Geissorhiza species are perennial, herbaceous plants of low to medium height. As permanent organs they form spherical to ovoid, asymmetrical or bell-shaped tubers . The tubers have a pronounced central cylinder and form roots from a bulge at the base of the tubers. The multi-layer tunic (outer layer) is usually hard and woody or rarely membranous to fibrous. Depending on the sub-genus, it can either be completely concentric (sub-genus Weihea ) or composed of roof-tile-like scales, which in turn are notched at their base (sub-genus Geissorhiza ).
The simple or branched stem is round, smooth, glandular or scaly in cross section. The two or more leaves are usually slightly drooping to upright, rarely lying. The simple, unifacial leaf blades are flat to cylindrical, I- or H-shaped, linear or sword-shaped . The median nerve is usually clearly visible on the leaf blades. With sections of the leaf blade, the edges and / or the central rib are raised and winged. The leaf surfaces are mostly bare, rarely hairy or sticky. In the leaf margins there are subepidermal sclerenchyma bundles and thin-walled epidermal cells . The leaves decrease in size towards the top and can increasingly take on the character of bracts , but are then completely divorced.
Generative characteristics
In the annual inflorescence there are rarely one or two, usually up to numerous flowers, usually arranged in a spiral. Of the green, soft to membranous bracts , the inner ones are smaller than the outer ones and forked at the upper end. The flower buds are nodding and only erect to the point of anthesis .
The mostly radial symmetry and then star- to saucer-shaped or in some species zygomorphic flowers are threefold. Of the six almost identical bracts , the inner ones are usually shorter than the outer ones. The bracts are more or less long fused depending on the species. Depending on the species, the colors of the bracts often range from blue to violet or sometimes purple, pink, cream to yellow or red; partly also in high-contrast combinations. There are upright, one-sided anthers on the stamens that are bent downwards. The stylus are curved downwards.
The pods of the spherical to oblong or cylindrical capsule fruits are cartilaginous to hard. The more or less spherical seeds are flattened at the chalazal end.
Geissorhiza species are geophytes, survive in tubers and form new leaves after the dry season.
Systematics, distribution and endangerment
The genus Geissorhiza was established in 1803 by John Bellenden Ker Gawler in Botanical Magazine or Flower-Garden Displayed ... London , Volume 18, Plate 672. Synonyms for Geissorhiza Ker Gawl. are: Anomaza Laws. ex Salisb. nom. inval., Engysiphon G.J.Lewis , Rochea Salisb. , Weihea Eckl. , Sphaerospora Klatt .
The genus Geissorhiza belongs to the tribe Croceae in the subfamily Crocoideae within the family Iridaceae . The genus Hesperantha is closely related to the genus Geissorhiza .
The genus Geissorhiza is restricted to the winter rain areas of South Africa, the main area of distribution is the southwestern Capensis .
The genus Geissorhiza contains about 102 species since 2016 , which Peter Goldblatt divided into two sub-genera with several sections each in 1985.
Subgenera, sections and species of the genus Geissorhiza
Subgenus Weihea Section Weihea : habit and inflorescence of Geissorhiza aspera
Subgenus Weihea section Weihea : detail of inflorescence with radial symmetry blossoms in detail by geissorhiza aspera
Subgenus Weihea Section Weihea : habit and inflorescence of Geissorhiza ovata
Subgenus Geissorhiza : It contains five sections:
Section Ciliata Goldblatt :
Geissorhiza arenicola Goldblatt : There are only less than ten localities in the Bokkeveld, Gifberg and Olifants River Mountains in the Western and Northern Cape . The stocks are continuously endangered.
Geissorhiza cantharophila Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. This endemic is only known in Klein Roggeveld in the Western and Northern Cape. This species is common at the localities.
Geissorhiza divaricata Goldblatt : It only thrives in rocky locations from the Bokkeveld Mountains to the Gif Mountains in the North Cape. Since these locations cannot be used for agriculture, they are not endangered.
