Ixia

Ixia
	Ixia variety as an ornamental plant
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Iris family (Iridaceae)
Subfamily :	Crocoideae
Genre :	Ixia
Scientific name
	Ixia
	L.

The Ixia , even Ixien , Klebschwertel , mistletoe flowers or Miniaturgladiolen called, are a genus within the family of the Iridaceae (Iridaceae). The 100 species since 2016 are mainly found in the Capensis .

description

Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 618 by Ixia paniculata

Vegetative characteristics

Ixia species grow as deciduous, perennial herbaceous plants . They form small, spherical to egg-shaped tubers , with membranous or fibrous coverings ("tunics"), as persistence organs. There are leaves only in winter. The basal, simple leaves are flat and have parallel veins. The leaf margin is smooth.

Generative characteristics

The terminal, spiked inflorescences are simple or branched; if they are branched, they can consist of umbilical or racemose partial inflorescences. There are bracts available. There are two different looking bracts per flower. Two to many flowers are arranged in two lines or spirals in the inflorescences. There are no flower stalks.

The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold and usually radial symmetry or rarely zygomorphic . There are two circles, each with three bracts , which can be of the same shape or different in both circles. The bracts are fused. The flower tube protruding beyond the bract is long, cylindrical and more or less straight. The free area of the bracts is spread out in a star shape. The colors of the bracts range from mostly white to cream, yellow to orange, or blue. There is only a circle with three mostly free or at their base fused, fertile stamens . The stamens are arranged evenly around the stylus. Three carpels are one under constant ovary fused with 20 to 50 ovules per ovary chamber. The stylus is longer than the stamens and ends in three simple scars branches that are cm long until the first There are septal nectaries .

The thin-walled, triple capsule fruits contain 20 to 100 seeds. The angular seeds are wingless.

The basic chromosome number is x = 10.

ecology

In Ixia TYPES is geophytes .

The pollination is done by insects . Some species are pollinated by bees and others by species of beetles from the Scarabaeidae family . The long- nosed flies Moegistorhynchus longirostris ( Nemestrinidae ) and Philoliche rostrata ( Tabanidae ) pollinate Ixia paniculata . Philoliche rostrata also pollinate other long- tube Ixia species such as Ixia longituba and Ixia pauciflora .

Locations

All Ixia species thrive in winter rain areas.

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

The genus Ixia was created in 1762 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . 2nd Edition. P. 51. Type species is Ixia polystachya L. Homonyms for Ixia L. nom. cons. are Ixia Muhl. ex explos. and Ixia L. (published in Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 36.). The generic name Ixia is derived from the Greek and means differently colored or from the Greek word ixos mistletoe ( Viscum ) and refers to the milky sap . Synonyms for Ixia L. nom. cons. are: Houttuynia Houtt. nom. rej ., Dichone Lawson ex Salisb. , Hyalis Salisb. nom. nud., Agretta Eckl. nom. nud., Morphixia Ker Gawl. , Wuerthia rule .

The genus Ixia belongs to the tribe Croceae (Syn .: Ixieae) in the subfamily of the Crocoideae within the family of the iridaceae .

In the 18th century, most of the African species of the Iridaceae with small, radially symmetrical flowers were placed in the genus Ixia sl. Many of these species were in the genera Freesia Klatt , Geissorhiza Ker Gawl. , Hesperantha Ker Gawl. , Tritonia Ker Gawl. , Aristea Aiton , Babiana Ker Gawl. and Lapeirousia Pourret . John Bellenden Ker Gawler described the genus Ixia for the first time in 1804 to approximately the same extent that it also shows according to molecular genitic studies. In 1896 John Gilbert Baker divided the genus Ixia into four subgenera. In 1962 GJ Lewis divided the genus Ixia into four sections, this was confirmed by De Vos in 1999.

The genus Ixia is divided into four sections:

Ixia sects. Dichone (Salisb. Ex Baker) Goldblatt & JCManning : It contains about 17 species.
Ixia sect. Hyalis (Baker) Diels : It contains about 19 species.
Ixia sects. Ixia : It contains about 29 species.
Ixia sect. Morphixia (Ker Gawl.) Pax (Syn .: Morphixia Ker Gawl. ): It contains about 34 species.

Ixia species occur only in the Capensis and in the Roggeveld strata . Its distribution area extends on the northwesternmost Namaqualand through the Cape Peninsula , inland to the Karoo and eastwards to the southern areas of the Eastern Cape. They mainly thrive in areas with winter rains. Most of the species are around Caledon, Wellington, Paarl, Stellenbosch, Tulbagh, Malmesbury, Piketberg and Clanwilliam.

