Daylily family

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Daylily family
Pasithea caerulea

Pasithea caerulea

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Grass trees (Xanthorrhoeaceae)
Subfamily : Daylily family
Scientific name
Hemerocallidoideae
Lindl.

Daylily family (Hemerocallidoideae) are a subfamily of the grass tree family (Xanthorrhoeaceae) in the order of the asparagus (Asparagales) within the monocotyledons . The 19 to 20 genera with around 85 species are distributed almost worldwide.

Description and ecology

Illustration of the yellow-red daylily ( Hemerocallis fulva )

Appearance and leaves

They are perennial herbaceous plants . As storage organs they have rhizomes or tubers (but not bulbs).

The leaves are alternate and usually two-lined, arranged in a basal rosette. The simple leaf blade is lanceolate and parallel-veined.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers stand together in differently shaped inflorescences.

Flower of Thelionema grande
Berries of Dianella sandwicensis

The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold and zygomorphic . The six bracts are designed the same ( perigone ). There are usually two circles with three stamens each; for example in Agrostocrinum , Arnocrinum , Johnsonia and Stawellia a stamen circle is missing. The three carpels per flower are syncarp, Upper permanent ovary grown. The pollination is done by insects or birds.

Fruits and seeds

There are lokulizide capsule fruits (for example, Hemerocallis ) or berries (for example, Dianella ) were formed. Most of the seeds are black. (For example but not at times Arnocrinum and Tricoryne ) the seeds have an aril . Of the Australian species Tricoryne simplex , Hodgsoniola junciformis , Caesia chlorantha , Caesia micrantha , Caesia occidentalis , Caesia setifera , Caesia parviflora , Caesia alpina , Caesia calliantha , Caesia rigidifolia , Corynotheca lateriflora , Corynotheca lateriflora , Corynotheca licoryca potheca , Corynotheca unotheca , Corynotheca , Corynotheca , Corynotheca asperata , Hens Mania turbinata , Hens Mania stoniella , Hens Mania chapmanii , John Sonia teretifolia , John Sonia pubescens , John Sonia acaulis , John Sonia inconspicua , Strawellia gymnocephala , Strawellia dimorphantha is known to be spread by ants of the elaiosomes are attracted to the seed ( myrmecochory ).

Systematics and distribution

The distribution of the subfamily Hemerocallidoideae is almost worldwide. The following are mentioned: the Pacific islands, especially Australia (with the eight genera of the former Johnsoniaceae family), Eurasia , the Malay Archipelago , India , Madagascar , Africa and South America .

The molecular genetic investigations in the last ten years have led to the fact that the family boundaries within the order of the Asparagales have shifted significantly. The systematics of this genus, subfamily, family, has been discussed for a long time, so one will often encounter seeming inconsistencies in the literature. The systematics according to Mark W. Chase et al. 2009. The family of the grass tree plants (Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. ) Was expanded to include the taxa of the former families Affodil plants (Asphodelaceae) and daylily plants (Hemerocallidaceae). The former family Hemerocallidaceae R.Br. is on the rank of a subfamily Hemerocallidoideae Lindl. downgraded.

The surname Hemerocallidaceae was published in 1810 by Robert Brown in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen , p. 295. The name Hemerocallidoideae was published by John Lindley in The Vegetable Kingdom , 201, 205 in 1846 ; another indication for publication is Hemerocallidoideae Kostel. , Allgemeine Medizinisch-Pharmazeutische Flora , 1, p. 168, May 1831. The type genus is Hemerocallis ( L. ) The botanical genus name Hemerocallis is derived from the Greek words heméra for day and kállos for beauty.

For a long time this family, now a subfamily, consisted of the only genus Hemerocallis and has been significantly expanded since 1998. The taxa of the former families Dianellaceae Salisb. , Geitonoplesiaceae Conran , Johnsoniaceae JTLotsy, and Phormiaceae J.Agardh now belong to the Hemerocallidaceae family. The genera that RFJ Henderson & HT Clifford 1984 from the Dianellaceae to the Phormiaceae J.Agardh (then with Agrostocrinum , Dianella , Eccremis , Pasithea , Phormium , Rhuacophila , Stypandra , Thelionema ) were incorporated into the Hemerocallidaceae. The genera of Johnsoniaceae JTLotsy ( Johnsonia , Tricoryne , Hodgsoniola , Caesia , Corynotheca , Hensmania , Strawellia ), which are regarded as purely Australian (but at least Caesia has a wider distribution), were most recently incorporated into the Hemerocallidaceae. Some genera were previously placed among the Agavaceae or Anthericaceae.