Geissorhiza erubescens Goldblatt : This rare endemic only occurs at the Pakhuis Pass in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza exilis Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. So far, it has only been found after a bush fire at a location on the lower sandstone slopes of Mount Waaihoek near Worcester in the Western Cape. This inconspicuous species may be found in more locations.
Geissorhiza heterostyla L. Bolus subsp. heterostyla : It is the most widespread taxon of this genus and occurs from the southeastern Namaqualand to the southern Cape and eastward to Port Elizabeth in the northern, eastern and western Cape.
Geissorhiza heterostyla subsp. rosea Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2016.
Geissorhiza inflexa (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl. (Syn .: Geissorhiza quinquangularis Eckl. Ex Klatt ): It occurs in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza kamiesmontana gold leaf : This endemic occurs only in Namaqualand , Kamiesberg in the North Cape. There are only five localities with less than 50 flowering specimens each.
Geissorhiza leipoldtii R.C. Foster : This rare habitat specialist occurs from the Pakhuis Mountains to Citrusdal in the Western Cape. Only nine sites are known, the populations there are not endangered.
Geissorhiza namaquensis W.F.Barker : This endemic occurs only from Kamiesberg to Steinkopf in the North Cape. Only four sites are known.
Geissorhiza reclinata Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. This rare endemic is a habitat specialist and only occurs in the Groot Swartberg Mountains in Meiring's Poort in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza saxicola Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. This rare species is only known from three collections in the northern Cederberg Mountains in the Western Cape. At this mountain site, stocks are not endangered.
Geissorhiza splendidissima Diels : This local endemic only occurs in Nieuwoudtville in the North Cape. About 80% of the original area was lost to wheat fields.
Geissorhiza subrigida L.Bolus : There is only one location in Bokkeveld cuesta landscape near Nieuwoudtville in North Cape known. The other parts of the original area were lost. The remaining stock of fewer than 250 flowering specimens is endangered in many ways.
Section Geissorhiza :
Geissorhiza barkerae Goldblatt : There are still five locations known in the Piket Mountains and in the southern Olifants River Valley in the Western Cape. The stocks are continuously threatened.
Geissorhiza brehmii Eckl. ex Klatt (Syn .: Geissorhiza teretifolia G.J.Lewis ): It only thrives in damp locations from the Cape Peninsula to Malmesbury and Caledon and Bredasdorp in the Western Cape. 70% of the original area has been lost and five to ten sites are still known, whose populations are continuously endangered.
Geissorhiza eurystigma L.Bolus (Syn .: Geissorhiza mathewsii var. Eurystigma (L.Bolus) RCFoster , Geissorhiza monantha Sweet , Geissorhiza rochensis var. Spithamaea (Ker Gawl.) Baker ): It occurs in Darling and from Mamre to Kalbaskraal in the Western Cape . Over 80% of the original area was lost to agricultural land. There are still five sites known whose populations are continuously endangered.
Geissorhiza imbricata subsp. bicolor (Thunb.) Goldblatt (Syn .: geissorhiza bicolor . (Thunb) . NEBr , geissorhiza rubicunda R.C.Foster ): Parts of the original areal was lost to agricultural land. It occurs from False Bay to Porterville and in the Olifants River Valley in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza imbricata (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl. subsp. imbricata (Syn .: Geissorhiza sulphurea var. arenicola R.C. Foster , Geissorhiza wrightii Baker ): Most of the original area was lost to agricultural land. It occurs from the Cape Peninsula to Bredasdorp and extends to the upper Breede River valley in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza louisabolusiae R.C.Foster (Syn .: geissorhiza louisabolusiae var. Longifolia R.C.Foster ): This rare endemic occurs in the Olifants River Valley and in Koue Bokkeveld in the Western Cape. Parts of the original area were lost to agricultural land and only three sites are known. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
Geissorhiza mathewsii L.Bolus : Most of the original area was lost to agricultural land. Only two or at most three isolated sites in Darling and Malmesbury in the Western Cape are known. The remaining stocks are constantly threatened.
