Cabbage

Cabbage
	Brown mustard ( Brassica juncea ), illustration
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family :	Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe :	Brassiceae
Genre :	Cabbage
Scientific name
	Brassica
	L.

Cabbage ( Brassica ) forms a genus of the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). Many important cultivated plants belong to this genus.

Naming

The German generic name Kohl, from ahd. Kôl (i) or chôl (o) , was already borrowed by the Germanic peoples from the Latin caulis "stem cabbage", which in the original sense only referred to the stalk of a plant. The Latin word caulis itself goes back - as in ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós) "(hollow) stalk, stem, shaft, stalk, cabbage, mostly vegetable cabbage " - presumably to an Indo-European root kaul with the meaning 'hollow' and 'hollow plant stem '.

description

Flowering diagram of Brassica

Vegetative characteristics

Brassica species are annual , biennial or perennial herbaceous plants .

Generative characteristics

The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four petals are arranged in the shape of a cross. The two carpels are a top permanent ovary overgrown.

The flower formula is: ${\ displaystyle \ star K_ {4} \; C_ {4} \; A_ {2 + 4} \ C_ {8} \ \; G _ {\ underline {(2)}}}$

The fruits are pods .

Brassica cretica subsp. aegaea

Brassica hilarionis

Brassica macrocarpa

Rapeseed ( Brassica napus )

Black mustard ( Brassica nigra )

Vegetable cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ), the wild form on Heligoland

Cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis )

Savoy cabbage ( Brassica oleracea convar. Capitata var. Sabauda )

Kohlrabi ( Brassica oleracea var. Gongylodes )

Rapeseed ( Brassica rapa )

Brassica repanda subsp. blancoana

Systematics and distribution

The genus Brassica was 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , vol 2, page 666, first published . Synonyms for Brassica L. are: Brassicaria Pomel , Guenthera Andrz. , Napus K.F. Schimp. & Spenn. , Rapa Mill. , Brassicastrum Link .

The genus Brassica belongs to the tribe Brassiceae DC. within the family Brassicaceae .

The Brassica species are distributed from Macaronesia across Europe , northern, eastern and southern Africa , western Asia , the Arabian Peninsula to Central Asia. The center of biodiversity is the Mediterranean .

The genus Brassica includes 39 to 44 species:

Brassica assyriaca Mouterde : It occurs only in northern Syria .

Brassica aucheri Boiss. : It occurs in Iran and Iraq .

Brassica baldensis (Prosser & Bertolli) Prosser & Bertolli (Syn .: Guenthera repanda subsp. Baldensis Prosser & Bertolli , Brassica repanda subsp. Baldensis (Prosser & Bertolli) Prosser & Bertolli ): It has had the status of a species since 2012 only in the area of Monte Baldo .

Brassica balearica Pers. : This endemic occurs only in Mallorca .

Brassica barrelieri ( L. ) Janka : It occurs in Spain , Portugal , Algeria and Morocco .

Brassica bourgaei ( Webb ex H.Christ ) Kuntze : It occurs on the Canary Islands Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera and Hierro.

Brassica cadmea Heldr. ex OESchulz : It occurs in Greece .

Abyssinian mustard or Abyssinian cabbage ( Brassica carinata A.Braun ): It is naturalized in Ethiopia and is cultivated in North America and many other countries in Africa.

Brassica cretica Lam. : It is originally found in five subspecies in Greece, Crete, the Aegean Sea and Turkey .

Brassica deflexa Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Iran, southeast Afghanistan , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

Brassica deserti Danin & Hedge : It occurs only on the Sinai Peninsula .

Brassica desnottesii Emb. & Maire : It occurs in Morocco.

Brassica dimorpha Coss. & Durieu : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.

Brassica drepanensis ( Caruel ) Damanti (Syn .: Brassica villosa subsp. Drepanensis (Caruel) Raimondo & Mazzola ): This endemic occurs only in northwestern Sicily .

Long-ripped cabbage ( Brassica elongata Ehrh. ): It originally occurs in numerous subspecies in Siberia, Xinjiang, in West and Central Asia, in the Caucasus, in Morocco, in Central, East and Southeast Europe.

Mediterranean cabbage ( Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo ): It occurs in southern Europe and North Africa.

Brassica glabrescens Poldini (Syn .: Brassica repanda subsp. Glabrescens (Poldini) Gómez-Campo , Guenthera repanda subsp. Glabrescens (Poldini) Gómez-Campo ): It has been a species since 2012. This endemic occurs only in the area between the rivers Cellina and Meduna in Magredi del Cellina in Friuli-Venezia Giulia in northeastern Italy.

