Lavender oil

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Lavender oil

Lavender oil ( Latin oleum lavandulae , French essence de lavande ) is the essential oil from the flowers of lavender .

The following types of lavender are used to make essential oils:

  • Lavandula angustifolia = real lavender (main growing region: southern France)
  • Lavandula latifolia = Speik lavender (main growing region: Spain)
  • Lavandula hybrida = hybrid lavender or lavandin from L. angustifolia and L. latifolia (main growing region: southern France)

Lavender oil comes in different qualities and prices. The standardized oils lavender oil Barreme (52% ester content) and lavender oil Mont Blanc (approx. 40% ester content) are of high quality. Lavandin oil ( Lavandin oil Abrialis or Lavandin oil Grosso ) obtained from hybridized lavender ( Lavandin ) also has a high ester content (approx. 30%). The percentages relate to the proportion of linalyl acetate in lavender oil, the esterified form of linalool , one of the main ingredients that determine the quality of a lavender oil: the higher the ester content, the higher the quality of the lavender oil.

Physical properties, ingredients

General

safety instructions
Surname

Lavender oil angustifolia

CAS number

84776-65-8

EC number

283-994-0

ECHA InfoCard

100.076.330

GHS labeling of hazardous substances
08 - Dangerous to health 09 - Dangerous for the environment 07 - Warning

danger

H and P phrases H: 304-315-317-412
P: 273-280-301 + 310-302 + 352-405-501

Lavender oil is colorless or slightly yellowish, fairly thin and has a pleasant, strong smell of lavender. Lavender oil boils at 185 to 188 ° C, has a density of 0.876 to 0.892 g / cm 3 ( L. angustifolia ), 0.893 to 0.909 g / cm 3 ( L. latifolia ) or 0.885 to 0.897 g / cm 3 (Lavandin oil) and is optically active - anticlockwise (−11 ° to −5 °, L. angustifolia ).

The main components of lavender oil ( L. angustifolia ) are linalyl acetate (25–46%) and licareol (20–45%), as well as smaller amounts of terpinen-4-ol (0.1–6%), 1,8-cineole , 3 -Octanone (each ≤2.5%), camphor (≤1.2%), limonene , lavandulol and lavandulyl acetate (≤1%).

Since lavender oil ( L. angustifolia ) is considered to be particularly valuable and achieves a high selling price, adulterated lavender oil was often in circulation in earlier times. Since the high proportion of linalyl acetate was decisive for the quality, acetylated linalool (from the spik oil), synthetic linalool (intermediate product in the synthesis of vitamin E) or the Asian Shui oil, which also contains a lot of linalyl acetate, were added. However, the quality of lavender oil can now be checked by gas chromatography .

In the meantime, lavender oils with the AOC seal are also offered, i.e. with a protected designation that is only awarded to products from a precisely defined geographical area with precisely defined cultivation regulations.

Spiked oil

The recovered from the Speik lavender spike oil contains in comparison significantly less Linalylacetat (<1.6%), but more linalool (34-50%), 1,8-cineole (16-39%) and camphor (8-16% ).

Manufacturing

Real lavender

For production, the fresh flowers of the lavender plant are subjected to steam distillation .

The best known region for the production of high quality lavender oils is southern France. Most of the lavender oil comes from Nice , Grasse , Monaco and Carpentras . In 2001, Germany imported around 220 tons of lavender oil from France. After that from France, Bulgarian lavender oil is also of very good quality. English lavender oil is also known; the plants are grown for this at Mitcham near London , at Hitchin in Hertfordshire and on Jersey .

Pharmacological and toxicological properties

Lavender oil has an antimicrobial effect due to its linalool content . The growth inhibition of Escherichia coli , Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus was observed in the agar diffusion test ; the effectiveness is moderate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not inhibited. Portuguese researchers were able to show that lavender oil kills various yeast ( Candida species ) and filamentous fungi , which can cause skin and nail fungal diseases in humans, even in low concentrations .

In animal experiments on mice, an antispasmodic effect (after intraperitoneal administration) and also a central depressant effect after inhalation was shown for lavender oil.

Overall, however, there is little published scientific data on the effectiveness of lavender oil.

