Mint family

Mint family
	Thyme ( Thymus serpyllum ), illustration
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Mint family (Lamiales)
Family :	Mint family
Scientific name
	Lamiaceae
	L.

The Labiatae or Lamiaceae (Labiatae or Lamiaceae) form a plant family in the order of Lippenblütlerartigen (Lamiales). The family is divided into seven subfamilies and includes about 230 genera and more than 7000 species . They are represented worldwide in all climate zones .

Description and ecology

Appearance and leaves

They grow as a year to perennial herbaceous plants or woody plants: Half bushes , shrubs , trees or vines . They often contain essential oils and have an aromatic smell. The stem axis is often hollow and square.

The mostly opposite, sometimes whorled or rarely alternate leaves are petiolate to sessile. The simple leaf blade is rarely pinnate, often simple. The leaf margin is smooth, notched, serrated or serrated. Stipules are missing.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are single or axillary in dense mono- or dichasial pseudo whorls . Species are seldom dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ).

Floral diagram of Lamium

Zygomorphic flowers of Leucas aspera

A wooden bee pollinating a Salvia dominica flower

The mostly hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold. They are reminiscent of the upper and lower lip. The five sepals are fused tubular with five calyx teeth or two calyx lips. Members of this family of plants can often be recognized by their characteristic "lip flowers". They are characterized by an "upper lip" (often receding) and a "lower lip" of the flower; As a rule, two of the five petals are fused to the upper lip and three to the lower lip. Similar flower types also occur in other families of the order of the mint-like (Lamiales). There is only one circle with originally five stamens ; one is reduced, so that only four, sometimes only two, fertile stamens are present, which are fused with the base of the corolla tube. Two carpels are a top permanent ovary fused; it is divided into four chambers by false partitions. The stylus ends in two scars. Pollination occurs by insects ( entomophilia ) or by birds ( ornithophilia ). The labiates have developed highly specialized pollination mechanisms that are especially adapted to the flower visitors.

The flower formula is: ${\ displaystyle \ downarrow K _ {(5)} \; [C _ {(5)} \; A_ {4-2}] \; G _ {\ underline {(| 2)}}}$

fruit

Typically, Klaus fruits are formed, which disintegrate into four solitary partial fruits (Klausen). But there are also taxa with berries or stone fruits (Viticoideae). Some species make winged nuts .

ingredients

The most important ingredients are essential oils : for example poisonous ones such as camphor , perillaketone, pinocamphone, pulegone, thujone . Often there are also non-volatile, diterpenoid bitter substances such as carnosol (picrosalvin, marrubine) and carnosic acid .

Subfamily Lamioideae: Colquhounia coccinea

Subfamily Nepetoideae: Orthosiphon aristatus

Subfamily Ajugoideae: Caryopteris divaricata

Subfamily Scutellarioideae: Holmskioldia sanguinea

Subfamily Scutellarioideae: Tinnea barteri

Subfamily Prostantheroideae: Prostanthera cuneata

Subfamily Prostantheroideae: Westringia fruticosa

Subfamily Symphorematoideae: Congea tomentosa

Subfamily Viticoideae: Vitex lucens

Chinese beautiful fruit ( Callicarpa giraldii )

Teak tree ( Tectona grandis )

Systematics

Synonyms for Lamiaceae Martinov and Labiatae Juss. nom. cons. are: Aegiphilaceae Raf. , Chloanthaceae Hutch. , Dicrastylidaceae J. Drumm . ex Harv. nom. nud., Menthaceae Burnett , Nepetaceae Bercht. & J.Presl , Salazariaceae FABarkley , Scutellariaceae Döll , Symphoremataceae Wight , Viticaceae Juss. The botanical name of the type genus ( Lamium ) of the Lamiaceae family is derived from the Greek word lamós for throat, throat and the name Labiatae is derived from the Latin word labium for lip.

The family is divided into seven subfamilies and includes about 230 genera and 5000 to more than 7000 species . Here are the subfamilies with their genera and species numbers as well as their distribution:

Subfamily Lamioideae Harley : It contains about 63 genera with about 1210 species, see main article Lamioideae .

Subfamily Nepetoideae Kostel. : It contains about 105 genera with about 3675 species, see main article Nepetoideae .

Subfamily Ajugoideae Kostel. (Syn .: Teucrioideae): It contains only one tribe with about 23 to 26 genera and about 1115 species:
Tribe Ajugeae Benth.

Acrymia Prain: it contains only one type:
Acrymia ajugiflora Prain : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula in the states of Perak and Selangor .

