Boom

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Boom
Inflorescence of the magnificent Losbaums (Clerodendrum speciosissimum)

Inflorescence of the magnificent Losbaums
( Clerodendrum speciosissimum )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Ajugoideae
Genre : Boom
Scientific name
Clerodendrum
L.

The clerodendrum or Lossträucher ( Clerodendrum , misspelling Clerodendron ) are a genus within the family of the mint (Lamiaceae). Some species are used as ornamental plants .

description

Illustration of the climbing lot shrub ( Clerodendrum thomsoniae )
Illustration of Clerodendrum infortunatum from Jardin de la Malmaison , 1801
Illustration of Clerodendrum capitatum from Curtis Botanical Magazine , Volume 74, 1848, Plate 4355
Section of an inflorescence of the panicle-flowered lotus shrub ( Clerodendrum paniculatum ) with the conspicuous flowers with the long stamens and styles
Illustration by Clerodendrum intermedium from Francisco Manuel Blanco: Flora de Filipinas ... Gran edicion ... Atlas I.
Magnificent loose tree ( Clerodendrum speciosissimum ), fruit cluster - the stone fruit, which consists of four partial fruits, is easy to recognize

Appearance and leaves

In Clerodendrum TYPES There are small trees , shrubs , vines , rarely, to subshrubs perennial up more or less herbaceous plants . The shoot axes are usually upright independently or rarely climbing. Some species form runners . The branches are usually square at first. The bark is never warty (unlike Ovieda ).

There are both deciduous and evergreen species in the genus Clerodendrum . The mostly opposite, rarely whorled leaves are usually stalked. The leaf blades are simple, sometimes lobed. They are never prickly (unlike Ovieda ). There are no stipules .

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are in normally terminal, loose to dense, zymose or capitate, compound inflorescences . There are bracts available.

Clerodendrum species have relatively large, showy flowers. The hermaphrodite flowers are slightly zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are often conspicuous, bell-shaped, beaker-shaped or tubular calyx that ends in differently shaped calyx tips. In many species the calyx is strongly ribbed. The petals are red to pink or white to yellow, depending on the species. The five petals are fused to a more or less radial symmetry to clearly zygomorphic crown , which consists of a long, narrow corolla tube - in some species up to 15 centimeters - and five flat, wheel-shaped, mostly unequal corolla lobes. The mostly four, rarely five stamens usually protrude far from the corolla. The stamens inserted in the corolla tube are free and curved among each other. The two carpels are a vierkammerigen ovary grown incomplete. Each ovary chamber contains only one ovule . On the upper end of the ovary sits the long, curved style that ends in a short, two-lobed stigma.

Fruits and seeds

The fleshy stone fruits are often four-ribbed or lobed. The endocarp is hard. The stone fruit divides into four stone cores, of which sometimes only two develop fully. Each stone core contains one seed. When ripe, the stone fruits are often strikingly colored. Until the fruit is ripe, the calyx is often thicker, larger and discolored. In contrast, the fruits of Volkameria are dry and inconspicuously colored and the relatively inconspicuous colored sepals do not enlarge.

ecology

There is protandry . The pollination is done by langrüsselige butterflies , in some species by birds .

The strong contrasts of the calyxes and fruits are used to attract birds that spread the seeds ( endozoochory ).

Illustration of Clerodendrum minahassae
Illustration of Clerodendrum minahassae from Blanco

Systematics and distribution

The genus Clerodendrum was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , p. 637. Type species is Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Synonyms for Clerodendrum L. are: Volkmannia Jacq. , Valdia Boehm. , Torreya Spreng. nom. illeg., Tetraclea A. Gray , Siphoboea Baill. , Siphonanthus L. , Montalbania Neck. , Marurang Adans. , Egena Raf. , Duglassia Houst. , Cryptanthus Osbeck nom. rej ., Cleianthus Lour. ex BAGomes , Bellevalia Scop. nom. illeg., Archboldia E. Beer & HJLam , Agricolaea closet , Adelosa flower .

The genus Clerodendrum was formerly part of the Verbenaceae family . The genus Clerodendrum belongs to the subfamily Ajugoideae within the family Lamiaceae .

