Wooden bees
Wooden bees | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xylocopa iris , female |
||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||
|
||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||
Xylocopa | ||||||||||
Latreille , 1802 |
The wood bees ( Xylocopa ; composed of the Greek ξύλον xylon 'wood' and κόπτειν koptein 'cut', i.e. 'those who cut wood') are a genus from the family of the real bees (Apidae) within the bees . Eight species of them occur in Europe , in Central Europe there are three. The animals have their German as well as their scientific generic name, as most species create their nesting paths in wood. They can cause damage to built-in wood and are therefore combated in houses and objects made of wood, particularly in the United States .
features
Wooden bees reach a body length of 14 to 28 millimeters. They can be easily distinguished from other species of bees by their bumblebee-like body and mostly black hair and their blackish, purple iridescent wings. In Central Europe the group can only be confused with the females of Megachile parietina , which show a certain similarity. However, these have the belly brush typical of Megachile species.
In Central Europe, Xylocopa iris can be easily distinguished from the other two occurring species, which are difficult to determine on the basis of external characteristics.
Some species have a mammary gland that sits on the back at the back of the thorax and is believed to be reproductive.
Occurrence
These heat-loving bees have their main distribution in the tropics and subtropics and are distributed worldwide, except in the far north, in very numerous and differently colored species. In Central Europe they fly in one generation from April to August.
Way of life
When visiting flowers, wooden bees act as “nectar robbers” in many cases. With their mandibles and their sturdy proboscis they can pierce flower tubes in order to suck up the nectar by the shortest possible route . At large butterfly flowers like those of wisteria and grass pea but they use the normal access via boat and pen away from the front and so act as pollinators. They also collect pollen, which they not only transport with the hairbrushes on the rails and the heel of the hind legs, but also for the most part in their crop . With a comb on the maxilla they can comb pollen out of the hair on the front legs and swallow it. The species occurring in Central Europe collect nectar from different plants ( polylectia ), but prefer butterflies and mint plants . Males have been observed sleeping in self-dug holes in the ground.
Unlike most other bees, wooden bees build their nests themselves. They gnaw these with their strong mandibles into wood (mostly dead wood that is already crumbly due to fungal attack ) or into stems containing marrow . In thin branches or stakes, only one passage is usually gnawed. Parallel corridors that emanate from the main corridor are hollowed out in thicker wood. The individual brood cells lie one behind the other in a line, are separated by dividing walls made of pieces of wood or marrow and coated with a waterproof secretion . A mixture of pollen, head gland secretion and nectar in the form of a loaf of bread is the provisions for the brood and lies lengthways along the cell wall. The egg is laid on the long side of the provisions, with the female squeezing herself between the provisions and the cell wall when laying the eggs. When the nesting site is ready, only the nesting passages are closed, but not the nest entrance. A nest is about five centimeters deep and kinks along the direction of the wood grain at a right angle with a length of ten to fifteen centimeters. If a nest is used by several bees, it can be up to three meters long.
Pupation takes place after just one and a half to two months without the formation of a cocoon . The adults of the next generation appear very quickly, but the animals fly in only one generation in the temperate latitudes. They fly during most of the warm season and finally overwinter individually or in small groups in crevices, self-dug holes in the ground or their nests. The mating takes place only after the wintering in spring. What is unusual for solitary bees is the long lifespan of the females, which then create their nests well into the summer and even live long enough for them to experience the adults of their brood and live with them in the nest. This is otherwise only known from bees of the genera Halictus , Lasioglossum and the closely related Keulhorn bees ( Ceratina ). Social behavior has been observed in some species, but has not yet been proven in the Central European species.
