California chia

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California chia
California Chia (Salvia columbariae)

California Chia ( Salvia columbariae )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Genre : Sage ( salvia )
Type : California chia
Scientific name
Salvia columbariae
Benth.

California Chia ( Salvia columbariae ) is in the southwestern North America occurring plant species of the genus sage ( Salvia ) within the family of the mint ( Lamiaceae ).

It was considered an important food for the North American indigenous people .

Surname

The word chia is derived from the Nahuatl language, where the word chian means something like oily . The word chia is used accordingly for other species, such as Mexican chia ( Salvia hispanica ). In the English-speaking world, the Californian chia is also known under the names chia sage ( dt. Chia sage ), golden chia (dt. Golden chia or gold chia ) or desert chia (dt. Desert chia ). Often in her homeland, like her sister, the Mexican Chia, she is simply called Chia . In the language of the North American natives, the plant is also known by various names, including pashí ( Tongva ) or it'epeš ( Ventureño , a group of the Chumash people ).

description

Flowers of Salvia columbariae
California Chia as a wild growth in Joshua Tree National Park

The California Chia is not perennial, annual herbaceous plant . In terms of height, it is varied, in addition to dwarf forms only 3 to 4 centimeters high in dry locations, specimens from 30 to 50 centimeters can be found in better locations, rarely higher. The plant has a taproot and an unbranched or sporadically branched stem . The stems arise singly or in several branches at the base. The square stems are light green, occasionally reddish overflowing or with red colored edges. They have two flat and two convex sides, they reach a diameter of about 7 millimeters. The stem hair is backward-facing, short and dense (strigulose), occasionally with longer hairs interspersed.

The simple, thick, wrinkled, knobbed, pale green to green, egg-shaped to narrow-egg-shaped leaves are single or double pinnate (pinnatisect, bipinnat), occasionally pinnate and without stipules. The edge of the leaf sections is notched and often wavy, the tip (apex) is rounded. The leaves are ash gray on top, short and tomentose, the underside has glandular hairs and is coarser and longer hairy along the veins. The leaves are typical of the mint family, crosswise opposite. The basal leaves reach 25 to 110 millimeters in length, with up to 50 millimeters long, on the upper side flat, furrowed, often reddish-purple petioles. They are mainly basal and arranged at the bottom of the stem (basal, subbasal). The stem-like (scapose) stem is not very leafy, usually only one or two pairs of leaves are left, which are always much smaller than the basal leaves.

In the stems and convex branches are terminal and up to three other distant pseudo whorls , they reach about 8 to 20 millimeters in diameter. The inflorescence stalks are up to 17 centimeters long and stem like. The flowers sit in the armpits of overlapping, green to dark purple, finely hairy, up to 7 millimeters long, almost sedentary (subsessile) bracts . These are broad-shaped to eilanzettlich, sometimes boat-shaped (cymbiform) and with a tapering, spiky tip up to 2 millimeters long. The single flowers are very short stalked or sessile.

The calyx is polygonal, two-lipped, colored purple-red to green, it has short hairs; partly with stiff, longer hairs and covered with spherical glands. The calyx tube is 5 to 6 millimeters long. The upper, unlobed lip is arched like a helmet at the top it has two spiky tips (rarely a rudimentary third). The lower one is reduced to two small, free, pointed lobes.

The tubular, zygomorphic , fused corolla-leaved, two-lipped flowers are bisexual . The color variants of the corolla range from pale blue , through violet blue to purple , as well as white, whereby the corolla tube of the colored flowers is always lighter or whitish in color. The approximately 7 to 8 millimeters long corolla tube is smooth. The bilobed upper lip reaches about 3 millimeters in length, the lower lip is three-lobed, with two small lobes on the sides. The middle, large, mostly two-winged and spreading lower lip is about twice as long as the upper lip. The colored flowers typically have a whitish spot with dark purple spots on the upper side of the large lower lip. The ovary is upper constant, with a sprawling, uneven branched stylus . The stamens are fused with this just below the mouth of the flower tube. As is typical of the Salvia genus , only two stamens are fertile, the upper two are sterile and stunted into rudiments, the lower ones are extended. The anthers consist of two pouches that are separated from each other by the long, thread-like connective.