Geissorhiza minuta Goldblatt : This endemic is a rare habitat specialist and thrives along seasonal rivers from Matsikamma to the Pakhuis Mountains in the Western Cape. There are only three collections.
Geissorhiza purpureolutea Baker (Syn .: Geissorhiza sulphurea Schltr. Var. Sulphurea ): It occurs from Piketberg to Paarl and Tulbagh in the Western Cape. Large areas of the original lowland area were lost to agricultural land. There are still 10 to 20 isolated sites, where usually only 50 to 250 flowering specimens thrive; around 1000 specimens were counted at one site.
Geissorhiza radians (Thunb.) Goldblatt (Syn .: Geissorhiza rochensis Ker Gawl. Var. Rochensis ): Over 80% of the area of this originally relatively widespread species was lost through agricultural land. Only nine very isolated sites from Malmesbury to Klapmuts in the Western Cape are known. The remaining stocks are continuously threatened.
Geissorhiza sulphurascens Schltr. ex RCFoster : Since 2002 parts of the original area of rooibos tea plantations have been lost. Only less than ten sites are known to exist in the Bokkeveld layered plains in the North Cape. It only thrives in seasonally humid locations and the stocks are therefore threatened by drought.
Section Intermedia Goldblatt :
Geissorhiza scillaris A.Dietr. (Syn .: Geissorhiza juncea var. Pallidiflora (Schltr.) RCFoster ): It occurs in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza bryicola Goldblatt : This endemic is only known from two localities in protected areas in the western part of the Kleinrivier Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza burchellii R.C.Foster : It occurs from the Slanghoek mountains to the Long mountains in the Western Cape. It only thrives in mountainous regions and only blooms after bushfires. There is little collection and it is easy to confuse this species with similar species.
Geissorhiza ciliatula Goldblatt : This rare endemic is only known from two collections. It only thrives in rocks at altitudes above 1400 meters in the Cederberg Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza grandiflora Goldblatt : It thrives in mountainous regions in Slanghoek, Hottentots Holland, Riviersonderend and the Langeberg Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza ramosa Ker Gawl. ex Klatt (Syn .: Geissorhiza montana R.C. Foster ): It occurs in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza rupicola Goldblatt & JCManning : This rare endemic is only known from one site on the Mostertshoek Twins in the Langeberg Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza scopulosa gold leaf : This rare endemic is only known from two mountain peaks in the Hex River Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza silenoides Goldblatt & JCManning : It is only known from a site on the roadside in Ceres at the Gydo Pass. This population is continuously endangered.
Geissorhiza tabularis Goldblatt : It is only known from one site on the plateau above Skeleton George on Table Mountain in the Western Cape.
Section Planifolia Goldblatt :
Geissorhiza aspera Goldblatt (Syn .: Geissorhiza secunda (PJBergius) Ker Gawl. ): It is relatively widespread for this genus. It occurs from the Cape Peninsula to the Langeberg Mountains at Tradouw Pass and northwards along the Olifants River part to the Doorn River and Gifberg in the Western and Northern Cape.
Geissorhiza demissa Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. There are only five collections, it was probably mostly ignored. This rare, only locally occurring species comes from the Kamiesberg Mountains Gifbergen and Koue Bokkeveld in the Western and Northern Cape.
Geissorhiza inaequalis L.Bolus : It is known from fewer than ten localities in the Bokkeveld layered plain in the North Cape.
Geissorhiza monanthos Eckl. : This endemic occurs only in the Swartland Granit Renosterveld from Darling to Malmesbury and Joostenberg in the Western Cape. Only 20% of the original area remains. The remaining six to nine localities are strongly isolated from each other and the populations there are continuously endangered.
Geissorhiza tulbaghensis F.Bolus : Large parts of the original area were lost to agricultural land. There are only six known sites from Porterville to Wellington in the Western Cape. the stocks are continuously endangered. It is assumed that there are less than 2500 flowering specimens in natural locations.