species
There are the following types:
- Xylocopa abbotti (Cockerell, 1909)
- Xylocopa abbreviata Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa acutipennis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa adumbrata Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa adusta Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa aeneipennis (DeGeer, 1773)
- Xylocopa aerata (Smith, 1851)
- Xylocopa aestuans ( Linnaeus , 1758 )
- Xylocopa aethiopica Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa africana ( Fabricius , 1781)
- Xylocopa albiceps Fabricius, 1804
- Xylocopa albifrons Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa albinotum Matsumura, 1926
- Xylocopa alternata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919)
- Xylocopa amamensis Sonan, 1934
- Xylocopa amauroptera Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa amazonica Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa amedaei Lepeletier, 1841 , Europe
- Xylocopa amethystina (Fabricius, 1793)
- Xylocopa andarabana Hedicke, 1938
- Xylocopa andica Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa angulosa Maa, 1954
- Xylocopa anthophoroides Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa apicalis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa appendiculata Smith, 1852
- Xylocopa artifex Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa aruana Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa assimilis Ritsema, 1880
- Xylocopa augusti Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa auripennis Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa aurorea Friese , 1922
- Xylocopa aurulenta (Fabricius, 1804)
- Xylocopa bakeriana (Cockerell, 1914)
- Xylocopa balteata Maa, 1943
- Xylocopa bambusae Schrottky, 1902
- Xylocopa bangkaensis Friezes, 1903
- Xylocopa barbatella Cockerell, 1931
- Xylocopa bariwal Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa basalis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa bentoni Cockerell, 1919
- Xylocopa bequaerti (Cockerell, 1930)
- Xylocopa bhowara Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa biangulata Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa bicarinata Alfken, 1932
- Xylocopa bicristata Maa, 1954
- Xylocopa bilineata Friese, 1914
- Xylocopa bimaculata Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa binongkona van der Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa bluethgeni Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa bombiformis Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa bomboides Smith, 1879
- Xylocopa bombylans (Fabricius, 1775)
- Xylocopa boops Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa bouyssoui Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa brasilianorum ( Linnaeus , 1767)
- Xylocopa braunsi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa bruesi Cockerell, 1914
- Xylocopa bryorum (Fabricius, 1775)
- Xylocopa buginesica Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa buruana Lieftinck, 1956
- Xylocopa caerulea (Fabricius, 1804)
- Xylocopa caffra ( Linnaeus , 1767)
- Xylocopa calcarata (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa calens Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa californica Cresson, 1864
- Xylocopa caloptera Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa canaria (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925)
- Xylocopa cantabrita Lepeletier, 1841 , Europe
- Xylocopa capensis Spinola, 1838
- Xylocopa capitata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa carbonaria Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa caribea Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa caspari van der Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa caviventris Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa cearensis Ducke, 1911
- Xylocopa ceballosi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa celebensis (Gribodo, 1894)
- Xylocopa chapini (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa chinensis Friese, 1911
- Xylocopa chiyakensis (Cockerell, 1908)
- Xylocopa chlorina (Cockerell, 1915)
- Xylocopa chrysopoda Schrottky, 1902
- Xylocopa chrysoptera Latreille, 1809
- Xylocopa ciliata Burmeister, 1876
- Xylocopa citrina Friese, 1909
- Xylocopa clarionensis Hurd, 1958
- Xylocopa claripennis Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa cloti Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa cockerelli Maa, 1943
- Xylocopa codinai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa colona Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa columbiensis Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa combinata Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa combusta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa concolorata Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa conradsiana Friese, 1911
- Xylocopa coracina van der Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa cornigera Friese, 1909
- Xylocopa coronata Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa cribrata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa cubaecola Lucas, 1857
- Xylocopa cuernosensis (Cockerell, 1915)
- Xylocopa cyanea Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa cyanescens Brullé, 1832
- Xylocopa dalbertisi Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa dapitanensis (Cockerell, 1915)
- Xylocopa darwini Cockerell, 1926
- Xylocopa dejeanii Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa dibongoana Hedicke, 1923
- Xylocopa dimidiata Latreille, 1809
- Xylocopa disconota Friese, 1914
- Xylocopa distinguenda Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa ditypa Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa diversipes Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa dolosa Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa dormeyeri (Enderlein, 1909)
- Xylocopa duala beach, 1921
- Xylocopa electa Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa elegans Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa Erlangeri Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa erythrina Gribodo, 1894
- Xylocopa escalerai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa esica Cameron, 1902
- Xylocopa euchlora Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa euxantha Cockerell, 1933
- Xylocopa eximia Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa fabriciana Moure, 1960
- Xylocopa fallax Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa fenestrata (Fabricius, 1798)
- Xylocopa fervens Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa fimbriata Fabricius, 1804
- Xylocopa flavicollis (DeGeer, 1778)
- Xylocopa flavifrons Matsumura, 1912
- Xylocopa flavonigrescens Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa flavorufa (DeGeer, 1778)
- Xylocopa forbesii W. F. Kirby, 1883
- Xylocopa forsiusi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa fortissima Cockerell, 1930
- Xylocopa fransseni van der Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa friesiana Maa, 1939
- Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier, 1789)