The flowering time is in spring from March to June.

There are 4-piece Klaus fruits formed when they are mature, they divide into very small (on average about 2 millimeters long and 1.25 millimeters wide), smooth, shiny, oval, flattened pseudocereal -Klausen. These are light brown to gray, speckled and with cracked spots or stripes. The seeds ripen about a month after flowering. When ripe, they fall out easily and could be harvested in the wild by holding the whole plant over a vessel and tapping it. Dense stands, for example cultivated beds, can also be harvested and threshed conventionally .

The species' basic chromosome number is x = 13.

Location

California chia is a species of character for the region with a Mediterranean climate , winter rain and subtropical temperatures, on the California Pacific coast of North America. The species is very common in Southern California, less common in the rest of its range and restricted to special locations. It grows in open forests (in California Mediterranean tinted bushland Chaparral called), and from Artemisia californica and different sage species (Engl. Say ) built coastal shrub land (Engl. Coastal tell scrub or soft chaparral ) almost always been exposed, open Lots, often after fires. It prefers nutrient-poor, dry, often sandy soils and occurs as far as the edge regions of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts . It usually grows at altitudes below 1,300 meters.

distribution

It grows in the US states of California, Nevada , Arizona , Utah and New Mexico , as well as in the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California . In California it is mostly native to the California coastal mountains and the southern sierras and occurs mainly in the southern part of the state where the coast meets the desert.

Varieties

In addition to the nominate form , a distinction is made between three varieties of the Californian chia , which are not recognized by all botanists:

  • Salvia columbariae var. Argillacea S.L. Welsh & ND Atwood , white-flowered with green bracts, in higher altitudes from 1300 to 1700 meters. Washington County and Kane County , Utah only .

The following are controversial:

  • Salvia columbariae var. Bernardina Jeps.
  • Salvia columbariae var. Ziegleri Munz , persistent into summer or early autumn, leaves somewhat coarser, flowers smaller. Only in the San Jacinto Mountains , California.

use

California Chia seeds

The species is usually not grown as an ornamental plant.

Medical application

The Cahuilla used the Salvia columbariae as a disinfectant, where they ground the seeds of the plant into a paste and applied it as a medicinal plaster to infected areas. The tribes of the Cahuilla, Muwekma Ohlone , Kawaiisu and Mahuna use the gelatinous seeds to get foreign objects out of their eyes. They used it to clean their eyes for this reason. The seeds were placed in the eyes before going to bed to prevent infection and inflammation. During sleep, the seeds removed sand particles from under the eyelids. The Ohlons also used the seeds to reduce fever by taking the seeds orally. With the Diegueño the seeds were chewed on foot trips in order to gain additional strength.

food

The Cahuilla, Kawaiisu, Mohave , Tohono O'Odham, and Pima ( Akimel O'Odham ) ground the seeds and mixed the grist with water, creating a thick drink. The cahuillas removed the alkali salts in the water and thereby improved the taste. The tribes Muwekma Ohlone, Mohave and Pomo used it to produce the flour Pinole , to which, among other things, corn as well as various grasses and herbs were added. The Diegueño tribe mixed the seeds with wheat to give it a special taste. Other tribes such as the Mahuna, Paiute , Pima and Akimel O'Odham produced a gelatinous substance from it, which they then used for porridge . The Luiseño , Tübatulabal and Yavapai peoples also used the plant and its seeds extensively as a source of food.

Building material

The Mahuna tribe made fibers out of it and used them to cover or cover their dwellings and to protect them from the weather.