Flowers of Ixia abbreviata

Ixia curta inflorescence

Ixia dubia

Habit of Ixia maculata

Ixia maculata inflorescence

Ixia monadelpha inflorescence

Inflorescence with flowers in detail from Ixia paniculata

Ixia polystachya inflorescence , the flowers of which have a blue sap mark

Ixia polystachya inflorescence , the flowers of which have a yellow sap mark

Inflorescences of Ixia scillaris

Detail of an inflorescence with flowers from Ixia viridiflora

There have been around 100 species of Ixia as of 2016 :

Ixia abbreviata Houtt. : There are two varieties:

Ixia abbreviata Houtt. var. abbreviata (Syn .: Ixia conferta var. ochroleuca (Ker Gawl.) GJLewis , Ixia lutea Eckl. ): This endemic occurs from Piketberg to Paarl in the Western Cape . At least 85% of the habitats in the lowland fynbos have been lost mainly to agricultural land. The remaining 10 to 16 sites are isolated from each other and degraded. Invasive plant species and bush fires threaten the populations. It was rated “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Ixia abbreviata var. Ovata (Andrews) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia capitata var. Ovata Andrews , Ixia conferta R.C.Foster , Ixia lutea var. Ovata (Andrews) B.Nord. ): This endemic today comes only from Piketberg to Porterville, formerly also in Darling and Citrusdal in the Western Cape. About 90% of the habitats in the lowland fynbos have been lost mainly to agricultural land. Only eight collections are known. Some holdings are less than 100 copies. The stocks continue to decline. In 2011 it was rated as “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia acaulis Goldblatt & JCManning : Only three sites of this endemic in Knersvlakte in the Western Cape are known. It thrives in the succulent karoo bush in rock crevices or crevices between boulders on limestone beds. All locations are to serve as limestone quarries, so far only small areas have been affected by mining. Two of the habitats are small with only 50 specimens, the third site contains around 1500 specimens. The stocks are decreasing. It was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia alata Goldblatt & JCManning : Only two sites of this endemic are known about 25 km apart in the Roggeveld layer south of Calvinia in the North Cape. There are three large populations at one site and a few clumps at the other site. The sites are endangered by agriculture and dam construction. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia alticola Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2016. This habitat specialist is only known from the Western Cape.

Ixia altissima Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in Cederberg in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable. In 2014 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia angelae Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2016. This habitat specialist is only known from one site in the Western Cape. It thrives in damp locations between rocks at waterfalls and seepage. This site is well protected. In 2015 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia atrandra Goldblatt & JCManning : Only two sites are known of this endemic. It occurs only from Villiersdorp to Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives in the Renosterveld on clay soils over slate of the Bokkeveld series. The Avondrust Farm is potentially at risk from vineyards, but the Brandvlei Hills appear safe. In 2008 it was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia aurea J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This endemic occurs only from Piketberg to Citrusdal and Darling in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos over granite . This very rare species is only known from a few collections. The widely isolated sites are impaired in many ways. Their range is the most heavily anthropogenically affected area of the Western Cape. Since it looks very similar to two other yellow-flowered species, it is not certain that there are actually only three locations left. It was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia bellendenii R.C.Foster (Syn .: Ixia longituba var. Bellendenii (RCFoster) MPen Vos , Morphixia paniculata var. Rochensis (Ker Gawl) Baker. ): This endemic is only known from one locality in the Riviersonderend Mountains, Jonaskop in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos in the loamy sand between rocks in the lower to middle areas of northern slopes. The site is protected and the stable population is not endangered. In 2012 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia bifolia Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only on the Caledon and Shaw passes. It thrives in fynbos on stony clay soils. There are only two sites isolated 15 km from each other. The populations are threatened by agriculture and invasive plant species. It is rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia brevituba G.J.Lewis (Syn .: Ixia amethystina J.C. Manning & Goldblatt ): This endemic occurs only in the Roggeveld strata southwest of Middelpos in the North Cape. It thrives in the Renosterveld on stony, light clay soils. The entire stock is located in the newly added part of the Tanqua Karoo National Park and is therefore protected and stable. It was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

Ixia brunneobractea G.J.Lewis : This endemic only comes in Bokkeveld Escarpment in North Cape before. It thrives in the fynbos in seasonally moist or swampy locations in deep sandy soils. The remaining forn to ten sites are endangered by the expansion of the cultivation of Rooibos tea. The stocks are continuously decreasing. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia calendulacea Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia maculata var. Intermedia G.J.Lewis ): It has had the rank of a species since 2010. It is on the coastal plains of the west coast from Groenrivier Mouth to Langebaan and inland to Porterville and the Olifants River valley Widespread in the Northern and Western Cape. An isolated site on the Cape Plain has been reported, whether it is natural or caused by overgrowth cannot be determined. It thrives in the fynbos in deep, well-drained sandy soils. Of the many historical sites, only 13 and 25 remain. Urbanization and agriculture are the main reasons for habitat loss . The stocks are continuously decreasing. In 2011 it was rated "Near Threatened" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia campanulata Houtt. : This endemic occurs only in Tulbagh , Paarl and Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives at the junctions of Renosterveld and Fynbos at the base of mountain ranges. Only five sites are known. The stocks are continuously decreasing due to the expansion of vineyards. It was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia capillaris L. f. : It is common in the Western and Northern Cape. The stocks are considered stable. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia cedarmontana Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in the Cederberg, Koue Bokkeveld and Groot Winterhoek mountains in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on moist sandstone plains, near springs and seasonal swamps. All sites are in well-protected mountain areas, which is why the stocks are considered stable. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia cochlearis G.J. Lewis : Little is known about this endemic. It thrives in the fynbos at the bottom of rocky granite slopes in Stellenbosch, Jonkershoek Valley in the Western Cape. It was last collected in 1946. The small distribution area has largely been converted into timber plantations. The area above the forest plantations is well protected, but this species has not been found there. If there are specimens in the forest, the problem could be that this species may only bloom after bush fires, which are immediately put out in the forest. Since it has not been possible to find this species again since 1946, no statement about the population could be made in 2012, only that the population may have died out.