Subgenus Weihea (Baker) Goldblatt : It contains six sections:
Section Angustifolia Goldblatt : The approximately twelve species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape .
Geissorhiza darlingensis Goldblatt : There is only one known locality in Darling in the Western Cape. While there were up to 250 in 2004, only a maximum of 50 flowering specimens were found in 2005 and 2007.
Geissorhiza furva Ker Gawl. ex Baker : In the past 100 years, over 50% of the original area has been lost to agricultural land. There are only six known sites from Piketberg to Paarl and Stellenbosch in the Western Cape. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
Geissorhiza hispidula (RCFoster) Goldblatt (Syn .: geissorhiza humilis var. Bicolor Baker , geissorhiza humilis var. Hispidula R.C.Foster ): Although some localities have been lost in low altitudes, it is from the Cape Peninsula relatively common to Riversdale in Western Cape.
Geissorhiza humilis (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. : Over 80% of the original area was lost. Only less than ten sites are known from the Cape Peninsula to Paarl and the Hex River Valley in the Western Cape. The remaining populations are continuously endangered, for example by invasive plant species.
Geissorhiza intermedia Goldblatt There are only three known sites in the higher altitudes in the Simons Mountains and the Twenty-four Rivers Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza lithicola Goldblatt : This rare endemic occurs only in two or three localities in the Kogel Mountains and the Hottentots-Holland Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza pappei Baker : Perhaps it belongs to Geissorhiza hispidula and occurs from Riviersonderend to Ceres in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza purpurascens Goldblatt : It has lost parts of its original area. Only six well-isolated sites from the Piket Mountains to Stellenbosch in the Western Cape are known. Most of the localities have fewer than 20 flowering specimens; there are only around 100 left on one locality. The stocks are continuously threatened.
Geissorhiza stenosiphon Goldblatt : This endemic is only known from two localities in Koue Bokkeveld in the Western Cape. It only thrives on sandstone slopes at altitudes above 1500 meters, but the stocks there are not endangered.
Geissorhiza sufflava Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. It occurs only at two localities in the eastern Piket Mountains in the Western Cape. The stocks are continuously endangered.
Geissorhiza unifolia Goldblatt : This endemic only thrives at higher altitudes in the northern Cederberg Mountains and the northern Koue Bokkeveld Mountains in the Western Cape.
Section Engysiphon (Lewis) Goldblatt :
Geissorhiza bonaespei Goldblatt : This endemic occurs only in the southern part of the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza brevituba (GJLewis) Goldblatt : It occurs only at four sites in the Piket Mountains in the Western Cape. The stocks are threatened by habitat loss and invasive plant species.
Geissorhiza confusa Goldblatt : It only thrives at higher altitudes from Gifberg to the Franschhoek Pass in the Western Cape. It is common in some locations.
Geissorhiza exscapa (Thunb.) Goldblatt : It is relatively widespread for this genus from Hondeklipbaai to Blouberg Strand and in the inland to the Bokkeveld plains and in the Olifants River Valley in the Western and North Cape.
Geissorhiza helmei Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. It is only known from one site at the northern base of Piketberg in the Western Cape. Most of the original habitat was lost to wheat fields. The population is continuously threatened.
Geissorhiza melanthera Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2013. So far it is only known from two sites, which are about 6 km apart, in the western Piket Mountains near Aurora in the Western Cape. The stocks are continuously threatened.
Geissorhiza tenella Goldblatt : Large parts of the original area were lost through urbanization and agriculture. The less than 25 remaining localities from Darling to the Cape Peninsula and in Stilbaai in the Western Cape are strongly isolated from each other. The stocks are continuously threatened.
Section Includanthera Goldblatt : It contains only two species:
Geissorhiza cedarmontana Goldblatt : This rare endemic occurs only on two mountain peaks in the Cederberg Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza esterhuyseniae gold leaf : This rare endemic thrives only on a rocky site in the Groot Winterhoek mountains.