Taxonomy

The very large genus Salvia , with worldwide distribution, represents a polyphyletic compilation according to more recent findings and must be taxonomically revised , split into different genera, but this has not yet happened. Salvia columbariae belongs to a monophyletic family group restricted to America, which includes the subgenus / sections Calosphace and Audibertia , this is sometimes taxonomically taken as the subgenus Audibertia . According to recent findings, Salvia columbariae belongs to the Audibertia section . This includes around 20 species, all of which are common in the southwestern coastal region of North America with a Mediterranean climate. It is their only herbaceous species, and the sister taxon of the other, shrubby, species taken together. It has numerous plesiomorphic features, such as the calyx teeth, and can therefore be understood morphologically as a transitional form between the two sections.

Web links

Commons : California Chia ( Salvia columbariae )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Lamiaceae (= Labiatae) - Mint family (PDF; 3.18 MB), from San Diego State University College of Sciences, accessed June 24, 2017.
  2. Chia, Salvia columbariae. Wildflowers of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area with ANF description, online (PDF; 20 kB), at smmflowers.org, accessed on July 3, 2017.
  3. ^ A b Carl Epling: The California Salvias. A Review of Salvia, Section Audibertia. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 (1), 1938, JSTOR 2394478 .
  4. ^ Willis Linn Jepson: A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California. University of California Press, 1925, pp. 868-869, archive.org .
  5. ^ Charles F. Saunders: Edible and Useful Wild Plants of the United States and Canada. Courier Corporation, 2012, ISBN 978-0-4861-4299-9 , pp. 43-45.
  6. Plant Guide Chia Salvia columbariae (PDF; 110 kB), United States Department of Agriculture, National Resource Conservation Service, January 29, 2003. From plants.usda.gov, accessed April 28, 2017.
  7. Thomas Henry Kearney, Robert Hibbs Peebles: Flowering plants and ferns of Arizona. US Dept. of Agriculture, 1942, p. 778.
  8. ^ Richard S. Felger, Susan Rutman: Ajo Peak to Tinajas Altas: A flora of southwestern Arizona. Part 15, Eudicots: Fagaceae to Lythraceae. In: Phytoneuron. 59, 2015, pp. 1–53, online  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 8.34 MB), from semanticscholar.org, accessed on June 11, 2017.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / pdfs.semanticscholar.org  
  9. ^ Richard Stephen Felger: Flora of the Gran Desierto and Río Colorado of Northwestern Mexico. University of Arizona Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-8165-2044-2 , pp. 334 f.
  10. Salvia columbaria Benth. at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  11. ^ SL Welsh & ND Atwood: New taxa and nomenclatural proposals in miscellaneous families - Utah and Arizona. In: Rhodera. 103 (913), 2001, pp. 71-95, archive.org .
  12. Salvia columbariae var. Ziegleri Munz, Calif. Fl. Suppl., A: 103 (1968). at Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew) .
  13. ^ Philip Alexander Munz: Supplement to A California Flora. 1968. to Philip Alexander Munz, David D. Keck: A California Flora. published for the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden by the University of California Press, Berkeley, 1959. Supplement p. 103.
  14. California Native Plant Society: CNPS, Considered But Rejected Taxa (PDF; 54 kB), Last Updated January 1, 2008.
  15. ^ Gregory D. Starr: New World Salvias cultivated in the Southwestern United States. Thesis, University of Arizona, 1985, p. 44 f, online (PDF; 3.67 MB).
  16. Jay B. Walker & Kenneth J. Sytsma: Staminal Evolution in the Genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever. In: Annals of Botany. 100, 2007, pp. 375-391, doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcl176 .
  17. Jay B. Walker, Bryan T. Drew, Kenneth J. Sytsma: Unraveling Species Relationships and Diversification within the Iconic California Floristic Province Sages (Salvia subgenus Audibertia, Lamiaceae). In: Systematic Botany. 40 (3), 2015, pp. 826-844, doi : 10.1600 / 036364415X689285 .