Ixia collina Goldblatt & Snijman : This endemic occurs only in Breede River Valley in the area of Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on moist southern slopes. The only three sites are severely impaired and endangered by agriculture and urbanization. The stocks are continuously decreasing. It was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia confusa (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia micrandra var. Confusa G.J.Lewis ): It has the rank of a species in 2012. It is in Riviersonderend, Langeberg, Groot Swartberg and in the Outeniqua mountain range and south over the Overberge to distributed to the southern Cape coast in the Western Cape. It thrives on clayey loam in a transitional Renosterveld vegetation on deep, moist southern slopes. The many sites are affected very differently by a variety of reasons. Although there are endangered stocks, the development for this species is considered stable. In 2014 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia curta Andrews : This endemic occurs only from Darling to Malmesbury in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on the plain and on slopes. Only six sites are known. Land was lost through agriculture and urbanization. The populations are continually decreasing due to agriculture, urbanization and invasive plant species. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia curvata G.J. Lewis : This endemic occurs only from the Hantamsberg near Calvinia to the Roggeveld layer near Middelpos in the North Cape. This species is only known from a few collections, but this area has not been studied botanically. In 2014 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia divaricata Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia latifolia var. Angustifolia G.J.Lewis , Ixia rapunculoides var. Rigida G.J.Lewis , Ixia rapunculoides var. Subpendula G.J.Lewis ): It is from the southwestern Cederberge east of Citrus Denal River Mountains common in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on seasonally moist, stony sandstone plains in rocky mountain regions. Most of the populations are stable, but few are threatened by orchards. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia divaricata Goldblatt & JCManning × Ixia latifolia D.Delaroche : It is a nature hybrid .

Ixia dolichosiphon Goldblatt & JCManning : This rare endemic is only known from one site in the Hex River Valley on the lower areas of the southern slopes of the Keeromsberg in the Western Cape. It only blooms after bush fires and was last observed in 1993. This single site is potentially threatened by the expansion of vineyards. It is conceivable that there are other stocks at Keeromsberg, since they can only be discovered after fires. It thrives in the fynbos on stony southern slopes over sandstone. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia dubia vent. (Syn .: Ixia frederickii M.P.de Vos ): It occurs from Piketberg to Caledon in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos in plains and on slopes over sandstone and granite. Although many areas were lost, 30 to 50 sites are still known. The populations are decreasing due to agriculture, urbanization and invasive plant species, but this does not pose a threat of this species.

Ixia ecklonii Goldblatt & JCManning : This species is only known from the type collection in the Olifants River valley near Citrusdal in the Western Cape from the early 19th century. This area has been well studied botanically, but this species has never been found again. This area has now been converted into citrus plantations. This species may be extinct. In 2012 it was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia erubescens Goldblatt : This endemic occurs from Piketberg and Tulbagh to Caledon in the Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos in seasonal swamps on heavy loam or granitic alluvial soils . Over 80% of the original area was lost through agriculture and urbanization. The remaining seven to ten small sites are widely isolated from one another. The remaining stocks are continuously decreasing due to habitat degradation and loss, overgrazing, bush fires and displacement by invasive plants. In 2014 it was rated as “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia esterhuyseniae M.P.de Vos : This rare endemic has an area of only 11 km² in the Hottentots Holland Mountains in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on drained seepage bands on the upper areas of sandstone slopes at altitudes of 900 to 1200 meters. The habitat is in a protected mountain region without endangerment, so the populations are considered stable. It was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia flagellaris Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic only has an area of 85 km² in the Cederberg and Koebee Mountains. It thrives in the fynbos on moist, sandy plains. The stocks are well protected in their mountain habitats and are considered stable. There are only a few herbarium specimens, this is due to the inaccessibility of the distribution area and there are perhaps more sites than are known up to now. It was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia flexuosa L .: Nothing is known about this species in 2005. It probably occurs in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia fucata Ker Gawl. : This endemic occurs only on the Hex River, Keeromsberg and in the western Langeberg Mountains in the Western Cape. In the fynbos it only thrives at higher altitudes on rocky sandstone slopes. Although it is rare, the stocks are considered stable. It was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia gloriosa G.J. Lewis : This endemic occurs only from Montagu to Barrydale in the Western Cape. There are only four known sites. The stocks are continuously decreasing due to vineyards and road construction. It thrives in the fynbos on the lower areas of mountain slopes. In 2006 it was rated as “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia helmei Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2016. It was only found at one site surrounded by fields in the Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld in the Western Cape.

Ixia latifolia D.Delaroche : It is widespread in Koue Bokkeveld along the edge of the Tanqua Karoo to Klein Swartberg and the southern slopes of the Gamka Mountain in the west. It thrives on loamy, clayey and sandy soils in the Renosterveld and sometimes in arid fynbos. This species is quite common at higher altitudes in the interior of the southwestern cape. The stocks are considered stable. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

Ixia leipoldtii G.J. Lewis : This rare endemic occurs only in Barrydale in the Western Cape. It thrives in the Renosterveld in stony, loamy clay soils. It is only known from one site that contains fewer than 50 specimens. The existence is continuously threatened by the expansion of vineyards. It is rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia linderi Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in Piketberg, Zebrakop in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on upper areas, rocky, steep slopes near water. Only one site of this habitat specialist is known, which is likely to be threatened by agriculture. It is rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia linearifolia Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in Roggeveld Escarpment near Sutherland in the North Cape. This is an area that has not been studied botanically, so it could be that there are other locations besides the only known site. It thrives in the Renosterveld on rocky southern slopes. The recently rediscovered site is not endangered and the population is considered stable. In 2012 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia longistylis (MPde Vos) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia polystachya var. Longistylis M.P.de Vos ): It was classified as a species in 2016. The distribution area is in the valley of the Breede River from Worcester to Rawsonville in the Western Cape. After habitat loss, only two or three sites remain.

