Brown mustard

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Brown mustard
Brown mustard (Brassica juncea), illustration

Brown mustard ( Brassica juncea ), illustration

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Brassiceae
Genre : Cabbage ( Brassica )
Type : Brown mustard
Scientific name
Brassica juncea
( L. ) Czern.
Habit, inflorescence, flowers and fruits of Brassica juncea var. Juncea

The brown mustard ( Brassica juncea ), and Indian mustard , brown mustard or Rod cabbage , Chinese mustard called, is a plant from the family of the cabbage family (Brassicaceae). The home is Asia, but it has also been naturalized in other parts of the world. Varieties of this kind are used in many ways.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Brown mustard grows as an annual herbaceous plant and usually reaches heights of 30 to 100 (20 to 180) cm. Some forms have fleshy tap roots. The above-ground parts of the plant are mostly hairy and sometimes a little reddish to bluish. The upright stems are mostly branched in the upper area.

The leaves distributed on the stem are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petioles are longer in the lower part of the stem and get shorter the higher up; they are usually 2 to 8 (1 to 15) cm long. The 6 to 30 (4 to 80) cm long and 1.5 to 15 (to 28) cm wide leaf blades are ovate, elongated to lanceolate or, depending on the lower part, lyre-shaped to pinnate. The leaf margin can be smooth to toothed.

Generative characteristics

The flower stalks are 1.5 to 5.5 times as long as the sepals, until they are ripe they grow to usually 0.8 to 1.5 (0.5 to 2) cm. The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four spread, elongated sepals are usually 4 to 6 (3.5 to 7) mm long and 1 to 1.7 mm wide. The four yellow petals , nailed 3 to 6 mm long, are usually 8 to 11 (6.5 to 13) mm long and 5 to 7.5 mm wide. There are six stamens . The stamens are 4 to 7 mm and the elongated anthers are 1.5 to 2 mm long. The flowering period extends from March to June. This species is self-fertile and is pollinated by instincts.

Brown mustard pollen grains (400 ×)

The fruits are not stalked above the calyx, so there is no fruit carrier. The elongated, pencil-shaped to somewhat square pods are usually 3 to 5 (2 to 6) cm long and 3 to 4 (to 5) mm in diameter. The fruit beak is 5 to 12 mm long. The fruit segments each contain 6 to 15 (rarely up to 20) seeds and the top segment does not contain any seeds. The dark to light brown seeds are spherical with a diameter of 1 to 1.7 mm and have a slightly net-like surface. The fruits ripen between April and July.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

use

The leaves, inflorescences and flowers are edible raw and cooked. The seeds are used as a spice and contain 25 to 30% of an oil suitable for consumption. The underground plant parts of some shapes can be eaten. The seedlings are eaten as a salad. The seeds are used to make table mustard , especially Dijon mustard . The thickened sprouts of the Brassica juncea var. Tsatsai variety are pickled in the Chinese cuisine and are known as tsa tsai or “Sezuangegemüse”. The 'Red Giant' variety is used as baby leaf (Japanese Green or Oriental Green).

The species is used for oil production ( oilseeds ) in the same way as rapeseed ( Brassica napus ), oils from both plants have comparable properties and are not differentiated in the trade. The overwintering form sown in the previous year (winter seed) was traditionally grown in large parts of China, but has now largely been replaced by higher-yielding rapeseed varieties. The form sown in the spring of the harvest year (summer seed) is still of great importance in India today; it makes up around 90 percent of oilseeds here.

Medical effects were examined.

Phytoremediation

The brown mustard is used for the phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soils. For this purpose, the plants are raised on the soil, and EDTA is then added to them. The plants take up the Pb (II) -EDTA complexes and then die. The lead-containing parts of the plant are disposed of. A complete phytoextraction of contaminated soil can take several years.

Systematics

The Basionym Sinapis juncea was published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, pp. 668-669. In 1859 Wassili Matwejewitsch Tschernjajew introduced this species as Brassica juncea in the genus Brassica in Conspectus Plantarum circa Charcoviam et in Ucranie sponte cresentium et vulgo cultarum , 8 . Further synonyms are: Brassica japonica (Thunb.) Sieb. ex Miquel , Brassica juncea var. crispifolia LHBailey , Brassica juncea var. japonica (Thunb.) LHBailey .

The species Brassica juncea includes the following subspecies and varieties (selection):

  • Brown mustard or Sarepta mustard, ( Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Var. Juncea , Syn .: Brassica juncea var. Agrestis Prain ), also called Indian mustard, Russian mustard or Oriental mustard.
  • Brassica juncea subsp. integrifolia (H. West) Thell. (Syn .: Brassica juncea var. Crispifolia L.H.Bailey , Brassica juncea var. Fimbriata , Brassica juncea var. Chirimenna Makino , Brassica juncea var. Cernua Forb. Et Hemsl. )
  • Brassica juncea var. Cuneifolia (Roxb.) Kitam.
  • Chinese mustard ( Brassica juncea var. Crispifolia L.H.Bailey )
  • Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. foliosa L.H.Bailey
  • Brassica juncea var. Japonica (Thunb.) LHBailey (Syn .: Brassica japonica sieve. , Sinapis japonica Thunb. )
  • Horn mustard ( Brassica juncea var. Linearifolia )
  • Brassica juncea var. Longidens L.H.Bailey
  • Green in Snow ( Brassica juncea var. Multiceps M. Tsen & SH Lee )
  • Brassica juncea subsp. napiformis (Pailleux & Bois) Gladis
  • Broad-leaved mustard ( Brassica juncea var. Rugosa (Roxb.) M. Tsen & SH Lee ), with the variety Red mustard 'Red Giant'
  • Brassica juncea var. Strumata M. Tsen & SH Lee
  • Zha cai ( Brassica juncea var. Tsatsai Mao , Syn .: Brassica juncea var. Tumida M. Tsen & SH Lee )

Evolution and breeding

The species goes back to the natural hybridization of two related species, with doubling of the genome, so it is allotetraploid . One parent species is turnip rape ( Brassica rapa ), the other black mustard ( Brassica nigra ). When crossed experimentally, these species result in primary hybrids that correspond to brown mustard in terms of their properties. Such experiments have been carried out in the context of plant breeding, since the species is genetically very uniform and therefore difficult to improve in breeding using classic methods.A double genetic bottleneck is responsible for this: a first time with hybridization, a second time with domestication as a cultivated plant .

Brown mustard has been known as a cultivated plant from archaeological excavations in India since 2300 BC. The origin of the species and the centers of the first cultivation are controversial, on the one hand the Middle East, on the other hand China, but also all regions in between. The Russian botanist Nikolai Iwanowitsch Wawilow , one of the pioneers of crop research, assumed Afghanistan as its origin. According to the genetic data, an eastern origin, presumably in two different, independent lineages, is likely from where the plant was introduced or spread to India and later further west.

swell

  • Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae in the Flora of China , Volume 8, p. 20: Brassica juncea - Online. (Section description)
  • Suzanne I. Warwick: Brassica in the Flora of North America , Volume 7, p. 421: Brassica juncea - Online. (Section description)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Entry in Plants for a Future.
  2. ↑ Weiler: General and Molecular Botany . Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2008.
  3. ^ SS Banga & Shashi Banga: Genetic Diversity and Germplasm Patterns in Brassica juncea. Chapter 5 in Vijay Rani Rajpal, S. Rama Rao, SN Raina (Editors): Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement, Volume 1. (Series Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, Vol. 10). Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-27094-4 . Page 163–186.

Web links

Commons : Brown Mustard ( Brassica juncea )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Brown mustard  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations