Pima

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Reservations of the Pima and neighboring tribes in the southwestern United States

Pima or O'Odham is the collective name for various North American Indian tribes of the Uto-Aztec language family in the southwest of today's USA and in northern Mexico , which are culturally counted among the Ranchería tribes.

They lived in the high valleys of the Sierra Madre Occidental , in the Sonora and Chihuahua deserts, as well as in the river valleys of the Gila River and Salt River in Arizona , the Río Yaqui and Rio Sonora in the Mexican state of Sonora , on the upper reaches of the Rio Papagochi, Rio Tutuaca and Rio Mayo as well as north of the Rio Verde in Chihuahua , to the north of Durango , Sinaloa , Jalisco and Nayarit .

Today, the majority of the descendants of the American groups live in reservations in the US state of Arizona ( 'Al ṣonag - "Place of the Small Spring"), while the Mexican groups have been able to preserve some of their culture and mostly in remote villages along the rivers and in the mountains Life.

Naming

The Pima themselves had never referred to themselves as Pima, the various Pima groups simply referred to themselves as Au-Authm , O'Odham , O'Ob , Odami or Dami depending on the dialect , which simply means "people".

The river valleys and adjacent areas from Santa Ana in the north of Sonora to the Gila River in the south of Arizona were generally known to the Spaniards as Pimería Alta and the groups living here were therefore known as Pima Alto , the west and south bordering desert areas and mountains to the coast of the Gulf of California as Gran Desierto de Altar ("Western Papaguería") or Papaguería ("Eastern Papaguería") and the Pima living here as Areneños ( Pápagos de la Arena - "Sand Pápago") or Pápago , the river valleys and mountains in the south Sonoras and in the north of Durango and Chihuahuas as Pimería Baja and the groups living here as Pima Bajo and those living south in the adjacent areas in the south of Durango, in the north of Sinaloa, Jalisco and Nayarit as Tepehuanes or as Nayarites .

The word Pima probably derives from a dialect of the Pima Bajo. When the first Spaniards asked the Pima a question, they could only answer them: pi-myi-match / pi 'añi mac / pi mac ("I don't know"), pi-ma-te ("I don't understand") or pi ha'icu ("nothing"), from which the Spaniards shortened Pima . The name Papago is also an adaptation of an O'Odham word; with Babawï O'Odham or Pahpah Au-Authm (" Tepary bean people") or Ba: bawĭkoʼa (" Tepary bean eater") the neighboring Akimel O'Odham referred to their relatives. However, some historians claim that the warlike opata, hostile to the O'Odham , contemptuously referred to them as Papawi O'Otham . The name Opata itself is in turn a modification of the O'Odham words Ohp or O'Ob ("enemies") or Obagg'ata ("to have an enemy").

The (later) most powerful enemies of the Pima Alto and Pápago , the various groups of the Apache (Nnēē or T'Inde) , referred to them as Sáíkiné ("people of the sand house") because they lived in stilt houses made of adobe (adobe) or as Ketl'ah izláhé ("straps-under-the-feet-people"), because they wore sandals in return for the Apache .

language

The Pima (Pimic) or Tepiman is the name of a group of closely related languages ​​and dialects of the Pima or O'Odham, which belong to the southern branch of the Uto-Aztec language family . In general, the Pima languages ​​are divided into four main languages ​​and their dialects (Campbell 1997):