Ixia longituba N.E.Br. : There are two subspecies:

Ixia longituba N.E.Br. subsp. longituba : It occurs from the Bot River to Swellendam and Bredasdorp in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos in heavy clay soils at low altitudes. Over 90% of the original area has been lost through agriculture. Only less than ten widely isolated, small sites are known. In the past 20 years there have only been four collections on very small, degraded sites. In 2012 it was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Ixia longituba subsp. macrosiphon Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in the foothills of the Riviersonderend mountains between Villiersdorp and Stormsvlei in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on heavy clay soils on the lower areas of slopes. Fewer than five sites are known to be found whose populations are continuously decreasing due to agriculture and invasive plant species. It was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia maculata L .: There are two varieties:

Ixia maculata var. Fuscocitrina (Desf. Ex DC.) GJLewis : This endemic only thrives in Darling in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on sandy, mostly moist plains. Only one to five sites are known. The stocks are continuously decreasing through agriculture, urbanization and gathering for horticulture. This variety is mainly known from culture. It was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Ixia maculata L. var. Maculata : This endemic occurs from Piketberg to Durbanville in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on seasonally water-saturated, sandy or granitic soils. The area is continuously being reduced through urbanization and expansion of wheat and potato fields, vineyards, citrus and rooibos tea plantations. There are still 14 to 20 small sites known that will continue to be affected. It was rated “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia marginifolia G.J. Lewis : It iswidespreadfrom Loeriesfontein to Fraserburg, Beaufort West and Matjiesfontein in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos, in Nama-Karoo and Succulent-Karoo on clay or loamy soils. It is relatively widespread and common. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia metelerkampiae L.Bolus : This endemic occurs only in the mountainous regions from Wellington to Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos on mountain slopes. In these mountain regions, stocks are not threatened and are considered stable. In 2007 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia micrandra Baker : There have been no more varieties since 2012. This endemic occurs only from Houw Hoek to Kleinmond and De Hoop in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos in the lower area of sandstone slopes. There are 15 and 20 known sites where it is quite common. The populations are continuously decreasing due to habitat loss and invasive plant species. It was rated “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia minor (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia micrandra var. Minor G.J.Lewis ): This endemic occurs only in Wemmershoek, Franschhoek, Hottentots Holland and in the Kogel Mountains in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on stony sandstone slopes. All sites are in well-protected areas. In 2014 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia mollis Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia flaccida (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning , Ixia rapunculoides var. Flaccida G.J.Lewis ): This endemic occurs between Clanwilliam and Citrusdal and in Western Cederberg in the Western Cape only in the Olifants River Valley. This habitat specialist thrives in the fynbos between rocks on seasonally moist sandy or loamy southern slopes. It is only known from five localities that are threatened by the expansion of orchards. In 2011 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia monadelpha D.Delaroche (Syn .: Ixia columellaris Ker Gawl. ): This endemic occurs only from the Cape Peninsula to Darling and Tulbagh in the Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos on moist sandy plains and lower areas of slopes. There are ten historical sites, but only two of them still exist. The others have been lost to wheat fields, vineyards and urbanization. The remaining stocks are impaired by habitat degradation through the entry of fertilizers and invasive plant species. In 2005 it was rated as “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia monticola Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only on high peaks in Du Toit's Kloof, Wemmershoek and in the Franschhoek Mountains in the Western Cape. This rare habitat specialist thrives in the fynbos on sandstone cliffs and rock walls at altitudes above 1200 meters. It probably only blooms after bush fires and is not often found. In 2012 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia mostertii M.P.de Vos : This endemic occurs only in the upper Breede River valley between Wolseley and Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives in the Renosterveld. There are five historical sites (herbarium specimens), three of which were lost due to urbanization, one even between 2005 and 2007. At least 20% of the stocks have been lost in the last 10 years. There are fewer than 1000 flowering specimens left in nature. In 2008 it was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia namaquana L.Bolus (Syn .: Ixia rapunculoides var. Namaquana (L.Bolus) GJLewis ): It iswidespreadfrom the Richtersveld to the northern Ceder Mountains in the Western and Northern Cape. It thrives at higher altitudes in the fynbos and in the succulent karoo in northern Namaqualand on clay soils, in the Kamiesberg on granite gravel and further south over sandstone. In the mountain regions it is not endangered by human activities. In 2011 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia nutans Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2016. It occurs in the western Little Karoo in the Western Cape.

