Radishes

Radishes
	'Summer Cross' white beer radish
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family :	Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe :	Brassiceae
Genre :	Radishes
Scientific name
	Raphanus
	L.

The radishes ( Raphanus ; Latin for radish, gr. Ῥάφανος / ῥαφανίς ) form a genus of plants in the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). There are about three species, most of which are native to the Mediterranean region. They are not closely related to the horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana ) used as a spice .

description

Illustration of field radish , hederich ( Raphanus raphanistrum )

Radish species are annual to biennial herbaceous plants . The roots are thin to fleshy and, depending on the type and cultivation form, a turnip is formed, which can be very different in size, shape and color for the varieties. The aboveground parts of the plant are seldom bare, usually fluffy or bristly hairy with simple trichomes . The upright stems can be branched. The alternate base of the plant and distributed on the stem arranged leaves are long stalked short to very. The leaf blades are lyre-lobed to pinnate. The leaf margin is lobed to toothed.

The inflorescence axis of the inflorescence , which is initially umbrella- shaped , is usually strongly elongated until fruit is ripe and soon becomes racemose . An inflorescence contains several flowers. The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four upright, free sepals are narrowly elongated, rarely linear, and the pair on the side has indistinct sacs at their base. The four free, nailed petals are broadly obovate to rarely almost circular as well as blunt or rounded and longer than the sepals. The colors of the petals are white to creamy-white, yellowish or pink to reddish-purple, mostly with darker nerves. There are six stamens with elongated to elongated linear anthers. There are four nectar glands.

The leathery, mostly cylindrical, spindle-shaped, lanceolate or egg-shaped, rarely linear, elongated or ellipsoidal pods have several individual limbs that peel off when ripe.

The basic chromosome number is x = 9.

Field radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum )

Radish ( Raphanus sativus var. Sativus )

Occurrence

The original distribution extends with predominant occurrence in the Mediterranean area from northern Africa over Europe and the Middle East to Pakistan . The field radish and the garden radish are cultivated almost worldwide and sometimes occur as neophytes and invasive plants.

ingredients

White beer radish served ready-to-eat

Radish cutter, with which the spirals shown above can be cut

A normal radish covers the daily requirement of an adult for vitamin C , it provides some protein , carotene , some B vitamins , plenty of potassium , sodium , magnesium , calcium , phosphorus , iron and enzymes , but above all a sulfur-containing oil, raphanol , as well several mustard oil glycosides and bitter substances , which have an antibiotic effect, are cholagogue and dissolve mucus in the respiratory tract. However, some people find the smell of radish unpleasant. Radish can also cause bad breath .

The red variant also contains a coloring agent from the group of anthocyanins , which is approved as a food coloring.

Systematics

The genus Raphanus was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, page 669. Raphanus sativus L. was introduced as a lectotype in 1913 by NL Britton & A. Brown in Ill. Fl. NUS , ed. 2, volume 2, page 194. Synonyms for Raphanus L. are Quidproquo Greuter & Burdet and Raphanistrum Mill. The genus Raphanus belongs to the tribe Brassiceae in the family Brassicaceae .

Harvested White Beer Radish

There are about three types of Raphanus :

Raphanus confusus (Greuter & Burdet) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick : It occurs in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq and Iran.
Field radish , Hederich ( Raphanus raphanistrum L. ): With the subspecies:
- Beach radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens ) (Syn .: Raphanus landra Moretti ex DC. , Raphanus maritimus Sm. , Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Maritimus (Sm.) Thell. ): She is coming in North Africa, on the Canaries, in Southern Europe, in Europe north to Great Britain and east to the Crimea. In the Azores she is a neophyte.
- Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. raphanistrum ( Raphanus raphanistrum . subsp segetum Clavaud ) (Syn. Raphanus microcarpus Lange , Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. microcarpus (Lange) Thell. ): It is used in North Africa, Macaronesia, Europe north to Denmark, West Asia and the Caucasus area before and is a neophyte in the Azores, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Finland.
- Beaked radish Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. rostratus (DC.) Thell. ( Raphanus rostratus DC. ): It occurs in Greece, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.
Garden radish ( Raphanus sativus L. ): With the varieties:
- Rat- tailed radish ( Raphanus sativus var. Mougri H.WJHelm , Syn .: Raphanus caudatus L.f. , Raphanus sativus var. Caudatus (Lf) H.Vilm. , Also called R. sativus "Rat-Tailed Radish" group)

swell

Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Brassicaceae in der Flora of North America , Volume 7, 2010, p. 438: Raphanus - Online. (Section description, distribution and systematics)
Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae in der Flora of China , Volume 8, 2001, p. 25: Raphanus - Online. (Section Description and Distribution)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b S.I. Warwick, A. Francis, RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . In: Multinational Brassica Genome Project (Ed.): Brassica.info . 3. Edition. Ontario 2009 ( Chapter Taxonomic Checklist and Life History, Ecological, and Geographical Data PDF file 427kB Online - Raphanus ).
^ Raphanus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Raphanus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Radishes - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[Warw.2009-1] S.I. Warwick, A. Francis, RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . In: Multinational Brassica Genome Project (Ed.): Brassica.info . 3. Edition. Ontario 2009 ( Chapter Taxonomic Checklist and Life History, Ecological, and Geographical Data PDF file 427kB Online - Raphanus ).

[tropicos-2] Raphanus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[GRIN-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Raphanus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.