • Peter Goldblatt, Peter Bernhardt, John C. Manning: Floral biology of Romulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): a progression from a generalist to a specialist pollination system. In Adansonia , 3ème Série, Volume 24, No. 2, 2002, p. 243 –262 (PDF file).
  • John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt, Dee A. Snijman: The color encyclopedia of Cape bulbs. Timber Press, Portland 2002, ISBN 0-88192-547-0 .
  • John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt, AD Harrower: Romulea pilosa and R. quartzicola (Iridaceae: Crocoideae), two new species from the southern African winter rainfall region, with nomenclatural corrections including new names for R. amoena, R. neglecta and R . rosea var. reflexa. In: Bothalia. Volume 41, No. 2, 2011, pp. 269-276 (PDF file).
  • F. Frignani, G. Iiriti: The genus Romulea in Italy: taxonomy, ecology and intraspecific variation in relation to the flora of Western Mediterranean islands. In: Fitosociologia. Volume 48, No. 2, Supplement 1, 2011, pp. 13-20 (PDF file).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Romulea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  2. ^ Romulea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 13, 2014.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Romulea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  4. ↑ a b c d Datasheet from Romulea at Altervista Flora Italiana , with photos and distribution maps .
  5. ↑ a b c d John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt, AD Harrower: Romulea pilosa and R. quartzicola (Iridaceae: Crocoideae), two new species from the southern African winter rainfall region, with nomenclatural corrections including new names for R. amoena, R. neglecta and R. rosea var. Reflexa. In: Bothalia. Volume 41, No. 2, 2011, pp. 269-276 (PDF file).
  6. ↑ a b c d John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt: Romulea alticola and Romulea monophylla (Iridaceae: Crocoideae), two new species from Western Cape. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 95, 2014, pp. 131-134. doi : 10.1016 / j.sajb.2014.09.004
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck List of species for Romulea in the Red List of South African Plants
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g F. Frignani, G. Iiriti: The genus Romulea in Italy: taxonomy, ecology and intraspecific variation in relation to the flora of Western Mediterranean islands. In: Fitosociologia. Volume 48, No. 2, Supplement 1, 2011, pp. 13-20 (PDF file).
  9. ^ A b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  10. ^ A b c John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt: Iridaceae: Romulea lutea and R. tubulosa (Crocoideae), two new species from Namaqualand, South Africa. In: Bothalia , Volume 38, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 78-82.

Web links

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