Aegiphila Jacq. : The 120 to 180 species are distributed from southern Mexico across Central America to southern Brazil and northern Argentina .

Günsel ( Ajuga L. ): The 40 to 50 species are widespread in Eurasia with a focus on biodiversity in the Middle East .

Amasonia L. f. : The five or so species are common in the Neotropics of South America.

Amethystea L .: It contains only one species:
Amethystea caerulea L .: It is distributed in Asia from Turkey to Japan .

Beard flowers ( Caryopteris Bunge , Syn .: Barbula Lour. , Mastacanthus Endl. ): The eight or so species are common in temperate to subtropical Asia.

Losbrees ( Clerodendrum L. ): With around 400 to 500 species, it is polyphyletic . When genera like Cyclonema Hochst. and Konocalyx it becomes monophyletic . The Losbrees thrive in tropical to warm temperate areas of the world.

Cymaria Benth. : The only two types are common in Southeast Asia.

Faradaya F. Muell. : The sevenor sospecies occur in East Asia , New Guinea , Australia and Polynesia .

Garrettia H.R. Fletcher : It contains only one species:
Garrettia siamensis H.R. Fletcher : It occurs in Thailand and Java.

Glossocarya Wall. ex handle. : The ten or so species are common in Southeast Asia and Australia

Holocheila (Kudô) S.Chow : It contains only one species:
Holocheila longipedunculata S.Chow : It occurs only in Yunnan in mixed and bamboo forests, shady thickets and in grasslands at altitudes of 1600 to 2200 meters.

Hosea Ridl. : It contains only one type:
Hosea lobbii (CBClarke) Ridl. : It is only native to Sarawak .

Kalaharia Baill. : It occurs with two types in tropical and southern Africa.

Karomia Dop : Of the approximately nine species, eight come from Kenya to southern Africa and Madagascar and one is native to Vietnam .

Monochilus fish. & CAMey. : There are about two species only in Brazil, one only in the state of Goiás and the other only in Rio de Janeiro .

Oncinocalyx F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
Oncinocalyx betchei F. Muell. : It occurs in eastern Australia. It is also referred to as Teucrium betchei (F.Muell.) Kattari & Salmaki to Teucrium .

Ovieda L .: It occurs with about eight species between Cuba and Hispaniola.

Oxera Labill. : The approximately 20 species occur in New Caledonia and Melanesia .

Peronema Jack : It contains only one species:
Peronema canescens Jack : It occurs in Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra and Java.

Petraeovitex Oliv : The eight or so species are found on Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, the Philippines, the Moluccas , New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago , the Solomon Islands and one species also on the Australian Cape York Peninsula . The focus of biodiversity is Borneo.

Rotheca Raf. (Their species are sometimes found in Clerodendrum ): There are around 35 species. It occurs from tropical and southern Africa to tropical Asia.

Rubiteucris Kudô : It contains only two types. They are distributed from the Himalayas to Taiwan.

Schnabelia Hand.-Mazz. : The former two (since 1999 five) species occur only in China.

Spartothamnella Briq. : The three types occur in Australia.

Tetraclea A. Gray : It contains only one species:
Tetraclea coulteri A. Gray (Syn .: Clerodendrum coulteri ( A. Gray ) Govaerts ): It occurs from the southern and central United States to northeast Mexico.

Teucridium Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Teucridium parvifolium Hook. f. : It only occurs in New Zealand .

Germander ( Teucrium L. ): The 250 to 260 species are distributed almost worldwide with a focus on the Mediterranean area.

Trichostema L .: The approximately 18 species are common in North America.

Tripora P.D.Cantino : it contains only one type:
Tripora divaricata (Maxim.) PDCantino : It occurs from China to Japan.

Volkameria L .: It contains about 10 species that occur in the tropics and subtropics.

Subfamily Scutellarioideae (Dum.) Caruel : It contains only one tribe with four to five genera and about 380 species (although most of them are in the genus Scutellaria , three genera are monotypical ):
- Tribus Scutellarieae Benth.
  - Holmskioldia Retz. : It contains only one type:
    - Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. : The home is the Himalayan region to Myanmar. It is used as an ornamental plant in frost-free areas and has grown wild in some areas.
  - Renschia Vatke : It only contains one species:
    - Renschia heterotypica Vatke : The home is northern Somalia .
  - Skull Herb ( Scutellaria L. ): The 350 to 360 species are distributed almost worldwide, but only a few species occur in tropical Africa; in China, for example, there are 98 species.
  - Tinnea Kotschy ex Hook. f. : The 19 or so species are common in tropical and southern Africa.
  - Wenchengia C.Y.Wu & S.Chow : It contains only one species:
    - Wenchengia alternifolia C.Y.Wu & S.Chow : It is endemic to tropical forests at altitudes of around 400 meters in the Chinese province of Hainan .

