Mustard oil

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Mustard oil and seeds
Black mustard ( Brassica nigra )

As mustard oil , three different oils are called, from mustard seeds are obtained:

  • a fatty vegetable oil by pressing the seeds
  • an essential oil by grinding the seeds with the addition of water and subsequent distillation
  • various oils obtained by pouring decoction extracted from mustard seeds into another vegetable oil, e.g. B. soybean oil arise

According to their natural occurrence, the representatives of the organic-chemical group of isothiocyanates are also called mustard oils .

Fatty mustard oil

General chemical structure of fatty mustard oil (R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are long-chain alkyl or alkenyl radicals with mostly an odd number of carbon atoms). Fatty mustard oil is - like other vegetable oils - a mixture of trieste of glycerine .

The seeds of black mustard contain up to about 30 percent vegetable oil. This oil is - like almost all other vegetable oils - chemically a mixture of triglycerides and has a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids .

Pure mustard oil has a pungent, nutty taste and, similar to horseradish and wasabi , is very irritating to the sinuses when inhaled . Its use as a food is typical and widespread in Indian and Bengali cuisine . It applies there u. a. as a typical food of the poor population. However, its use is not unreservedly recommended, as the raw or insufficiently heated mustard oil contains glycerides of erucic acid , which in the long term can lead to fatty degeneration of the heart.

In northern India it is mainly used for deep-frying. Traditionally it is the preferred oil for cooking in Bangladesh , although less intense vegetable oils have also found their way into the kitchen. Up to 30% oil can be extracted from the mustard seeds. It can be made from black mustard ( Brassica nigra ), brown Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea ), or white mustard ( Sinapis alba ).

Mustard oil consists of approximately 60% monounsaturated fatty acids, of which up to 42% is erucic acid and 12% is oleic acid. The 21% polyunsaturated fatty acids are divided into 6% omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and 15% omega-6 linoleic acid. In addition, there are 12% saturated fatty acids. Mustard seeds, like all seeds of the cabbage family, including rapeseed and beet, have an above-average level of omega-3 fatty acids (6-11%).

In India, mustard oil is often heated up to the smoke point before cooking , which on the one hand softens the pungent taste caused by the isothiocyanates it contains and on the other hand destroys most of the harmful erucic acid . In addition to erucic acid, the essential, i.e. H. Omega-3 fatty acids, which cannot be produced by the human body, are largely damaged when heated, thus reducing their healthy effect.

In Western countries such as the EU and the USA , the oil is often sold with the label "for external use only", as z. B. For the European market, edible oils , edible fats and their mixtures with an erucic acid content of more than 5% may not be passed on to consumers according to the applicable food ordinance, provided they have been declared as food and not otherwise.

Mustard oil has always been considered versatile in its countries of origin. In the Indian healing art it is u. a. used for traditional Ayurveda massages. It is said to stimulate blood circulation and muscle building and to invigorate and permanently protect skin and hair. In addition, it is considered antibacterial.

Essential oils

Mustard also contains hot essential oils, which are responsible for the pungent taste of mustard , horseradish, wasabi, rocket , radish, and cress . In the case of mustard seeds, which are odorless when dry and, like dry mustard powder, have no aroma, the characteristic sharp, burning, horseradish-like taste develops only when water is added - only then is the essential mustard oil released.

The essential mustard oils contain mustard oil glycosides and the isothiocyanates released from them , for example allyl isothiocyanate and sulforaphane .

Medical use and effects

Mustard oils can inhibit viruses and bacteria in urinary and respiratory infections . As demonstrated in vitro investigations of mustard oils that benzyl isothiocyanate , 2-phenylethyl isocyanate and allyl isothiocyanate contained that these are the multiplication of viruses in the influenza A H1N1 virus infected lung epithelial cells can reduce by up to 90%. Further in-vitro studies show that mustard oils from nasturtium and horseradish have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens, including problematic germs such as MRSA , vancomycin-resistant enterococci or penicillin-resistant pneumococci . Numerous studies have also proven an anti-inflammatory effect. The updated S3 guideline for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections recommends the use of medicinal products with nasturtiums and horseradish as herbal treatment options for frequently recurring cystitis .

Mustard oil activated via cysteines the TRPA1- and TRPV1 channels ( T ransient R preceptor P otential A nkyrin Repeat 1 and V anilloid 1 ) Ca 2+ -permeable ion channels perceive the acute and inflammatory pain signals and trigger. This effect is comparable to the mode of action of capsaicin and is used, among other things, with gold compounds (e.g. auranofin , sodium aurothiomalate ) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and has recently been used as a test agent for tumor treatment.