Ixia odorata Ker Gawl. : It is distributed from the Olifants River Mountains and Piketberg to the Cape Peninsula, the Kleinrivier Mountains and Elim in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos mostly on slopes over sandstone on granite outcrops in the Darling area. Few of the lowland sites are threatened by habitat loss through urbanization and agriculture, but this common species is generally not endangered. In 2012 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia orientalis L. Bolus (Syn .: Ixia alba Eckl. Non L. ): It is widespread from Caledon to Bathurst and to the Amathole Mountains in the Western and Eastern Cape. It thrives in the "Albany thicket", fynbos and in grassland on seasonally humid locations, stony coastal grassland, clay hills and dry sandstone slopes. It is the most widespread Ixia species and is therefore not endangered. The stocks are considered stable. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia paniculata D. Delaroche : It is distributed from the Bokkeveld Mountains north of Nieuwoudtville to the Cape Peninsula and Kleinmond in the Western and Northern Cape. It thrives in fynbos in seasonally moist sandy soils in seepage areas or drainage bands on sandstone slopes and in coastal plains. This common species was only found in the coastal plains and the Cape Peninsula and is not endangered. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

Ixia parva Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia latifolia var. Parviflora G.J.Lewis ): This endemic occurs only from Matjiesfontein to Laingsburg in the Western Cape. It thrives in the Succulent Karoo on southern slopes over slate rock. Little is known of this species and it was only collected at three sites in a total area of only 22 km². They are potentially at risk from overgrazing. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia patens Aiton : There are two varieties:

Ixia patens var. Linearifolia G.J. Lewis : This endemic occurs only from Villiersdorp to Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos on clay slopes and sandy loam at the base of hills. It is only known from two localities. The stands are endangered by vineyards and infrastructure development and are continuously decreasing. In 2008 it was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Ixia patens Aiton var. Patens : It was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia pauciflora G.J. Lewis : It is common in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable. In 2005 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia paucifolia G.J.Lewis : It occurs in the Western Little Karoo between De Doorns, Montagu and Vanwyksdorp in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on exposed, dry slate slopes. More than ten sites are known and the populations are not endangered and stable. Flowering is stimulated by bush fires and is likely to be overlooked. There are only a few and almost exclusively older collections. In 2012 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia pavonia Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in Roggeveld Escarpment in the North Cape. It thrives in the fynbos of stony, shallow clay soils on steep slopes. Only one site is known. The stocks are on the Vondelingsfontein farm, the areas of which are cultivated, but the steep slopes cannot be worked. This species only blooms after bush fires and is quite common on this. It could be that there are more stocks, but you can't find them without bushfire, so there are so few collections. In 2012 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia polystachya L .: There are four varieties:

Ixia polystachya var. Crassifolia G.J. Lewis : It is widespread in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.
Ixia polystachya var. Longistylis M.P.de Vos : This endemic occurs in the plains west from Worcester to Wolseley in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on well-drained alluvial sands. The original area has been reduced by vineyards, this continues. Only two or three sites are known. The remaining stocks are continuously threatened. In 2011 it was rated as “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Ixia polystachya var. Lutea (Ker Gawl.) GJLewis : It is widespread in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.
Ixia polystachya L. var. Polystachya : It is common in the Western Cape. The stocks are considered stable. It is classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia pumilio Goldblatt & Snijman : This species was discovered in 1983 and found again in 1984/5, it was not collected again until 2012. This endemic occurs only in the Breede River valley south of Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos in deep alluvial sands on river banks. Only two sites were known on a total area of less than 10 km². The two isolated sites are privately owned on adjacent farmland and are continuously threatened by vineyards and habitat degradation by invasive plant species. There should be fewer than 200 specimens per site. In 2012 it was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. Further research is needed. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

Ixia purpureorosea G.J.Lewis : This endemic occurs only on the Vredenburg peninsula from Vredenburg to Saldanha in the Western Cape. This habitat specialist thrives in the fynbos on coastal limestone and ceilings . On a total area of about 101 km², only six or seven small sites are known. The stocks continue to decline due to coastal development, urbanization and limestone mining. The localities all contain fewer than 500 specimens and the total stock is estimated at fewer than 2000 flowering specimens. In 2012 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia ramulosa (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning : It occurs in Kamieskroon and from the Bokkeveld layer to the Koebee Mountains in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos and in the succulent karoo on granitic sand or light clayey loam soils. About 20 sites are known and it is sometimes quite common there. At some sites the populations are endangered by arable farming and overgrazing. In the past, large areas were lost on the plains west of Kamieskroon. Most of this area is now part of the Namaqua National Park and so the populations there are not falling any further. Around 10% of the original area in the Kamiesberg Mountains has been lost and the populations there are still threatened by overgrazing. This species is also well protected in the Oorlogskloof nature reserve. Overall, the populations of this species, which are common in places, are continuously decreasing. It was rated “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia rapunculoides Delile : It is relatively widespread in the western Karoo from Loeriesfontein to Sutherland in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos, in the succulent karoo and in the Renosterveld on clay soils. In 2011 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia recondita Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only at the southern base of the Leeurivierberg west of Swellendam in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos in stony locations in deep gorges on southern slopes. This rare species is only known from an area smaller than 10 km² from only two collections. The population is potentially threatened by invasive plant species that spread along drainage strips. In 2012 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia rigida Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in the Roggeveld layer in the North Cape. The entire Roggeveld layer is heavily overgrazed. It thrives in fynbos on rocky red clay soils on dolerite outcrops. In an area of only about 89 km², only five sites are known. Although there is overgrazing at the sites, this species is only affected to the extent that no seeds are formed when the grazing animals eat during the flowering period, but the bulbs survive and ensure vegetative reproduction. The number of specimens can, however, potentially decrease in the long term due to habitat degradation due to continued overgrazing. In 2014 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia robusta (GJLewis) Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia rapunculoides var. Robusta G.J.Lewis ): This endemic occurs only north of Calvinia and east of Hantamsberg in the North Cape. This rare species only occurs in a total area of around 80 km². This habitat specialist thrives in the succulent Karoo in the plains and in the lower area of slopes on clay soils between dolerite blocks. In 2011 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia roseoalba Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2016. This endemic thrives on rocky southern slopes only from Montagu to MacGregor in the Western Cape.