Subfamily Prostantheroideae Luerss. (Syn .: Chloanthoideae Briq. ): It is divided into two tribes and contains around 16 genera with around 317 species; all only occur in Australia:
- Tribe Chloantheae Benth. & Hook. f. : They are only found in Australia:
  - Chloanthes R.Br. : The four or so species occur only in Australia.
  - Cyanostegia Turcz. : The five or so species are only found in Australia.
  - Dicrastylis J. Drumm . ex Harv. : The 26 to 34 species occur only in Australia.
  - Hemiphora (F.Muell.) F.Muell. : The approximately five species occur in western Australia.
  - Lachnostachys Hook. : With about six species occur only in Australia.
  - Mallophora Endl. : The only two species occur in western Australia.
  - Newcastelia F. Muell. : The ten to twelve species occur only in Australia.
  - Physopsis Turcz. : The only two species occur in western Australia.
  - Pityrodia R.Br. : The 36 to 45 species occur only in Australia.
- Tribus Westringieae Bartl. (Syn .: Prostanthereae): The approximately six genera with approximately 240 species occur only in Australia.
  - Hemiandra R.Br. : The seven or so species occur only in Australia.
  - Hemigenia R.Br. : The 50 or so species are only found in Australia.
  - Microcorys R.Br. : The 16 to 21 species occur only in Australia.
  - Prostanthera Labill. (Syn .: Chilodia R.Br. , Cryphia R.Br. , Eichlerago Carrick , Klanderia F.Muell. ): The approximately 100 species occur only in Australia.
  - Westringia Sm .: The 25 to 31 species occur only in Australia.
  - Wrixonia F. Muell. (sometimes in Prostanthera ): it contains only one, sometimes two types:
    - Wrixonia prostantheroides F. Muell. : It occurs only in west-central Western Australia .

Subfamily Symphorematoideae Briq. : It contains only one tribe with only three genera and about 30 species in Asia:
- Tribe Symphoremateae Meisn. :
  - Congea Roxb. : The ten to twelve species are mainly found in Southeast Asia, two of which are found in China.
  - Sphenodesme Jack : The 15 to 16 species are mainly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.
  - Symphorema Roxb. : The only three species are common in India, Myanmar, Thailand and the Philippines; one species also occurs in China.

Subfamily Viticoideae Briq. : It contains only one tribe with 10 to 14 genera and 376 to 526 species:
- Tribe Viticeae Bartl. :
  - Adelosa Blume : It contains only one species:
    - Adelosa microphylla flower : It is native to Madagascar.
  - Archboldia E. Beer & HJLam : It contains only one species:
    - Archboldia ericoides E. Beer & HJLam : It is native to New Guinea.
  - Cornutia L .: The approximately twelve species are common in the Neotropic.
  - Gmelina L .: The 33 to 35 species are distributed from Asia to New Guinea and Australia.
  - Hymenopyramis Wall. ex handle. : The seven species are mainly found in Southeast Asia.
  - Paravitex H.R. Fletcher (it is sometimes put in Vitex ): it contains only one species:
    - Paravitex siamica H.R. Fletcher : The home is Thailand.
  - Petitia Jacq. : The only two species are found in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles .
  - Premna L .: The 50 to 200 species are distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, Australia and on the Pacific islands.
  - Pseudocarpidium Millsp. : The eightor sospecies occur in the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola .
  - Teijsmanniodendron Koord . : The approximately 14 species are common in Southeast Asia.
  - Tsoongia Merr. (It is sometimes put in Vitex ): It contains only one species:
    - Tsoongia axillariflora Merr. : It is common in China, Myanmar and Vietnam.
  - Vitex L. (Syn .: Macrostegia Nees , Neorapinia Moldenke ): The approximately 250 species are widespread, mainly pantropical, few species in the temperate zones.
  - Viticipremna H.J.Lam (it is sometimes placed in Vitex ): The five or so species are common in Australasia .