Brassica gravinae Ten. : It occurs in Italy, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya .

Brassica hilarionis Post : This endemic is only found in Cyprus .

Brassica incana Ten. : It occurs in Italy on the Balkan Peninsula and the Crimea .

Brassica insularis Moris : It occurs in Sardinia , Corsica , Sicily, Algeria and Tunisia.

Brassica jordanoffii O.E. Schulz (Syn .: Brassica nivalis subsp. Jordanoffii (OE Schulz) Akeroyd & Leadlay ): It occurs only in southwestern Bulgaria.

Brown mustard ( Brassica juncea ( L. ) Czern. ), Also Indian mustard, Sareptasenf or rod cabbage. It is cultivated or naturalized worldwide. Its originality is doubtful in Central Asia and Mongolia. There are the varieties:

Chinese mustard ( Brassica juncea var. Crispifolia L.H.Bailey )
Horn mustard ( Brassica juncea var. Linearifolia )
Green in Snow ( Brassica juncea var. Multiceps M.Tsen & Shlee )
Broad-leaved mustard ( Brassica juncea var. Rugosa (Roxb.) M.Tsen & SHLee ), with the variety Red mustard 'Red Giant'
Zha cai ( Brassica juncea var. Tsatsai (TLMao) Gladis , Syn .: Brassica juncea var. Tumida M.Tsen & Shlee )

Brassica loncholoma Pomel : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia. It is also referred to as Eruca loncholoma (Pomel) OE Schulz by some authors in the genus Eruca .

Brassica macrocarpa casting. : This endemic occurs only on the islands of Favignana and Marettimo near Sicily.

Brassica maurorum Durieu ; Home: Algeria and Morocco.

Brassica montana Pourr. ; Home: Italy, France and Spain.

Oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L. ): It is naturalized worldwide. With the subspecies and varieties:

Swede (Wruke) ( Brassica napus subsp. Rapifera Metzg. , Syn .: Brassica napus subsp. Napobrassica Mill. )
Oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L. ) subsp. napus
Cut cabbage ( Brassica napus var. Pabularia (DC.) Alef. )

Black mustard ( Brassica nigra ( L. ) WDJKoch ): It is originally widespread in Eurasia and Africa and is a neophyte in other countries.

Brassica nivalis Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in northern Greece. Sometimes this speciesbecomes a species of Brassica nivalis swith Brassica jordanoffii from Bulgaria. l. summarized.

Vegetable cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. ): It originally thrives on the coasts of Spain, France, Great Britain and Germany (Heligoland), but is cultivated worldwide. With the varieties:

Ornamental cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. Acephala DC. )
China broccoli , Gai Lon or Kai-lan ( Brassica oleracea var. Alboglabra (LH Bailey) Musil )
Cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L. )
- Romanesco ( Brassica oleracea convar. Botrytis var. Botrytis )
Head cabbage ( Brassica oleracea convar. Capitata L. )
- White cabbage ( Brassica oleracea convar. Capitata var. Alba )
  - cabbage
- Red cabbage ( Brassica oleracea convar. Capitata var. Rubra )
- Savoy cabbage ( Brassica oleracea convar. Capitata var. Sabauda L. )
  - Butter cabbage ( Brassica oleracea convar. Capitata var. Sabauda subvar. Fimbriata )
Brussels sprouts ( Brassica oleracea var. Gemmifera DC. )
Kohlrabi ( Brassica oleracea var. Gongylodes L. )
Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. Italica Plenck )
Marrow stem cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. Medullosa Thell. )
Palm cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. Palmifolia DC. )
Green cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. Sabellica L. )
Kuhkohl , kale , perennials carbon ( Brassica oleracea var. Viridis L. )

Brassica oxyrrhina ( Coss. ) Willk. : It occurs in Portugal, Spain and Morocco.

Brassica procumbens ( Poir. ) OESchulz : It is originally found in Tunisia and is a neophyte in north-eastern Algeria.