1. O'Odham (Pima-Papago) or O'odham ñiok ( O'odham ha-ñeʼokĭ or O'odham ñiʼokĭ ) (approx. 14,000 speakers, according to Golla 2007)
  • Eastern Gila dialect
  • Kohadk or Kohatk dialect (†) (descendants of the Koahadk)
  • Salt River dialect (the On'k Akimel O'Odham)
  • Western Gila dialect
Tohono O'Odham or Pápago
  • Cukuḍ Kuk or (co) Kolo'di dialect (also: Kokololoti , descendants of . Eigentl Pima)
  • Gigimai or Kiy'kima dialect
  • Hu: hu'ula or Huhumu dialect
  • Huhuwoṣ or Hauhauwash dialect (descendants of the Soba)
  • Totoguañ (i) or Totoköwany dialect
  • Ge Aji or Santa Rosa Mountains dialect (†)
  • Anegam dialect (†)
  • Kohadk or Kohatk dialect (†) (descendants of the Koahadk)
Hia C-eḍ O'Odham or Sand Pápago
  • Pisinemo dialect (derived from Pisin Moʼo - "Buffalo Head")
  • Quitovac dialect (a mixture of Hia C-eḍ O'Odham and the Huhuwoṣ of the Soba)
  • Quitobaquito dialect (a mixture of Hia C-eḍ O'Odham and the Hu: hu'ula of Tohono O'Odham)
  • (maybe several other dialects?) (†)
2. Pima Bajo (Névome) or Oob No'ok (approx. 1,000 speakers)
  • Hochland Pima (Mountain Pima) dialect (the Yécora-Maycoba O'Ob and Yepachi-Tutuaca O'Ob)
  • Lowland Pima (Lowland Pima) dialect (the Névome O'Odham and Ures O'Odham)
3. Tepehuán or O'otham ( O'dami or O'dam )
  • Northern Tepehuán or O'dami (del Norte) (the Òdami (Northern Tepehuan)) (approx. 8,000 speakers)
  • Baborigame O'dami dialect (the highlands Tepehuán (Upland or Mountain Tepehuán)) (approx. 6,200 speakers, some speak a dialect variant similar to Tarahumara (Rarámuri) )
  • Nabogame O'dami dialect (the canyon or lowland Tepehuán (Lowland Tepehuán)) (approx. 1,800 speakers)
  • Southern Tepehuán or O'dam (del Sur) (the Dami (Odam) (Southern Tepehuan))
  • Southeastern Tepehuán (Tepehuán del Sureste or Tepehuano) (the southeastern Tepehuan) (about 10,600 speakers)
  • Southwestern Tepehuán (Tepehuán del Suroeste) (the southwestern Tepehuan) (approx. 8,700 speakers)
4. Tepecano (extinct since 1972, is sometimes considered a dialect of southern Tepehuan) (the Tepecano or Nayarites )

The various methods to Tepehuan but may not with the Tepehua (Hamasipini) -Language from the totonacan languages - language family be confused.

Groups of the Pima

Pima Alto (Upper Pima)

The Pima Alto or Upper Pima ("Upper Pima"), whose language is called Oʼodham ha-ñeʼokĭ , Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ , Oʼodham ñiok , today often referred to as O'Odham , is the geographical collective name of all Pima (Pimic) - speaking groups north of the Río Sonora ; which in turn are divided into two main groups based on cultural, economic and linguistic differences:

Groups called Pima inhabited the Pimería Alta :

  • Akimel O'Odham ( Akimel Au-Authm - "river people", lived north and along the Gila River, the Salt River and the Santa Cruz River (Hihd, d, n) in Arizona)
    • On'k Akimel O'Odham ( On'k Akimel Au-Authm - "People who live along the Salt River ", northernmost group of the Pima)
    • Keli Akimel O'Odham or Gileños ( Keli Akimel Au-Authm - "People who live along the Gila River ")
  • Koahadk or Qáhatika (also Kohadk , Kwahadt , Kwadahk , Cojate or Quahadike , lived along the central Santa Cruz River, where they tilled their fieldsusing themethod called ʼAkĭ Ciñ , and because of Apache raids they gave their main village Aquitun ( Akuchini - “creek mouth "-" Bach - mouth ") west of Picacho around 1800, mostly they joined the Keli Akimel O'Odham and founded Sacaton (Pima: Geʼe Ki :), a splinter group looked in five settlements around what is now Quijotoa , Arizona, in the desert south of the Gila River protection, today also called Ak-Chin O'Odham , Ak-Chin Au-Authm or ʼAkĭ Ciñ O'Odham - "People who live at the mouth of the Arroyo, seasonally dry river valley " or "People, where the water floods in the sand (ground) - seep away" are often regarded as a subgroup of the Sobaipuri, culturally stood between the Pima and Pápago groups, but linguistically they belonged to the Pima)
  • Sobaipuri or Pimas Sobaipuris ( Soba y Jipuris , derived from the O'Odham word So so: bai-puri - "many enemies / great hostile people" or "where there are many enemies" from the Akimel O'Odham Rsársavinâ - " called speckled “, originally lived in the valleys of the Santa Cruz River and the San Pedro River , the border river to the Apacheria in the east, were known to be particularly brave and warlike, weremostly worn out by the Arivaipa and Pinaleño Apache between 1750 and 1780and had to each other retreat to the Santa Cruz River, where they - together with Tohono O'Odham - settled in the Sobaipuri settlement Wa: k , the site of the later Mission San Xavier del Bac , under the protection of the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson , who lived here Sobaipuri-Tohono O'Odham, were known as Wa: k O'odham or Wakon O'Odham - " baptized , Christianized people" among the non-Christianized Tohono O'Odham, some joined the Tohono O'Odham, others the Akimel O 'Odham on, just a few still lived along the San Pedro River, easternmost group of the Pima)
  • Soba or Soba Pimas (possibly derived from the O'Odham word S-O'obmakam - "Apache-like people"), lived along the lower and middle Río Altar and along the Río (de la) Concepción and Río Sonoyta to the south to the lower reaches of the Río San Ignacio and the surrounding desert areas in the north of Sonora, also used the Gulf coast, the most important settlements were Pitiquín, today's Municipio Pitiquito , and Caborca (Kawulk - "hill with rocks and rubble"), Sonora, culturally similar to the semi-nomadic Pápago groups, but linguistically Pima, southwestern group of the Pima)
  • Himeris (also Hymeres , Hymeris , Himides or Ímuris - " plateau between rivers" or "like flint- shaped hills") lived northwest of the valley of the Río Sonora in the valleys and mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental, along the upper reaches of the Río San Miguel to the northwest below the confluence of the Río Magdalena and Río Altar and to the Gulf of California, southeast group of the Pima)
  • actually Pima or Piatos (a contraction of Pimas Altos , lived along the Río San Ignacio, Río Altar, Río San Miguel and the Río Cocóspora in the north of Sonora and thus closest to the Spanish settlements, were culturally Pima, but possibly spoke a Pápago -Dialect, southernmost group of the Pima, were known to be particularly rebellious next to the Sobas and some Pima Bajo, with whom they participated in several revolts and uprisings: 1695, 1739–1741, 1749–1776)

Groups called Pápago inhabited the Gran Desierto de Altar ("Western Papaguería") or the Papaguería ("Eastern Papaguería"):

  • Tohono O'Odham or Pápago ("people of the desert", the Pima called them Babawï O'Odham or Pahpah Au-Authm ) - " Tepary bean people", d. H. "Tepary bean eaters", the Spaniards hence Pápago , they inhabited the Sonoran Desert and its mountains southwest of Tucson ( Cuk ṣon - "Black Base" - "[at] the foot of the Black [mountain]"), Tubac ( Cewagï - " Cloud "or Cuwak -" rotten ") and south of the Gila River, west of the Santa Cruz River to around Ajo ( Moik Wahia ) in the Ajo Mountains, southeast to the Río San Miguel and sometimes south to the Río San Ignacio, Sonora, their area also included their most sacred mountain and for them the center of the world - the Baboquivari Peak ( Waw Kiwulik - "narrow in the middle"), inhabited the "Eastern Papaguería":
    • Kuitatk ( kúí tátk - 'Mesquite Root')
    • Sikorhimat ( sikol himadk - 'village on the whirlpools ')
    • Wahw Kihk ( wáw kéˑkk - 'upright rock')
    • San Pedro ( wiwpul - 'Wild Tobacco')
    • Tciaur ( jiawul dáhăk - ' Barrel Cactus Sitting')
    • Anegam ( ʔáˑngam - 'place of the desert willow' [English: desert willow, botanical: Chilopsis linearis ])
    • Imkah ( ʔiˑmiga - 'relatives')
    • Tecolote ( kolóˑdi , also cú´kud kúhūk - 'screaming owl')
  • Hia C-eḍ O'Odham or Areneños ("people of the sand dunes", the Spaniards adopted this as Pápagos de la arena , from which the Americans made Sand Papago or Sand Pima , from neighboring O'Odham groups also as Hia Tadk Ku: mdam - "Sand Root Crushers", Hiá Tatk Kuá'adam - "Sand Root Eaters" or Otomkal Kuá'adam - " Desert Iguana Eaters"; also known as S-O'obmakam - " Apache - similar people"due to their lifestyle, lived west and northwest of the Tohono O'Odham in the border area of ​​Arizona and Sonora in the Gran Desierto de Altar , part of the Sonoran Desert , between the Gulf of California and south of the Colorado River including the Growler Mountains northeast to the Ajo Mountains ( Tui Aja De Mu Vari ) around Ajo ( Moik Wahia ) in Arizona, south to the Río (de la) Concepción in Sonora including the Sierra Pinacate and the Tinajas Altas Mountains ( Uʼuva: k or Uʼuv Oopad ), hence from the Tohono O'Odham also as U'uva: k - “where the arrowhead v ersank "or U'uv Oopad -" where the arrows were stored "means, literally," people of the Tinajas Altas Mountains ", divided geographically and culturally into two electrodes separated by the Sonoita River groups - the Northern Hia C-ed O'Odham were culturally and politicallyclose tothe Yuma tribes and Tohono O'Odham , and the southern Hia C-eḍ O'Odham , who wereculturally and politically close tothe Sobas and Seris , inhabited the "Western Papaguería")