Ixia rouxii G.J. Lewis : This endemic occurs only from Porterville to Wellington in the Western Cape. It thrives in the lowlands in Swartland and Breede Alluvium Fynbos in the lower area of slopes and in the plains. After the known, small total area (historically only 900 km²) was converted into arable land, it was believed that this species was extinct. In 2007 a small site of 22 hectares was discovered on which less than 50 specimens have survived. These remnants are continuously threatened by urbanization, bush fires, overgrazing and invasive plant species. A plan of protection measures has been drawn up for this species-rich area, but only a small area of the habitat of this species is included. The remaining stock is continuously decreasing. In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia sarmentosa Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2016. It occurs from Porterville to Kleinmond and Hermanus in the Western Cape. The habitat loss is great and there are at most ten isolated sites left.

Ixia saundersiana Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic is only found in Swartruggens and the Hex River Mountains in the Western Cape. It thrives in rocky fynbos at higher altitudes. This rare species is only known from two isolated sites in a total area of less than 500 km². Little is known of this species and was first described in 2011. Due to the high location, it is assumed that this species is not endangered. In 2012 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia scillaris L .: There are three subspecies:

Ixia scillaris subsp. latifolia Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia polystachya var. incarnata Andrews , Ixia reflexa Andrews , Ixia rotata Ker Gawl. nom. illeg., Ixia scillaris var. angustifolia Ker Gawl. , Ixia scillaris var. latifolia Ker Gawl. , Ixia scillaris var . subundulata G.J.Lewis ): It is relatively widespread from the northern Namaqualand to the Bokkeveld Escarpment, the Cederberg and the Olifants River valley in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos and succulent karoo on sandy soils on rock outcrops and on slopes. It is common in the range. It blooms particularly profusely after bush fires. In 2014 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.
Ixia scillaris L. subsp. scillaris (Syn .: Ixia pentandra L. f. ): This endemic occurs from Tulbagh and Darling to the Cape Peninsula and Somerset West in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on sandy granite gravel surfaces. Less than 30% of the original range is still present; the habitats were lost through urbanization (especially on the Cape Peninsula) and through cultivated areas, mainly vineyards. There are still 15 to 20 sites known. The remaining sites are continuously threatened by habitat loss and degradation and by competition from invasive plant species and overgrazing. In 2014 it was rated “Near Threatened” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.
Ixia scillaris subsp. toximontana Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in Gifberg and on the Matsikamma Mountains near Vanrhynsdorp in the Western Cape. This habitat specialist thrives in the fynbos in seasonally moist, shallow, sandy soils that lie above sandstone ceilings on summit plateaus. These locations cannot be used for arable farming and so the stocks are not endangered. In 2014 it was rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Rare” = “Rare, but not endangered”.

Ixia seracina Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2015. There are only two known sites in mountain regions in Cold Bokkeveld and the Grootwinterhoek Mountains.

Ixia simulans Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs in the Langeberg Mountains and the Riviersonderend Mountains in the Western Cape. It thrives in mountain regions in the fynbos on steep, rocky sandstone slopes. All known sites are in undisturbed mountain vegetation in which there is currently no threat. The stocks are considered stable. In 2014 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia splendida G.J.Lewis : This endemic only occurs on the Zebrakop one of the highest mountains in the Piketbergen in Western Cape. It is only known from one site with an area of less than 1 km². It thrives in fynbos in cool, moist, sandy locations near flowing waters at altitudes above 1000 meters on the upper area of rocky, steep slopes. This area can probably not be used for agriculture and so this species is not endangered, although it has such a small area. In 2012 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia stenophylla Goldblatt & JCManning (Syn .: Ixia fucata var. Filifolia G.J.Lewis ): This endemic occurs isolated in the western Hex River Mountains and Langeberg Mountains and mainly in the Riviersonderend Mountains in the vicinity of Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on rocky northern slopes and sometimes southern slopes over sandstone. There was a find report from the plains south of Villiersdorp in the 1970s; this area was converted into orchards and vineyards and this stock has probably died out. All other sites are in protected mountain areas and the stocks are safe there. In 2012 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia stohriae L.Bolus : This endemic occurs only in the Langeberg Mountains between Montagu and Barrydale in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on sandstone slopes at altitudes of 300 to 800 meters. Most of its range of only 213 km² is protected and this species is locally common, so it is not endangered. Ixia stohriae probably only blooms after bush fires and so this species is rarely seen. In 2012 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia stolonifera G.J.Lewis : This endemic known only from Kiesiesberg in the district of Montagu in the Western Cape. The last collection was in 1946, little is known about this species and no information about the habitat is available.

