Garden radish

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Garden radish
Radishes (Raphanus sativus subsp.sativus)

Radish ( Raphanus sativus subsp. Sativus )

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Brassiceae
Genre : Radishes ( raphanus )
Type : Garden radish
Scientific name
Raphanus sativus
L.

The garden radish ( Raphanus sativus ), also called radish for short , is a species of the radishes genus ( Raphanus ) within the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). A whole range of useful plants belong to it , such as radishes and oil radishes .

description

illustration
Infructescence of garden radish
Herbal specimen of the garden radish
Seeds

Vegetative characteristics

The garden radish is a herbaceous plant that is one to two years old and reaches heights of 30 to 100 centimeters. The garden radish forms hypocotyl tubers or root-hypocotyl tubers, i. H. only the hypocotyl , or hypocotyl and root, is involved in the formation of the tuber . The color and size of the tubers is very variable.

The leaves are toothed, pinnate or pinnate, but the pinna are not separated to the rachis . The stem leaves do not encompass the stem.

Generative characteristics

The flowering time is in May and June. The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four petals are white or purple, the veins are darker.

The short, puffy pod is not or only slightly structured like a string of pearls. When ripe, the fruit remains closed.

The basic chromosome number is x = 9; there is usually diploidy with a chromosome number 2n = 18, rarely 36.

ingredients

Garden radish contains mustard oil glycosides , which are responsible for the pungent taste.

ecology

The garden radish is a therophyte .

The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ) or self-pollination .

distribution

Garden radish only occurs in culture. Different varieties are grown especially in Europe, North America and East Asia. It is seldom found wild in Central Europe, but remains unstable.

Garden radish prefers nutrient-rich and sandy soils .

Systematics

Radish offer on a market in Bavaria

The garden radish shows great variability. In Central Europe mainly three subspecies are cultivated, Hanelt differentiates between four groups on the level of the Convarietät and variety group .

  • Radish or summer radish ( Raphanus sativus subsp. Sativus , Raphanus sativus convar. Sativus Small Radish Group), including tuber and icicle radishes .
  • Real radish or edible radish or winter radish ( Raphanus sativus subsp. Niger , Raphanus sativus convar. Sativus Radish Group): this subheading includes the black winter radish , the white beer radish and the Asian daikon .
  • Oil radish ( Raphanus sativus subsp. Oleiferus , Raphanus sativus convar. Oleifer ) is grown for its seed oil.
  • Rat tailed radish ( Raphanus sativus convar. Caudatus ) is grown mainly in Asia for its edible pods.

history

Illustration from the Vienna Dioscurides (sheet 284 recto)

The origin of the garden radish from a wild species has not been clearly established. The most likely root form is the beach radish ( Raphanus maritimus ). From this species, which is native to the eastern Mediterranean, the present-day forms are likely to have gradually developed, possibly also with cross-breeding of other species or subspecies. Herodotus reports about the mention of the radish in inscriptions on the Great Pyramid are not credible.

There are written records from antiquity : Theophrast already knows different varieties, Pliny the Elder also mentions the use of the oil radish in Egypt and child-sized radishes in Germania . The oldest surviving illustration is from the Codex of Dioscorides (around 500). In the Middle Ages it is also mentioned in Germany, with Hildegard von Bingen it is called retich, Albertus Magnus calls it radix. It is almost always depicted in the herbal books of the 16th century. The elongated radishes and the flowers with the pointed pods are shown. Their tubers were similar to the icicles that are still grown today .

Intensive breeding programs were started in many countries, the main goals of which were resistance and physiological adaptation in Europe and East Asia. Successful hybrid breeding began in Japan and China in the 1960s. These replace the traditional forms.

use

Cultivation and harvest

Summer radishes are sown as a second crop from March, for example after lamb's lettuce or lettuce. Radish is considered to be a middle eater and can usually cope with the remnants of the nutrients from the preculture in the home garden. Radish values ​​it when the soil between the rows is regularly loosened. It should be poured evenly. From the end of June, the radish can be sown for the autumn harvest.

Diseases and pests

It reacts to fresh organic fertilization, such as fresh compost or manure, with increased pest and disease infestation. With excessive nitrogen fertilization, radish accumulates nitrate in the roots and leaves. Early varieties react more strongly to fluctuating soil moisture and form a furry or spongy root. Autumn radishes tend to burst when a lot of rain falls after periods of drought.

use

kitchen

The roots of the garden radish are used as a vegetable. Vegetable oil is obtained from the seeds of the oil radish. With snake radish , the pods are eaten as a vegetable.

Healing effect

Fresh radish or the pressed juice from it promotes the secretion of bile and gastric juice and also has an antimicrobial effect. In sensitive people, however, the mustard oils can irritate the gastric and intestinal mucosa after using large amounts .

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b garden radish . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  2. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  3. ^ A b c Peter Hanelt, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Ed.): Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Volume 3, Springer Verlag, Berlin 2001, p. 1481.
  4. ↑ Udelgard Körber-Grohne: Useful plants in Germany from prehistory to today . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, pp. 200f. (Reprinted with ISBN 3-933203-40-6 ).
  5. ↑ a b Udelgard Körber-Grohne: Useful plants in Germany from prehistory to today , p. 196f.
  6. ↑ a b E. Niller: The large and the small vegetable garden. Natural cultivation of vegetables, herbs and mushrooms. Weihenstephan experiences. Berlin and Hamburg, 1990, ISBN 978-3-4896-3224-5 .

Web links

Commons : Garden Radish ( Raphanus sativus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files