Pima Bajo (Lower Pima)

The Pima Bajo or Lower Pima ("Lower Pima"), whose language is called O'ob No'ok , are divided geographically, culturally and linguistically into the so-called lowland Pima (Lowland Pima) and highland Pima (Mountain Pima) :

  • Lowland (Lowland) Pima or O'Odham ("people", also called Desert Pima - "Desert Pima", lived in the deserts and river valleys of Central Sonoras)
    • Névome O'Odham ( Onavas , lived in the tierra caliente - "the hot land" - on both sides of the central Rio Yaqui, settled from Onavas south to Movas and Nuri along the Rio Nuri and in the northwest to San José de Pimas on the Rio Mátape)
    • Ures O'Odham (lived at the confluence of the Rio Sonora and the Rio San Miguel, with today's settlement centers Ures and San Miguel de Horcasitas)
  • Highlands (Mountain) Pima or O'Ob (also O'Oba - "people", but literally "enemy, i.e. Apache", were also Taramil O'Odham or Tadmar O'Odham - "Tarahumara- like people" from the lowlands Pima called because they were very similar in their way of life to the Tarahumara (Raramuri) who lived to the east of them, and were known to be warlike and brave)
    • Yécora-Maycoba O'Ob (also Maykis O'Ob , live in the Sierra Madre Occidental in the city of Yécora and its surroundings)
    • Yepachi-Tutuaca O'Ob (also Yupis O'Ob , with the city of Yepachi as today's center, they live between the upper reaches of the Rio Papagochi, Rio Tutuaca and Rio Mayo in the border area of ​​Sonora and Chihuahua)

Tepehuán

The Tepehuán (also Tepehuanes , Tepehuanos , derived from Nahuatl for "mountain people" or "mountain people"), whose language is called O'otham , O'dami or O'dam , are divided into two groups, which in turn are based on different dialects divided into:

  • Northern Tepehuán or Òdami (“people”, spoken O'dami or O'damí del Norte , lived in the Sierra Madre Occidental north of the Rio Verde in the south of Chihuahua south to the Río Zape in the north of Durango and Sinaloa - the average altitude is about 2,350 meters; culturally closer to the northern Tarahumara (Rarámuri) than to the southern Tepehuán , with the former they sometimes form bilingual rancherías ; divided into two geographical-cultural groups that speak two different dialects. Today they usually live in five large aggregations from rancherías around the cities of Baborigame, Cinco Llagas, Santa Rosa, Nabogame and Dolores in the municipalities of Guadalupe y Calvo , Morelos and Balleza )
    • Hochland Tepehuán (Upland or Mountain Tepehuán) (live in the pine- covered plateau and on the mesas known as tierra templada - "temperate zone"), but could only bring in one harvest per year in the mountains due to the small areas dependent on stockpiling; mostly speak the Baborigame Òdami dialect, some also a dialect variant similar to the Tarahumara (Rarámuri) )
    • Canyon or lowland Tepehuán (Lowland Tepehuán) (live in the lowlands and canyons called tierra caliente - “the hot land”, with poorly fertile soils and covered with bushes and grasses - but they could due to the rivers occurring especially in the north of Durango harvest twice a year; mostly speak the Nabogame Òdami dialect)
  • Southern Tepehuán or Dami (also Odam - "people", spoken O'dam or O'dam del Sur , lived in the Sierra Madre Occidental from southern Durango to northern Nayarit and Jalisco ; today they live in seven comunidades ( localities ), the Politically represented by three Municipios ( administrative units ) - the Municipio de Mezquital and the Municipio de Pueblo Nuevo in Durango as well as in the south the Municipio de Huajicori with the comunidad San Andres Milpillas Grande in Nayarit. Each comunidad has a political-religious center and several anexos (settlements) and countless associated rancherias .)
    • Southeastern Tepehuán or O'dam (also Tepehuán del Sureste , Tepehuano ). They lived in southeast Durango and adjacent areas. Today they live in four comunidades called Santa María Ocotán, San Francisco Ocotán, Santiago Teneraca and (Santa María Magdalena de) Taxicaringa of the Municipio de Mezquital between the upper reaches of the Río San Pedro Mezquital to the north and west of the Río Mezquital. Its cultural and religious center is Santa Maria Ocotán.
    • Southwestern Tepehuán or Audam (also Tepehuán del Suroeste ). They lived in southwest Durango and adjacent areas. Today they live in two comunidades called San Bernardino de Milpillas Chico and San Francisco de Lajas in the Municipio de Pueblo Nuevo from the upper reaches of the Río San Lajas downstream to the mouth of the Río Mezquital.