Ixia stricta (Eckl. Ex Klatt) GJLewis : This endemic occurs only from Houw Hoek to Bredasdorp in the Western Cape. It thrives in fynbos on sandstone and loamy, clayey soils on lower slopes. The entire distribution area was broken up into isolated small remaining areas by farming. Only 10 to 15 sites are known. These remaining sites are continuously threatened by habitat loss and degradation through overgrazing as well as competition from invasive plant species and bush fires. In the Houw Hoek area and in the Groenland Mountains, the habitats were lost to timber plantations. On the low coastal mountains near Hermanus, Bredasdorp and on the Caledon Swartberg, the populations have decreased. This species was rarely collected, which is probably due to the late flowering time and so it was probably overlooked. Most sites are information on old herbarium specimens with imprecise information, so it is difficult to find them again and a good estimate of the remaining stocks is hardly possible. In 2014 it was rated “Near Threatened” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia superba J.C. Manning & Goldblatt : This endemic species only occurs in the northern foothills of the Langeberg Mountains east of Montagu in the Western Cape. It thrives in the Renosterveld and Fynbos-Renosterveld on sandy or slightly clayey soils. It is only known from three sites that are potentially endangered by expansion of agriculture, especially vineyards. In 2010 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia tenuifolia Vahl (Syn .: Ixia framesii L.Bolus ): This endemic occurs only from Malmesbury to Darling and Kalbaskraal in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on seasonally moist loamy plains. Of the original 31 km² area, 18 km² remain. The areas were lost through agriculture. There are still two or three known sites; one was last seen in 1995. The remaining stocks continue to decline due to competition with invasive plant species and are endangered. The location in the "Riverlands Provincial Nature Reserve" is protected and the invasive plant species have been removed there; it must continuously against repopulation with Acacia spec. to be fought. In 2012 it was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia tenuis Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in Piketberg in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on moist, rocky southern slopes on sandstone. Only three sites are known in a total distribution area of only 24 km². The populations at all three sites are potentially threatened by competition from invasive neophytes . In 2014 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia teretifolia Goldblatt & JCManning : This endemic occurs only in the Roggeveld strata west of Sutherland in the North Cape. It thrives in the fynbos and succulent karoo in rocky, grassy locations at the base of sandstone rock walls. There is only one known site 200 meters along a rock face. There are fewer than 100 flowering specimens of this habitat specialist at the natural stand. The search to find a similar habitat in the Roggeveld Escarpment has failed. Nevertheless, this species is not considered endangered. In 2014 it was rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Rare” = “Rare, but not endangered”.

Ixia thomasiae Goldblatt : This endemic occurs only in the central Roggeveld strata west of Middelpos in the North Cape. It thrives in the Succulent Karoo on heavy clay soils on the valley floor. Only two or three sites with a total area of only 2 km² are known of this rare species. Since 1996, the arable land in this small distribution area has been expanded and the loss of habitat continues. In 2012 it was rated “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

Ixia trifolia G.J.Lewis : This endemic occurs from the Roggeveld strata to Matjiesfontein in the Northern and Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos and the succulent karoo on clay soils. This species is common locally and the populations are considered stable. In 2014 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa as “least concern” = “not endangered”.

Ixia trinervata (Baker) GJLewis : This endemic occurs only from Elgin to Caledon in the Western Cape. It thrives over shale in the Renosterveld. More than 85% of the original lowland Renosterveld area has been lost to arable land. There are still six to ten very isolated, small sites known. All remaining stocks continue to decrease, for example due to competition from invasive neophytes and overgrazing. There are no bushfires so that the populations bloom. In 2014 it was rated as "endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia vanzijliae L.Bolus : This endemic occurs only from Bonnievale to Worcester in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on dry soils over shale rock. In the last 20 years, more than 50% of the original area has been lost to vineyards and this trend continues. There are still five to ten sites known. In 2009 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Ixia versicolor G.J. Lewis : This endemic occurs only from Stellenbosch to Somerset West in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on seasonally moist clay plains. Over the past 25 years, over 80% of the sites and total area has been lost to urbanization in Gordon's Bay and Somerset West. The large site on Disa Road in Gordon's Bay was lost in 2005. There are only two very isolated, small remnants with an area of less than 1 km². Both remaining stocks are continually decreasing due to competition from invasive, neophytic grass species. In 2006 it was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia vinacea G.J. Lewis : This endemic occurs only in Tulbagh in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on stony loam plains. At least 80% of the original area has been lost to vineyards and orchards in the last 100 years. There are still three to four remaining sites with a total area of less than 10 km². Habitat loss continues and populations are endangered by invasive plant species. In 2009 it was rated as “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ixia viridiflora Lam. : There are two varieties:

Ixia viridiflora var. Minor M.P.de Vos : This endemic occurs only in Wolseley in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on plains over shale. In the last 100, at least 80% of the area has been lost to vineyards and orchards. Only one site with less than 50 specimens in an orchard is known with certainty; a second site has been reported. The remaining stock is continuously decreasing. This variety is rated in 2008 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Critically Endangered” = “threatened with extinction”.
Ixia viridiflora Lam. var. viridiflora : This endemic occurs only in the northern Tulbagh Valley in the Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on plains in soils from sand to slate. In the last 100, over 70% of the area has been lost to vineyards and orchards. There are only three known remaining sites in orchards. The remaining stocks are further habitat loss and degradation, endangered by invasive neophytes, missing bush fires and the removal of specimens for horticulture. In 2006 it was rated as “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

No longer belonging to the genus Ixia :