- Xylocopa fuliginata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa fulva Friezes, 1922
- Xylocopa funesta Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa fuscata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa gabonica (Gribodo, 1894)
- Xylocopa ganglbaueri Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa gaullei Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa ghilianii Gribodo, 1891
- Xylocopa gracilis Dusmet y Alonso, 1923 , Europe
- Xylocopa graueri Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa gressitti Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa gribodoi Magretti, 1892
- Xylocopa grisescens Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa grossa (Drury, 1770)
- Xylocopa grubaueri Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa gualanensis Cockerell, 1912
- Xylocopa guatemalensis Cockerell, 1912
- Xylocopa guigliae Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa haefligeri friezes, 1909
- Xylocopa haematospila Moure, 1951
- Xylocopa hafizii Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa hellenica Spinola, 1843
- Xylocopa hirsutissima Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa hottentotta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa hyalinipennis friezes, 1922
- Xylocopa ignescens (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa imitator Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa incandescens (Cockerell, 1932)
- Xylocopa incerta Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa incompleta Ritsema, 1880
- Xylocopa inconspicua Maa, 1937
- Xylocopa inconstans Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa inquirenda Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa insola Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa insularis Smith, 1857
- Xylocopa io Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa iranica Maa, 1954
- Xylocopa iridipennis Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa iris (Christ, 1791) , Austria, Switzerland, Germany
- Xylocopa isabelleae Hurd, 1959
- Xylocopa javana friezes, 1914
- Xylocopa kamerunensis Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa karnyi Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa kerri (Cockerell, 1929)
- Xylocopa kuehni friezes, 1903
- Xylocopa lachnea Moure, 1951
- Xylocopa lanata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa langi (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa lateralis Say, 1837
- Xylocopa lateritia Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa laticeps
- Xylocopa latipes (Drury, 1773)
- Xylocopa lautipennis (Cockerell, 1933)
- Xylocopa lehmanni Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa lepeletieri Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa leucocephala Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa leucothoracoides Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa levequeae Maa, 1943
- Xylocopa lieftincki Leys, 2000
- Xylocopa lombokensis Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa longespinosa Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa longula Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa loripes Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa lucbanensis (Cockerell, 1927)
- Xylocopa lucida Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa lugubris Gerstäcker, 1857
- Xylocopa lundqvisti Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa luteola Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa macrops Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa madida Friese, 1925
- Xylocopa madurensis Friese, 1913
- Xylocopa maesoi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa magnifica (Cockerell, 1929)
- Xylocopa maidli Maa, 1940
- Xylocopa maior Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa marginella Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa mastrucata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa mazarredoi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa mcgregori Cockerell, 1920
- Xylocopa mckeani (Cockerell, 1929)
- Xylocopa meadewaldoi Hurd, 1959
- Xylocopa mendozana Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa merceti Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa metallica Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa mexicanorum Cockerell, 1912
- Xylocopa meyeri Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa micans Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa micheneri Hurd, 1978
- Xylocopa mimetica Cockerell, 1915
- Xylocopa minor Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa mirabilis Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa mixta Radoszkowski, 1881
- Xylocopa modesta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa mohnikei Cockerell, 1907
- Xylocopa mongolicus (Wu, 1983)
- Xylocopa montana Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa mordax Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa morotaiana Lieftinck, 1956
- Xylocopa muscaria (Fabricius, 1775)
- Xylocopa myops Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa nasalis Westwood, 1842
- Xylocopa nasica Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa nautlana Cockerell, 1904
- Xylocopa negligenda Maa, 1939
- Xylocopa nigrella Hurd, 1959
- Xylocopa nigrescens Friezes, 1901
- Xylocopa nigricans Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa nigricaula (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa nigripes Friezes, 1915
- Xylocopa nigrita (Fabricius, 1775)
- Xylocopa nigrocaerulea Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa nigrocaudata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa nigrocincta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa nigroclypeata Rayment, 1935
- Xylocopa nigroplagiata Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa nigrotarsata Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa nitidiventris Smith, 1878
- Xylocopa nix (Maa, 1954)
- Xylocopa nobilis Smith, 1859
- Xylocopa nogueirai Hurd & Moure, 1960
- Xylocopa nyassica Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa oblonga Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa obscurata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa obscuritarsis Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa occipitalis Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa ocellaris Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa ocularis Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa ogasawarensis Matsumura, 1932
- Xylocopa olivacea (Fabricius, 1778)
- Xylocopa olivieri Lepeletier, 1841 , Europe
- Xylocopa ordinaria Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa ornata Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa orthogonaspis Moure, 2003
- Xylocopa orthosiphonis (Cockerell, 1908)
- Xylocopa pallidiscopa Hurd, 1961
- Xylocopa parviceps Morawitz, 1895
- Xylocopa parvula Rayment, 1935
- Xylocopa perforator Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa perkinsi Cameron, 1901
- Xylocopa perpunctata (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa peruana Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa perversa Wiedemann, 1824