Turnip rape ( Brassica rapa L. ). The species is distributed worldwide, a precise home is not known. With the subspecies and varieties:

Autumn turnip ( Mairübe ), Teltower turnip , Bavarian turnip , Pfatterer turnip , turnip ( Brassica rapa subsp. Rapa )

Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis (L.) Hanelt )

Mizuna , Japanese salad ( Brassica rapa subsp. Nipposinica (LHBailey) Hanelt )

Oil turnips ( Brassica rapa subsp. Oleifera (DC.) Metzg. )

Choisum ( Brassica rapa var. Parachinensis (LHBailey) Hanelt )

Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt )

Turnip stalk ( Brassica rapa var. Rapifera subvar. Pabularia and Brassica rapa subsp. Silvestris "Namenia")

Stem cabbage ( Brassica rapa var. Cymosa , Syn .: Brassica rapa var. Silvestris )

Aburana ( Brassica rapa var. Nippo-oleifera )

Komatsuna , Japanese mustard spinach ( Brassica rapa subsp. Nipposinica (LHBailey) Hanelt var. Perviridis L.H.Bailey )

Brassica repanda ( Willd. ) DC. : It is native to north-western Italy, southern France, Spain, Morocco and northern Algeria. With about 16 subspecies.

Brassica rupestris Raf. : This endemic occurs only in western Sicily.

Brassica setulosa (Boiss. & Reut.) Coss. : It occurs in eastern Morocco and northwestern Algeria.

Brassica somalensis Hedge & AGMill. : It wasfirst describedin 1977 from Somalia .

Brassica souliei ( Batt. ) Batt. : It occurs in two subspecies in Sicily, Tunisia, northern Algeria and Morocco.

Brassica spinescens Pomel : It is endemic to Algeria.

Brassica tournefortii Gouan : It is native to southern Europe, North Africa, Arabia , western to central Asia and Pakistan. It is a neophyte in North America, Australia, New Zealand and southern Africa.

Brassica villosa Biv. (Syn .: Brassica bivoniana Mazzola & Raimondo , Brassica tinei Lojac. ): This endemic occurs only in western and central Sicily.

Individual evidence

^ DWB: Kohl
^ Duden universal dictionary: Kohl
↑ Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language (see under "hollow").
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . tape 2 . Stockholm 1753, p. 666 ( first published by Brassica - scanned at Biodiversity Heritage Library ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Brassica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
^ ^A ^b Brassica in SI Warwick, A. Francis RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . 3rd edition. In: Multinational Brassica Genome Project (Ed.): Brassica.info . Ontario 2009 ( Chapter Taxonomic Checklist and Life History, Ecological, and Geographical Data PDF file 427kB Online [accessed on February 14, 2012]).
^ Brassica in SI Warwick, A. Francis, RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . 3rd edition. In: Multinational Brassica Genome Project (Ed.): Brassica.info . Ontario 2009 (English, chapter Introduction PDF file 35.48kB online [accessed on February 14, 2012]).
^ ^A ^b Margherita Lega, Simone Fior, Filippo Prosser, Alessio Bertolli, Mingai Li, Claudio Varotto: Application of the unified species concept reveals distinct lineages for disjunct endemics of the Brassica repanda (Brassicaceae) complex. In: Biological journal of the Linnean society , Volume 106, Issue 3, pp. 482-497. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2012.01887.x online.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae : Datasheet Brassica In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

literature

Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .

Web links

Commons : Kohl ( Brassica ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Kohl - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

[1] DWB: Kohl

[2] Duden universal dictionary: Kohl

[3] Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language (see under "hollow").

[SpPla-4] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . tape 2 . Stockholm 1753, p. 666 ( first published by Brassica - scanned at Biodiversity Heritage Library ).

[GRIN-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Brassica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 20, 2013.

[Warw.2009B-6] A ^b Brassica in SI Warwick, A. Francis RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . 3rd edition. In: Multinational Brassica Genome Project (Ed.): Brassica.info . Ontario 2009 ( Chapter Taxonomic Checklist and Life History, Ecological, and Geographical Data PDF file 427kB Online [accessed on February 14, 2012]).

[Warw.2009A-7] Brassica in SI Warwick, A. Francis, RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . 3rd edition. In: Multinational Brassica Genome Project (Ed.): Brassica.info . Ontario 2009 (English, chapter Introduction PDF file 35.48kB online [accessed on February 14, 2012]).

[Lega20012-8] A ^b Margherita Lega, Simone Fior, Filippo Prosser, Alessio Bertolli, Mingai Li, Claudio Varotto: Application of the unified species concept reveals distinct lineages for disjunct endemics of the Brassica repanda (Brassicaceae) complex. In: Biological journal of the Linnean society , Volume 106, Issue 3, pp. 482-497. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2012.01887.x online.

[Euro+Med-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae : Datasheet Brassica In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.