Halictidae

Halictidae
	Red-legged furrow bee ( Halictus rubicundus )
Systematics
Order :	Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination :	Waist Wasps (Apocrita)
Superfamily :	Apoidea
	Bees (Apiformes)
Family :	Halictidae
Scientific name
	Halictidae
	Thomson , 1869
Subfamilies
	Halictinae ; Nomiinae ; Nomioidinae ; Rophitinae

The Halictidae are a worldwide occurring family of bees with approx. 4,440 species and almost 80 genera. In temperate zones, the Halictidae are often the numerically dominant bees (apart from Apis ). The Halictidae belong to the short-tongued bees with the Colletidae and Andrenidae and are characterized in particular by features of the mouthparts. In English, the Halictidae are called "sweat bees" (= "sweat bees") because some smaller species are attracted by sweat, a German name is not commonly used, sometimes they are called "narrow bees", but this name mostly corresponds to the genus Lasioglossum .

Within the Halictidae there are species that live solitary, others live in societies or more or less socially (sometimes forming states ), still others are cuckoo bees .

description

Halictidae are very diverse, sometimes slender, sometimes strongly built. They are often dark, sometimes with a metallic sheen (e.g. Agapostemon ). Size 4 - 11 mm. The females transport the pollen with the hairy femur and tibia of the hind legs (leg collectors), as long as they are not breeding parasites.

biology

Most species are polylectic, meaning they collect pollen from different plants. Adult halictids ingest nectar as food, the females collect pollen and nectar (as long as they are not brood parasites). They generally build their nests in the ground, sometimes in old wood.

Genera

(Genera occurring in Central Europe, in brackets the number of species occurring in Germany according to)

Rophitinae

Glossy bees ( Dufourea ) (6)
Gray Bees ( Rhophitoides ) (1)
Slipper Bees ( Rophites ) (2)
Spiral horn bees ( Systropha ) (2)

Nomiini

Rail bees ( Nomioides syn. Pseudapis ) (1, OFF)

Nomioidini

Steppe bees ( Nomioides ) (1)

Halictini

Furrow bees ( Halictus ) (18)
Narrow bees ( Lasioglossum ) (71)
Blood Bees ( Sphecodes ) (25)

The Halictidae are very species-rich genera, the genus Lasioglossum with 1,679 species is the species-richest bee genus . Other species-rich genera are Perdita (with 635 species), Sphecodes (327), Lipotriche s (316), Halictus (268), Patellapis (205), Dufourea (165), Homalictus (160), Augochloropsis (146) and Augochlora (with 118 species).

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b John D. Plant & Hannes F. Paulus: Evolution and phylogeny of bees review and cladistic analysis in light of morphological evidence (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) . In: Zoologica . tape 161 . Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-510-55048-7 .
^ ^A ^b Michener, Charles D. (Charles Duncan), 1918-2015 .: The bees of the world . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md. 2000, ISBN 0-8018-6133-0 .
↑ Family Halictidae - Sweat Bees - BugGuide.Net. Retrieved April 16, 2019 .
↑ Müller, Andreas., Krebs, Albert., Amiet, Felix .: Bees: Central European genera, way of life, observation . Natur-Buch-Verl, Augsburg 1997, ISBN 3-89440-241-5 , p. 384 .
^ P. Westrich: The bees of Germany . E. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-8186-0123-2 , pp. 827 .

[:0-1] A ^b John D. Plant & Hannes F. Paulus: Evolution and phylogeny of bees review and cladistic analysis in light of morphological evidence (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) . In: Zoologica . tape 161 . Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-510-55048-7 .

[:1-2] A ^b Michener, Charles D. (Charles Duncan), 1918-2015 .: The bees of the world . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md. 2000, ISBN 0-8018-6133-0 .

[3] Family Halictidae - Sweat Bees - BugGuide.Net. Retrieved April 16, 2019 .

[4] Müller, Andreas., Krebs, Albert., Amiet, Felix .: Bees: Central European genera, way of life, observation . Natur-Buch-Verl, Augsburg 1997, ISBN 3-89440-241-5 , p. 384 .

[5] P. Westrich: The bees of Germany . E. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-8186-0123-2 , pp. 827 .