For the time being three to ten genera are not assigned to any subfamily:
- incertae sedis :
  - Callicarpa L .: The approximately 140 species are mainly found in tropical and subtropical Asia; some species exist in the Neotropic and tropical Africa and very few species in temperate areas of Asia and North America. There are 48 species in China.
  - Ombrocharis Hand.-Mazz. : It contains only one type:
    - Ombrocharis dulcis hand.-Mazz. : It only thrives in Hunan in subtropical evergreen forests at an altitude of about 1300 meters.
  - Tectona L. f. : The three to four species are native to India, Myanmar, Malaysia and the Philippines. One species is grown in the tropics around the world and has feral in some tropical areas:
    - Teak tree ( Tectona grandis L. f. )

use

Many of the plant species in this family are characterized by essential oils , which is why they are used as aromatic or medicinal plants . More than 60 species are planted in the temperate areas alone, and many species - such as mint ( Mentha ), basil ( Ocimum basilicum ), lavender ( Lavandula ) or sage ( Salvia ) - are cultivated commercially. Two types of Pogostemon from Southeast Asia ( Indian patchouli and Javanese patchouli ) provide patchouli oil, which is a valuable raw material for heavy perfumes. Some species of the mint family are primarily of regional importance. Sideritis ( Sideritis ) are in the eastern Mediterranean as Teekraut in Iran used to flavor yogurt with Ziziphora and in India and Southeast Asia, the tubers are Coleus rotundifolius as a potato substitute. The fruits of monk's pepper ( Vitex agnus-castus ) are used as a spice.

Many species are used as an ornamental plant, including Ajuga , Monarda , Nepeta , Physostegia , Phlomis , Salvia , Scutellaria , Stachys and Teucrium .

Useful plants - examples
The thyme variety 'Porlock'
Lavender field ( Lavandula angustifolia )
Clary Sage ( Salvia sclarea )
Colored nettle ( Solenostemon scutellarioides hybrids, syn .: Coleus blumei hybrids), easy to care for ornamental plant
The los tree ( Clerodendrum thomsoniae ) is used as an ornamental plant.
The teak tree ( Tectona grandis ) provides a valuable wood

swell

The Lamiaceae sl family on the AP website. (Sections Description and Systematics)
Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 17 : Verbenaceae through Solanaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 50 (English, online ). (Sections Description and Systematics)
Shou-liang Chen, Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 17 : Verbenaceae through Solanaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 1 (English, online ). (Sections Description and Systematics)
Raymond M. Harley, S. Atkins, A. Budantsev, PD Cantino, B. Conn, R. Grayer, MM Harley, R. de Kok, T. Krestovskaja, A. Morales, AJ Paton, O. Ryding, T. Upson : Labiatae . In: Joachim W. Kadereit (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 7: Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-40593-3 , pp. 167–275 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

↑ Rolf Sauermost, Doris Joyful u. a .: Lexicon of Biology. In fifteen volumes. Spectrum, Heidelberg 1999-2004, ISBN 3-8274-0320-0 ( entry on “Mint family” online ).
^ R. Hänsel, K. Keller, H. Rimpler, G. Schneider (eds.): Hager's handbook of pharmaceutical practice. 5th edition. Volume 6, Drugs P – Z , Springer, Berlin a. a. 1994, ISBN 3-540-52639-0 , pp. 496-500, 551-557.
↑ Lamiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Lamiaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 23, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 17 : Verbenaceae through Solanaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 50 (English, online ).
^ ^A ^b David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
↑ Elke Brechner (Red.): Compact dictionary of biology. In three volumes. Spectrum, Heidelberg a. a. 2001, ISBN 3-8274-1651-5 ( entry on “Lamiaceae” online) .

Trivia

Hubert mint blood , figure at Jürgen von der Lippe

Web links

Commons : Mint family (Lamiaceae) - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

The Lamiaceae family s.str. at DELTA . (engl.)
Brief description of the family. (German)

[Lexikon_Biologie-1] Rolf Sauermost, Doris Joyful u. a .: Lexicon of Biology. In fifteen volumes. Spectrum, Heidelberg 1999-2004, ISBN 3-8274-0320-0 ( entry on “Mint family” online ).

[hager-2] R. Hänsel, K. Keller, H. Rimpler, G. Schneider (eds.): Hager's handbook of pharmaceutical practice. 5th edition. Volume 6, Drugs P – Z , Springer, Berlin a. a. 1994, ISBN 3-540-52639-0 , pp. 496-500, 551-557.

[GRIN-3] Lamiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[WCSP-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Lamiaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 23, 2018.

[FoC-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 17 : Verbenaceae through Solanaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 50 (English, online ).

[Mabberley2008-6] A ^b David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

[Kompaktlexikon_Biologie-7] Elke Brechner (Red.): Compact dictionary of biology. In three volumes. Spectrum, Heidelberg a. a. 2001, ISBN 3-8274-1651-5 ( entry on “Lamiaceae” online) .