Section Ixiopsis Goldblatt : There are about five species in the Western Cape:
Geissorhiza alticola Goldblatt : It only occurs at altitudes above 1500 meters from Bain's Kloof to the Wemmershoek Mountains in the Western Cape. Only three sites are known, there are no endangered stocks.
Geissorhiza cataractarum Goldblatt : It is only known from three localities from Betty's Bay to Hermanus in the Western Cape. It only thrives on waterfalls and damp cliffs, where stocks are not endangered.
Geissorhiza hesperanthoides Schltr. : It thrives in mountainous regions from the Slanghoek Mountains east of Wellington southwards to the Bredasdorp Mountains in the Western Cape.
Section Pusilla Goldblatt : It contains only one species.
Geissorhiza pusilla (Andrews) Klatt (Syn .: Geissorhiza pubescens Wolley-Dod ): It occurs in the Western Cape.
Section Tortuosa Foster : The only three species occur only in the North Cape:
Geissorhiza corrugata Klatt : Only four sites are known of this endemic in Calvinia in the North Cape. There are larger stocks in each case.
Geissorhiza karooica gold leaf : This endemic only thrives in the Karoo from the Roggeveld Mountains to Matjiesfontein in the Western and Northern Cape . The stocks are continuously decreasing.
Geissorhiza spiralis (Burch.) De Vos ex Goldblatt : There are only three known sites in Sutherland in the North Cape. The stocks are at risk.
Section Weihea : The approximately 24 species occur in the Western and Eastern Cape:
Geissorhiza altimontana Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. This rare endemic has so far only been found on a mountain peak near Swellendam on the Leeurivierberg in the Western Cape. In 2011 only 50 flowering specimens were counted.
Geissorhiza bolusii Baker (Syn .: Geissorhiza dregei Baker , Geissorhiza rupestris Schltr. ): It is relatively widespread for this genus from the Ceder Mountains to the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape. It thrives in locations where the stocks are not endangered.
Geissorhiza bracteata Klatt : It occurs frequently from Montagu to Somerset East in the Western and Eastern Cape.
Geissorhiza delicatula Goldblatt : It thrives in mountain regions over sandstone from Jonaskop in the Riviersonderend mountains to the Swartberg Pass.
Geissorhiza elsiae Goldblatt : This rare species is only known from two naturally far apart sites. At these two localities, this species thrives in small groups with fewer than 50 flowering specimens. It occurs only in the Kammanassie and Baviaanskloof Mountains in the Western and Eastern Cape. These two areas have not been investigated very much and so it may be that there are stocks at other locations, but it is assumed that the wild stocks are likely to be less than 1000 specimens in total.
Geissorhiza foliosa Klatt : Parts of the original area went to agricultural land. There are still up to 20 isolated sites left. It occurs from Swellendam to Riversdale in the Western Cape. The stocks are continuously threatened.
Geissorhiza fourcadei (L.Bolus) GJLewis : It thrives in mountainous regions of the mountains of the southern Cape region from the Outeniqua Mountains to the Witte Els Berg in the Tsitsikamma Mountains and inland to the Kammanassie Mountains in the Western and Eastern Cape.
Geissorhiza geminata E. Mey. ex Baker : In the past 100 years or so, over 50% of the original Areles has been lost to agricultural land. There are only seven known sites from Brandvlei to Koue Bokkeveld in the Western Cape, which are strongly isolated from one another. The remaining stocks are continuously threatened, for example by habitat loss, drainage and invasive plant species.
Geissorhiza inconspicua Baker (Syn .: Geissorhiza violacea Baker ): It occurs in the Western and Eastern Cape.
Geissorhiza lapidosa Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. This very rare endemic has so far only been found on a mountain peak on the Goudini Sneeukop in the Du Toit's Kloof Mountains in the Western Cape. It is a habitat specialist who was only found in two groups of at least 200 specimens in a moist location over sandstone.