In combination with kaolin (clay), cayenne pepper ( capsaicin or capsaicinoids) and water , mustard oil is used in the form of Munari packs (Italian pack) as heat therapy for pain and tension in the musculoskeletal system, individually or in combination with massage .

literature

  • Sabine Krist: Lexicon of vegetable fats and oils. 2nd edition, Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-1004-1 , pp. 719-726.

Web links

Commons : Mustard Oil  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Mustard oil  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Mustard Oil . In: Merck's Warenlexikon . 3rd ed. 1884 ff., P. 522 f.
  2. ↑ a b Vandana Shiva : The Mustard Oil Conspiracy - Mustard oil, whose production and consumption were until recently integral to India's way of life, has been banned, so as to provide a market for Monsanto's soya oil. In: The Ecologist. June 2001.
  3. ↑ Entry Mustard Oil ( Memento of the original from June 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in the USDA nutrient database @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nal.usda.gov
  4. ↑ BGBl I 1977, p. 782.
  5. ↑ indiaparenting.com: Benefits of mustard oil
  6. ↑ Werner Stingl: Fight Influenza Viruses with Phytotherapy. In: Doctors newspaper . December 16, 2010.
  7. ↑ A. Conrad, D. Biehler, T. Nobis, H. Richter, I. Engels, K. Biehler, U. Frank: Broad spectrum antibacterial activity of a mixture of isothiocyanates from nasturtium (Tropaeoli majoris herba) and horseradish (Armoraciae rusticanae radix). In: Drug Research. 63, 2013, pp. 65-68, doi: 10.1055 / s-0032-1331754 .
  8. ↑ A. Conrad, T. Kolberg, I. Engels, U. Frank: In-vitro studies on the antibacterial effectiveness of a combination of nasturtium herb (Tropaeoli majoris herba) and horseradish root (Armoraciae rusticanae radix). In: Drug Research. 56/12, 2006, pp. 842-849, doi: 10.1055 / s-0031-1296796 .
  9. ↑ N. Kurepina, BN Kreiswirth, A. Mustaev: Growth-inhibitory activity of natural and synthetic isothiocyanates against representative human microbial pathogens. In: Journal of applied microbiology. 115, 2013, pp. 943-954, doi: 10.1111 / jam.12288 .
  10. ↑ slides a. a .: Antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates form cruciferous plaints against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 15, 2014, pp. 19552–19561, doi: 10.3390 / ijms151119552 .
  11. ↑ V. Dufour et al .: The antibacterial properties of isothiocyanates. In: Microbiology. 161: 2015, 229-243.
  12. ↑ A. Borges et al .: Antibacterial activity and mode of action of selected glucosinolates hydrolysis products against bacterial pathogens. In: J. Food Sci. Technol. 52 (8): 2015, 4737-48.
  13. ^ A. Marzocco et al .: Anti-inflammatory activity of horseradisch (Armoracia rusticana) root extracts in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In: Food Func. 6 (12): 2015, 3778-88.
  14. ↑ H. Tran et al .: Nasturtium (Indian cress, Tropaeolum majus nanum) dually blocks the COX an LOX pathway in primary human immune cells. In: Phytomedicine. 23: 2016, 611-620.
  15. ↑ ML Lee et al .: Benzyl isothiocyanate exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in murine macrophages and in mouse skin. In: J. Mol. Med. 87: 2009, 1251-1261.
  16. ↑ S3 guideline uncomplicated urinary tract infections - update 2017 (interdisciplinary S3 guideline "Epidemiology, diagnostics, therapy, prevention and management of uncomplicated, bacterial, community-acquired urinary tract infections in adult patients", AWMF register no. 043/044).
  17. Jump up ↑ M. Gees, YA Alpizar, B. Boonen, A. Sanchez, W. Everaerts, A. Segal, F. Xue, A. Janssens, G. Owsianik, B. Nilius, T. Voets, K. Talavera: Mechanisms of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 activation and sensitization by allyl isothiocyanate. In: Mol Pharmacol. 84 (3), Sep 2013, pp. 325-334, doi: 10.1124 / mol.113.085548 , PMID 23757176
  18. ^ Andrew Hinman, Huai-hu Chuang, Diana M. Bautista, David Julius: TRP channel activation by reversible covalent modification. In: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. UNITED STATES. 103 (51), 2006, pp. 19564-19568, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0609598103 , PMID 17164327 .
  19. ↑ N. Hatano, H. Suzuki, Y. Muraki, K. Muraki: Stimulation of human TRPA1 channels by clinical concentrations of the antirheumatic drug auranofin. In: Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 304 (4), 2013, pp. C354-C361, doi: 10.1152 / ajpcell.00096.2012 , PMID 23220116 .
  20. ↑ Gerda Vacariu, Othmar Schuhfried, Marta Korpan: Physical therapy and rehabilitation for pain syndromes in the musculoskeletal system. In: Compendium of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 3. Edition. 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-0467-5 , p. 357.