The only 150 species of Clerodendrum are found only in the Paleotropic . Some species are also found in the temperate areas of Asia and Africa. There are about 34 species in China . Madagascar is also a center of biodiversity with 60 to 61 species, of which only three occur outside of Madagascar. Most of the species grow in forests or thickets.

At least since 2010 the authors are of the opinion that the Neotropical species no longer belong to Clerodendrum . About eight Neotropical species occur in Cuba alone and most of them have belonged to the genera Ovieda or Volkameria since 2016 .

The genus Clerodendrum s stood with around 400 species and a large morphological range . l. always suspected of being paraphyletic or polyphyletic , and attempts have been made again and again to divide the genus. Traditionally, two large groups of Clerodendrum L. s. st. and Cyclonema (Hochst.) Gürke differentiated, depending on the author on the genus level or below. In addition to these, other smaller groups were split off.

Since the 1990s it has been shown by gene sequence analyzes ( molecular biology ) that Clerodendrum s. l. is actually polyphyletic. Many species of the subtaxa Clerodendrum subg. Cyclonema (Hochst.) Gürke and Clerodendrum sect. Konocalyx (Thomas) Verdc. were placed in the reactivated genus Rotheca (about 33 species). However, Clerodendrum s.str. despite the cleavage of Cyclonema still polyphyletic. Since then, many species have been placed in several other genera. The genus Ovieda , which was previously monotypical, has contained eight species since 2016 . When the genus Clerodendrum s. st. is monophyletic, is controversial for a long time. The number of species was reduced from 400 to 500 to around 300 or even only 150. The genera Aegiphila (120 species), Amasonia (8 species), Kalaharia (2 species) and Tetraclea (1 species) are also closely related . With a range of around 150 paleotropic species, Clerodendrum is then monophyletic.

use

Because of their showy flowers, some species are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens , at least in warmer areas . Some species are used as indoor plants.

swell

literature

  • Shou-liang Chen, Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae. : Clerodendrum , p. 34 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
  • Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane, Richard G. Olmstead: Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae). Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy. In: Taxon , Volume 59, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 125-133. PDF.

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane & Richard G. Olmstead: Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae ). Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy. In: Taxon , Volume 59, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 125-133. PDF.
  2. a b c d e f g h i Clerodendrum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Shou-liang Chen, Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae. : Clerodendrum , p. 34 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X .
  4. Clerodendrum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 24, 2018.
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Clerodendrum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  6. a b c d Clerodendrum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  7. a b Clerodendrum at Tropicos.org. In: WBN Flora Database . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Clerodendrum at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  9. a b c d e f g h IE Méndez Santos: New combinations in Ovieda (Lamiaceae) for Cuba and Hispaniola. - Novitiae florae cubensis 51. - Willdenowia 46, 2016, pp. 261-263. doi : 10.3372 / wi.46.46207
  10. Dorothy A. Steane, Robert W. Scotland, David J. Mabberley, SJ Wagstaff, PA Reeves, RG Olmstead: Phylogenetic relationships of Clerodendrum sl (Lamiaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA. In: Syst. Bot. , Volume 22, 1997, pp. 229-243.
  11. ^ Dorothy A. Steane, David J. Mabberley: Rotheca (Lamiaceae) revived. In: Novon , Volume 8, 1998, pp. 204-206.
  12. ^ Dorothy A. Steane, Robert W. Scotland, David J. Mabberley & RG Olmstead: Molecular Systematics of Clerodendrum ( Lamiaceae ): ITS sequences and total evidence. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 86, 1999, 98-107. Full text online.
  13. Dorothy A. Steane, RPJ de Kok, & RG Olmstead: Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. In: Molec. Phylog. Evol. , Volume 32, 2004, pp. 39-45.
  14. ^ Nina Davies, Gemma Bramley, Don Kirkup: Clerodendrum L. In: Interactive Key to the Genera of Lamiaceae by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 24, 2018.

Supplementary literature

Web links

Commons : Losbäum ( Clerodendrum )  - collection of images, videos and audio files