Geissorhiza malmesburiensis R.C.Foster : Since the 1940s, have been lost over 90% of the original Areles mainly agricultural land. Only three well-isolated sites from Malmesbury to Atlantis in the Western Cape are known. Less than 250 flowering specimens thrive in these three wild locations. The remaining stocks are continuously threatened.
Geissorhiza monticola Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. This habitat specialist on sandstone is only known from one site on the Gamkaskloof in the Groot Swartberg Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza nana Klatt : It occurs from Caledon to Riversdale in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza nigromontana Goldblatt : This endemic only thrives in the Groot Swartberg Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza ornithogaloides subsp. flava (Klatt) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: geissorhiza ornithogaloides var. flava R.C.Foster ): It was in 2014 described as a subspecies.
Geissorhiza ornithogaloides subsp. marlothii (RCFoster) Goldblatt (Syn .: geissorhiza marlothii R.C.Foster ): It occurs in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza ornithogaloides Klatt subsp. ornithogaloides (Syn .: Geissorhiza ornithogaloides var. flava R.C. Foster ): It occurs in the Western and Eastern Cape.
Geissorhiza outeniquensis Goldblatt : This endemic occurs in eight localities in the Outeniqua and Kammanassie Mountains in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza ovalifolia R.C. Foster : It thrives in mountain regions in the Groot Winterhoek Mountains and the Koue Bokkeveld to mountains around Franschhoek in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza ovata (Burm. F.) Asch. & Graebn. : It occurs in the Western Cape.
Geissorhiza setacea (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. : It has lost over 90% of its original area and occurs from the Cape Peninsula to Gordon's Bay and Gouda in the Western Cape. The stocks are continuously decreasing.
Geissorhiza tricolor Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2009. Most of the original area has been lost. It only occurs at two sites in Riversdale in the Western Cape. The stocks are continuously threatened.
Geissorhiza uliginosa Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic thrives only on waterfalls and damp rocks in mountain regions in the Swartberg and Kammanassie Mountains in the Western Cape.
New species since 2016:
Not classified in a sub-genus and section:
Geissorhiza ixioides Schltr. ex RCFoster : It was synonymous until 2016. It was last found in 1897 and was not rediscovered until 2016.
Geissorhiza namaquamontana Goldblatt & JCManning : The species first described in 2017 occurs in South Africa (Cape).
Geissorhiza nutans Goldblatt & JCManning : It was collected for the first time in 2015 and described for the first time in 2016. It occurs in the Western Cape.
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Peter Goldblatt : Systematics of the Southern African Genus Geissorhiza (Iridacea-Ixioideae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 72, Issue 2, 1985, pp. 277-447. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: New Species of the Southern African Genus Geissorhiza (Iridaceae: Ixioideae). In: Novon. Volume 5, Issue 2, 1995, pp. 156-161.
Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Review of species limits in Geissorhiza leipoldtii (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) and G. heterostyla with the recognition of new taxa plus important new records in the genus. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 106, September 2016, pp. 29–34. doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2016.05.006
Individual evidence
↑ a b c d e
Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Review of species limits in Geissorhiza leipoldtii (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) and G. heterostyla with the recognition of new taxa plus important new records in the genus. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 106, September 2016, pp. 29–34. doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2016.05.006 .
↑ Geissorhiza at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 5, 2016.
↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Geissorhiza. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 23, 2018.
↑ Geissorhiza inflexa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
^ A b c Peter Goldblatt : Systematics of the Southern African Genus Geissorhiza (Iridacea-Ixioideae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 72, Issue 2, 1985, pp. 277-447.
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n
Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning, I. Nänni: New species of Geissorhiza (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) from the southern African winter rainfall zone, range extensions, taxonomic changes, and notes on pollen morphology and floral ecology. In: Bothalia: African Biodiversity & Conservation. , Volume 39, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 123-152. doi: 10.4102 / abc.v39i2.240
^
Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Geissorhiza melanthera sp., Nov. (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) from the southern African winter rainfall region with comments on its pollination by the bee-fly Megapalpus capensis (Bombyliidae). In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 87, 2013, p. 22. doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2013.03.005 .
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