Ixia africana L. ⇒ Aristea africana (L.) Hoffmanns.
Ixia angusta Willd. ⇒ Hesperantha angusta (Willd.) Ker Gawl.
Ixia bulbifera L. ⇒ Sparaxis bulbifera (L.) Ker Gawl.
Ixia bulbocodium (L.) L. ⇒ Romulea bulbocodium (L.) Sebast. & Mauri
Ixia chinensis L. ⇒ Iris domestica Goldblatt & Mabb.
Ixia corymbosa L. ⇒ Lapeirousia corymbosa (L.) Ker Gawl.
Ixia crocata L. ⇒ Tritonia crocata (L.) Ker Gawl.
Ixia deusta Aiton ⇒ Tritonia deusta (Aiton) Ker Gawl.
Ixia flabellifolia D.Delaroche ⇒ Tritonia flabellifolia (D.Delaroche) GJLewis
Ixia fugacissima L. f. ⇒ Moraea fugacissima (L. f.) Gold leaf
Ixia gladiolaris Lam. ⇒ Tritonia gladiolaris (Lam.) Goldblatt & JCManning
Ixia grandiflora D.Delaroche ⇒ Sparaxis grandiflora (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl.
Ixia hirta Thunb. ⇒ Geissorhiza inflexa (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl.
Ixia hyalina L. f. ⇒ Tritonia crocata (L.) Ker Gawl.
Ixia inflexa D.Delaroche ⇒ Geissorhiza inflexa (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl.
Ixia pendula L. f. ⇒ Dierama pendulum (L. f.) Baker
Ixia pyramidalis Lam. ⇒ Lapeirousia pyramidalis (Lam.) Gold leaf
Ixia thyrsiflora D.Delaroche ⇒ Aristea thyrsiflora (D.Delaroche) NEBr.
Ixia tricolor Schneev. ⇒ Sparaxis tricolor (Schneev.) Ker Gawl.

use

Varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants .

swell

J. Gathe, 2008: Description Ixia. In: the Western Australian Flora Online . .
Syed Irtifaq Ali, Brian Mathew: Ixia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt, Dee Snijman: The color encyclopedia of Cape bulbs. Timber Press, Portland 2002. (Sections Description, Ecology, Distribution and Systematics)
Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: The Iris Family: Natural History and Classification. Timber Press, Portland 2008.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , p. 484-485 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae). 5. Synopsis of section Ixia, including five new species. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 104, May 2016, pp. 175-198. doi : 10.1016 / j.sajb.2015.11.011
↑ Peter Goldblatt , P. Bernhardt, John C. Manning : Pollination of petaloid geophytes by monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Hopliini) in southern Africa. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 85, 1998, pp. 215-230.
^ Peter Goldblatt, P. Bernhardt, John C. Manning: Adaptive radiation of pollination mechanisms in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 87, 2000, pp. 564-777.
↑ ^a ^b Ixia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d Ixia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Ixia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 24, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu List of species for Ixia in the Red List of South African Plants
↑ Species list from Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute - Genéve.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ixia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Ixia nutans, a new species of Ixia sect. Morphixia (Iridaceae) from the western Little Karoo, Western Cape, South Africa. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 106, September 2016, pp. 192–195.
↑ Peter Goldblatt, John C. Maning, NA Helme: New species and taxonomic notes in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) from western South Africa. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 98, May 2015. doi : 10.1016 / j.sajb.2015.02.010

Supplementary literature

Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae). 1. The I. rapunculoides complex , In: Bothalia , Volume 38, 2008, pp. 1-22.
John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt: Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae). 3. Hyalis and Morphixia Sections. In: Bothalia. Volume 41, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 83-134.
Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): 4th revision of sect. Dichone. In: Bothalia. Volume 42, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 87-110, Figures 1-11.

Historical literature

GJ Lewis: South African iridaceae: the Genus Ixia. In: Journal of South African Botany , Volume 27, pp. 1962, pp. 45-195.

Web links

Commons : Ixia - collection of images, videos and audio files

Entry with the bulbsociety .
Entry with the pacific bulbsociety .
Ixia viridiflora at PlantZAfrica .
Ixia Web site of Bill Richardson.
Ixia . In: S. Dressler, M. Schmidt, G. Zizka (Eds.): African plants - A Photo Guide. Senckenberg, Frankfurt / Main 2014.

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Botanica-1] Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , p. 484-485 .

[Goldblatt&Manning2016-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae). 5. Synopsis of section Ixia, including five new species. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 104, May 2016, pp. 175-198. doi : 10.1016 / j.sajb.2015.11.011

[Goldblatt1998-3] Peter Goldblatt , P. Bernhardt, John C. Manning : Pollination of petaloid geophytes by monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Hopliini) in southern Africa. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 85, 1998, pp. 215-230.

[Goldblatt2000-4] Peter Goldblatt, P. Bernhardt, John C. Manning: Adaptive radiation of pollination mechanisms in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 87, 2000, pp. 564-777.

[Tropicos-5] Ixia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[GRIN-6] A ^b ^c ^d Ixia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[WCSP-7] Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Ixia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 24, 2018.

[RedListSA-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu List of species for Ixia in the Red List of South African Plants

[CJBa-9] Species list from Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute - Genéve.

[IPCN-10] Ixia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[IxiaNutans2016-11] Peter Goldblatt, John C. Manning: Ixia nutans, a new species of Ixia sect. Morphixia (Iridaceae) from the western Little Karoo, Western Cape, South Africa. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 106, September 2016, pp. 192–195.

[IxiaSeracina2015-12] Peter Goldblatt, John C. Maning, NA Helme: New species and taxonomic notes in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) from western South Africa. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 98, May 2015. doi : 10.1016 / j.sajb.2015.02.010