Apoidea
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Ivy silk bee ( Colletes hederae ) female |
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The superfamily Apoidea belongs to the stinging voices within the order of the hymenoptera . It includes around 30,000 species. This superfamily includes bees and digger wasps . Originally, as is common in most of the older but also more recent writings, Apoidea only referred to the superfamily of bees, which was divided into several families. The specialists or scientists who deal with them are called apidologists .
Family relationships
The close relationship between bees and digger wasps has been undisputed for a long time, and it is considered certain that both groups together form a monophyletic unit. Common derived features (synapomorphies) are found primarily in the structure of the thorax . The presumed sister group relationship between bees and digger wasps can no longer be maintained. While the bees undoubtedly represent themselves as a monophyletic group through many derived characteristics (the most striking of which is the vegetable food of the larvae), the digger wasps form a paraphyletic group, which is usually divided into four families.
In order to map this systematic issue taxonomically, the rank of a superfamily was no longer tenable for the bees; Apoidea as their name had to give way. The bees could be incorporated into the digger wasps as a single (fifth) family Apidae. The further subdivision, which is traditionally based on several families, would then be problematic. A compromise solution consists in forming two families within a superfamily, each with the families of bees and digger wasps. The names Apoidea and Sphecoidea are available for naming this superfamily . There is no priority rule for the names of the family group , but for this reason Michener favors the name Apoidea, a decision that most experts now agree with.
Common structure today
- Digger wasps (Spheciformes)
- Bees (Apiformes)
If the phylogenetic system is applied consistently, however, such considerations are irrelevant because, on the one hand, it is no longer necessary to name all higher-level taxa and, on the other hand, the idea of equal groupings has been abandoned.
It should be noted, however, that the Crabronidae are not monophyletic and the bees are likely to be a sister group of a subgroup of the Crabronidae (Ammoplanina).
The apoidea probably originated in the late Jurassic (approx. 185 million years ago), the bees should have originated in the early Cretaceous period (approx. 128 million years), when the adaptive radiation of angiosperms also took place.
Way of life
The digger wasps are mostly predatory, they carry paralyzed insects (e.g. bees, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera) into their nest, where they serve as food for the larvae. Most species of digger wasps live solitary (i.e. not socially). Bees, on the other hand, live on pollen and nectar both as larvae and as adults and are therefore essential pollinators. Within the bees, a social way of life has developed several times.
See also
Web links
swell
- Denis J. Brothers (1999): Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea). Zoologica scripta. Volume 28, Issue 1–2: 233–250, doi: 10.1046 / j.1463-6409.1999.00003.x .
- Andrew H. Debevec, Sophie Cardinal, Bryan N. Danforth (2012): Identifying the sister group to the bees: a molecular phylogeny of Aculeata with an emphasis on the superfamily Apoidea. Zoologica Scripta 41 (5): 527-535, doi: 10.1111 / j.1463-6409.2012.00549.x .
- Michael S. Engel (2011): Systematic melittology: where to from here? Systematic Entomology. 36: 2-15, doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.2010.00544.x .
- M. Ohl & C. Bleidorn (2006): The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic wasp family Heterogynaidae based on molecular data, with description of a new, nocturnal species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Systematic Entomology 31: 321-337, doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.2005.00313.x .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Manuela Sann, Oliver Niehuis, Ralph S. Peters, Christoph Mayer, Alexey Kozlov: Phylogenomic analysis of Apoidea sheds new light on the sister group of bees . In: BMC Evolutionary Biology . tape 18 , no. 1 , May 18, 2018, ISSN 1471-2148 , p. 71 , doi : 10.1186 / s12862-018-1155-8 .
- ^ Gabriel AR Melo & Rodrigo B. Gonçalves Higher-level bee classifications (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apidae sensu lato). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia vol. 22 no.1, 2005 doi: 10.1590 / S0101-81752005000100017