In 2007 Henley et al. about three prepubertal boys who showed growth of the mammary glands ( gynecomastia ) after topical application of products containing tea tree and lavender oil . The gynecomastia resolved after treatment was discontinued. In an in vitro study, Henley et al. the estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity of both oils on human cell lines . The authors concluded that it was likely repeated exposure to tea tree and lavender oil that caused prepubertal gynecomastia in the three boys. In 2019, Ramsey et al. over four prepubertal patients - one boy and three girls - with premature thelarche or gynecomastia, the symptoms of which disappeared after discontinuing lavender-containing products. Some of the product ingredients demonstrated estrogenic and anti-androgenic properties.

use

For medicinal use, the essential oil obtained from the inflorescences of Lavandula angustifolia by steam distillation is used; Lavandin and spiked oil are considered adulterations. Lavender oil is used internally as a mild sedative for restlessness, difficulty falling asleep and functional upper abdominal problems.

In Germany, an approved lavender oil monopreparation has been available for the first time since February 2010 for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety in adulthood. This preparation contains a lavender oil in soft capsules enriched with linalool and linalyl acetate, which are the main ingredients responsible for the effect .

Externally, lavender oil is used in folk remedies in rubs and bath additives to relieve tension and exhaustion. Because of its scent, lavender oil is used as a pharmaceutical adjuvant to correct the odor of drugs that are to be used externally.

Lavender oil, lavandin oil and spiked oil are important as fragrances in the perfume and soap industry and are also used to repel insects and cats ( repellants ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Data sheet lavender oil from Sanabio , accessed on June 13, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b K. Hüsnü Can Başer & Fatih Demirci: Essential Oils . In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . Wiley-VCH, 2011, p. 1-37 , doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961.1509121913151511.a01.pub2 .
  3. ↑ a b c d T. Dingermann, K. Hiller, G. Schneider, I. Zündorf: Schneider drug drugs. 5th edition, Elsevier 2004, ISBN 3-8274-1481-4 , p. 363 f.
  4. ↑ a b c d e K. Hardtke et al. (Ed.): Commentary on the European Pharmacopoeia Ph. Eur. 5.3, Lavender Oil. Loose-leaf collection, 25th delivery 2006, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart
  5. ↑ M. Zuzarte, MJ Goncalves et al. a .: Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Lavandula viridis L'Her .. In: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 60, 2011, pp. 612-618, doi : 10.1099 / jmm.0.027748-0 .
  6. ^ A. Angioni, A. Barra, V. Coroneo, S. Dessi, P. Cabras: Chemical composition, seasonal variability, and antifungal activity of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas essential oils from stem / leaves and flowers. In: Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. Volume 54, Number 12, June 2006, pp. 4364-4370, doi : 10.1021 / jf0603329 , PMID 16756368 .
  7. ↑ M. Zuzarte, MJ Gonçalves, C. Cavaleiro, AM Dinis, JM Canhoto, LR Salgueiro: Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cav. In: Chemistry & biodiversity. Volume 6, Number 8, August 2009, pp. 1283-1292, doi : 10.1002 / cbdv.200800170 , PMID 19697345 .
  8. ^ Assessment report on Lavandula angustifolia Miller, aetheroleum and Lavandula angustifolia Miller, flos. ( PDF file; 311 kB ) of the European Medicines Agency from March 27, 2012.
  9. ↑ Derek V. Henley, Natasha Lipson, Kenneth S. Korach, Clifford A. Bloch: Prepubertal Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils In: New England Journal of Medicine Volume 356, Number 5, February 1, 2007, p. 479– 485. doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa064725 . PMID 17267908 .
  10. ↑ J. Tyler Ramsey, Yin Li, Yukitomo Arao, Ajanta Naidu, Laurel A. Coons, Alejandro Diaz, Kenneth S. Korach: Lavender products associated with premature thelarche and prepubertal gynecomastia: Case reports and EDC activities , The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, jc.2018-01880, August 8, 2019. doi : 10.1210 / jc.2018-01880 . PMID 31393563 .
  11. ↑ European Pharmacopoeia. 6th edition, Monograph 6.0, p. 1338.
  12. ↑ a b E. Teuscher: Biogenic medicines. 5th edition, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997, ISBN 3-8047-1482-X , p. 247 f.
  13. ↑ Beate Fessler: New phyto-anxiolytic: Standardized lavender oil against restlessness in fear . In: DAZ . No. 2, 2010, pp. 48-49.
  14. ↑ Umezu T, Nagano K, Ito H, Kosakai K, Sakaniwa M, Morita M: Anticonflict effects of lavender oil and identification of its active constituents . In: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. . 85, No. 4, December 2006, pp. 713-21. doi : 10.1016 / j.pbb.2006.10.026 . PMID 17173962 .
  15. ↑ Holger Hohlfeld: Katzen-Schreck. Safety data sheet in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006. Section 3: Composition / information on ingredients. ( Full text as PDF file [29.2 kB]).