- Xylocopa pervirescens Cockerell, 1931
- Xylocopa phalothorax Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa philippinensis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa pilosa Friesian, 1922
- Xylocopa plagioxantha Lieftinck, 1964
- Xylocopa praeusta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa prashadi Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa preussi Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa provida Smith, 1863
- Xylocopa proximata Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa przewalskyi Morawitz, 1886
- Xylocopa pseudoleucothorax Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa pseudoviolacea Popov, 1947
- Xylocopa pubescens Spinola, 1838
- Xylocopa pulchra Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa punctifrons Cockerell, 1917
- Xylocopa punctigena Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa punctilabris Morawitz, 1894
- Xylocopa pusulata Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa ramakrishnai Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa rejecta Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa remota Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa rogenhoferi friezes, 1900
- Xylocopa rotundiceps Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa rufa friezes, 1901
- Xylocopa ruficeps Friese, 1910
- Xylocopa ruficollis Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa ruficornis Fabricius, 1804
- Xylocopa rufidorsum Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa rufipes Smith, 1852
- Xylocopa rufitarsis Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa rutilans Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa samarensis (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925)
- Xylocopa sarawatica angel, 2017
- Xylocopa schoana Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa scioensis Gribodo, 1884
- Xylocopa senex Friese, 1909
- Xylocopa senior Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa shelfordi Cameron, 1902
- Xylocopa sicheli Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa signata Morawitz, 1875
- Xylocopa similis Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa simillima Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983)
- Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa smithii Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa sogdiana Popov & Ponomareva, 1961
- Xylocopa somalica Magretti, 1895
- Xylocopa sonorina Smith , 1874
- Xylocopa sphinx Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa splendidula Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa stadelmanni Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa stanleyi (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa steindachneri Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa strandi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa subcombusta (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa subcyanea Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa subjuncta Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa subvirescens Cresson, 1879
- Xylocopa subvolatilis (Cockerell, 1918)
- Xylocopa subzonata Moure, 1949
- Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa, 1970
- Xylocopa sulcifrons Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa suspecta Moure & Camargo, 1988
- Xylocopa suspiciosa Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa sycophanta Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa tabaniformis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa tacanensis Moure, 1949
- Xylocopa tambelanensis (Cockerell, 1926)
- Xylocopa tanganyikae beach, 1911
- Xylocopa tayabanica Cockerell, 1930
- Xylocopa tegulata friezes, 1911
- Xylocopa tenkeana Cockerell, 1933
- Xylocopa tenuata Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa tenuiscapa Westwood, 1840
- Xylocopa teredo Guilding, 1825
- Xylocopa tesselata Maa, 1970
- Xylocopa thoracica Frieze, 1903
- Xylocopa togoensis Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa torrida (Westwood, 1838)
- Xylocopa tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1804)
- Xylocopa tranquebarorum (Swederus, 1787)
- Xylocopa transitoria Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa tricolor Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa trifasciata Gribodo, 1891
- Xylocopa trochanterica Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa truxali Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa tumida Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa tumorifera Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa turanica Morawitz, 1875
- Xylocopa uclesiensis Pérez, 1901 , Europe
- Xylocopa unicolor Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa ustulata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa vachali Pérez, 1901
- Southern wooden bee ( Xylocopa valga ) Gerstäcker, 1872 , Austria, Switzerland, Germany, France
- Xylocopa varentzowi Morawitz, 1895
- Xylocopa varians Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa varipes Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa varipuncta Patton, 1879
- Xylocopa velutina Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa versicolor Alfken, 1930
- Xylocopa vestita Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa villosa Friezes, 1909
- Large wooden bee or Violet-winged wooden bee ( Xylocopa violacea ) ( Linnaeus , 1758) , Austria, Switzerland, Germany
- Xylocopa virginica ( Linnaeus , 1771)
- Xylocopa viridigastra Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa viridis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa vittata Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa vogtiana Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa volatilis Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa vulpina Alfken, 1930
- Xylocopa waterhousei Leys, 2000
- Xylocopa watmoughi Eardley, 1983
- Xylocopa wellmani Cockerell, 1906
- Xylocopa wilmattae Cockerell, 1912
- Xylocopa xanti Mocsáry, 1883
- Xylocopa yunnanensis Wu, 1982
- Xylocopa zonata Alfken, 1930
Individual evidence
- ^ Xylocopa. FaunaEuropaea, accessed May 6, 2009 .
- ↑ * List of species on www.discoverlife.org , accessed April 10, 2020
- ↑ MS Engel, AS Alqarni, MA Shebl, J. Iqbal, IA Hinojosa-Diaz: A new species of the carpenter bee genus Xylocopa from the Sarawat Mountains in southwestern Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Apidae) . In: ZooKeys . No. 716, 2017, pp. 29–41. doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.716.21150 . PMID 29290706 . PMC 5740427 (free full text).
- ↑ Reinholdreiber: Observations of the southern wooden bee Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872 (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Xylocopinae) in southern Baden and in Alsace (France, Alsace, Département Haut-Rhin) . In: Ampulex , Vol. 7, 2015, pp. 26–31, (PDF) .
literature
- Andreas Müller, Albert Krebs, Felix Amiet: Bees. Central European species, way of life, observation. Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1997, ISBN 3-89440-241-5 .