The genus Xeronema Brongn, which was previously classified here . & Gris has formed its own family Xeronemataceae MWChase, Rudall & MFFay since 2000 .

Threefold bloom in detail by Simethis mattiazzii
Stypandra glauca
Tricoryne elatior

The subfamily of the daylily family (Hemerocallidoideae) now includes 19 to 20 genera with around 85 species (selection):

New Zealand flax ( Phormium tenax )

use

Hemerocallis species are used in a variety of ways: flower buds, flowers, leaves and the young shoots are eaten raw or cooked. Hemerocallis fulva tubers are eaten raw or cooked; they taste nutty and especially young tubers taste good. Hemerocallis plicata tubers are eaten raw or cooked; they taste like radish, but not so hot. Medical effects were examined. Shoes are made from the dried leaves. There are many varieties of Hemerocallis fulva in particular that are used around the world as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

The New Zealand flax ( Phormium tenax ) is used in many ways: The nectar is collected from the flowers and eaten. The roasted seeds serve as a coffee substitute. The sap from the base of the leaves is used as food. The fibers from the leaves are an important raw material for the production of fabrics and ropes, but also for paper production. The juice that is produced during fiber production is fermented into alcohol. The leaves are used in many ways, for example to make baskets. The flowers are used for coloring. The flowers contain tannins . The second species Phormium cookianum is also used in almost the same variety. Some varieties are also used as ornamental plants, but they tend to grow wild in frost-free areas.

Some types of Dianella are eaten raw or cooked.

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literature

  • The family of Hemerocallidaceae in APWebsite. (Section systematics)
  • HT Clifford, Rodney John Francis Henderson, JG Conran: Hemerocallidaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 3: Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae) . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1998, ISBN 3-540-64060-6 , pp. 245–253 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • HT Clifford, JG Conran: Johnsoniaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 3: Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Lilianae (except Orchidaceae) . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1998, ISBN 3-540-64060-6 , pp. 336–340 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Marc A. McPherson, Michael F. Fay, Mark W. Chase, Sean W. Graham: Parallel Loss of a Slowly Evolving Intron from Two Closely Related Families in Asparagales. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 29, No. 2, 2004, pp. 296-307, doi: 10.1600 / 036364404774195494 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz Speta : Myrmecochory in Australia. In: Linz biological contributions. Volume 32, No. 2, Linz 2000, pp. 699-702.
  2. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, No. 2, 2009, pp. 105-121, [DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x].
  3. ↑ Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal, Michael F. Fay: A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, No. 2, 2009, pp. 132-136, [DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x].
  4. ↑ RFJ Henderson, HT Clifford: A recircumscription of the Phormiaceae Agardh. In: Taxon. Volume 33, No. 3, 1984, pp. 423-427, JSTOR 1220982 .
  5. Jump up ↑ Mark Wayne Chase, Paula J. Rudall, Michael Francis Fay: Xeronemataceae, a new family of asparagoid lilies from New Caledonia and New Zealand. In: Kew Bulletin. Vol. 55, No. 4, 2000, pp. 865-870, JSTOR 4113631 .
  6. ↑ Hemerocallidaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  7. ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Data sheet at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  8. ^ S. McCune, DW Hardin: Anthericaceae. In: Gwen J. Harden (Ed.): Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4, New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1993, ISBN 0-86840-188-9 , Caesia pp. 87-88, (slightly modified html version), limited preview in the Google Book search.
  9. ^ S. McCune, DW Hardin: Anthericaceae. In: Gwen J. Harden (Ed.): Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4, New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1993, ISBN 0-86840-188-9 , Corynotheca pp. 88-89, (slightly modified html version), limited preview in Google Book Search.
  10. ^ S. McCune, DW Hardin: Anthericaceae. In: Gwen J. Harden (Ed.): Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4, New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1993, ISBN 0-86840-188-9 , Herpolirion pp. 97-98, (slightly modified html version), limited preview in Google book search.
  11. ↑ Rafael Govaerts: World Checklist of Xanthorrhoeaceae, Simethis. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2014 Internet publication, accessed 1 January 2014.
  12. ^ S. McCune, DW Hardin: Anthericaceae. In: Gwen J. Harden (Ed.): Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4, New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1993, ISBN 0-86840-188-9 , Tricoryne pp. 89-90, (slightly modified html version), limited preview in Google Book Search.
  13. ↑ Entries on Hemerocallis in Plants For A Future . Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  14. ↑ Phormium cookianum and Phormium tenax at Plants for A Future .
  15. ↑ Entries on Dianella in Plants For A Future . Retrieved January 4, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Daylily Family  - Collection of images, videos and audio files