Tepecano

The Tepecano , whose language of the same name became extinct in 1972, are sometimes considered to be a dialect group of the Southern Tepehuán ; as things stand, your language appears to have been a separate Pima (Pimic) language. They lived in the valley of the Río Bolaños around the current city of Bolaños and in the area of ​​Azqueltán (formerly Atzqueltlán - "Place of the ants") in the northwest of Jalisco and in the south of Durango and culturally stood the Huichol (Wixáritari) and Cora who lived here (Náayarite) so close that the Spaniards named all three peoples as Nayarites after the Cora 's own name for "people" .

History and culture

The Pima emerged from the Hohokam culture when they reacted to climatic changes in their settlement area between the Salt River and the Gila River by shifting their center of life and adapting the practices of irrigated agriculture around 1450.

Way of life

An Akimel O'odham basket in the permanent collection of the Indianapolis Children's Museum.

Akimel Au-Authm earned 40% of their livelihood from hunting and collecting wild plants, seeds and wild fruits and 60% from farming. To irrigate their fields, they not only relied on the annual floods, but also built dams and kilometers of artificial irrigation systems . They mainly grew corn , pumpkins , watermelons , cotton , tobacco , beans and, later in the 18th century , wheat . Since then, they have been able to bring in two harvests a year: wheat in winter and maize in summer. This enabled them to produce excess food and store it in order to be able to survive any emergency. They later sold this surplus food to Spanish, Mexican and American settlers and the military and often ensured their settlements survive. At the same time, the excess food produced and the large herds of livestock kept by the Akimel Au-Authm, Ak-Chin Au-Authm and Sobaipuri made their settlements at the beginning of the 18th century desirable targets for raids by the Apaches to the north and east. Since they lived in permanent settlements called rancherias , they are also commonly referred to as one-villagers . The Ak-Chin Au-Authm and the Sobaipuri, on the other hand, operated arable farming, which was dependent on seasonal floods from thawing winter snow and summer rain, making them much more dependent on the environment than the Akimel Au-Authm with their irrigation technology.

The Tohono O'Odham, however, were called Two-Villagers because they switched between winter camp and summer camp. The Tohono O'odham earned 75% of their livelihood by hunting and collecting wild plants, seeds and wild fruits and 25% by farming. They set up their winter camps (so-called winter well villages ) near the springs and rivers of the mountain foothills. They set up their summer camps on the plateaus between the ridges. There they built stone dams to channel the summer rain to their fields. On these they grew corn, beans, pumpkins and watermelons. Foraging, especially the saguaro fruits, was an important part of their culture.

The Hia-Ced-O'Odham were the only true hunters and gatherers among all Pima who made a 100% living from hunting game and collecting wild fruits, seeds and wild plants. They lived in the extremely dry, almost rainless western area of ​​the Papaguerita, which the Spaniards also called El Gran Desierto - 'the great desert' , were forced to constantly change camps as nomads and were then called no-villagers .

The O'Odham, O'Ob as well as the Odami and Dami in southern Sonora and Durango lived like many rancheria groups as semi-nomads who practiced seasonal agriculture in the river valleys, otherwise they supplemented their necessary food needs by hunting and collecting wild plants , Fruits and seeds.

Dwellings

The Upper Pima, Lower Pima, and Tepehuan lived in widely dispersed settlements of stilt houses made of adobe along rivers or in well-irrigated mountain and desert areas. Each family had fields scattered along the banks of the river, often far apart. The Hia-Ced O`odham, who built shrub huts ( wickiups ) or even just windshields, so-called ramada , were an exception .

Myths and Religion

The O'odham myth cycle begins with the creation of the universe by Jewed Ma: kai and ends with the founding of their villages. According to the O'odham belief, Jewed Ma: kai created the world. The Hohokam who lived there once began to believe that they were better than Siuuhu, who had made them out of clay. They accepted Nu: wis, the buzzard's offer to kill Siuuhu, which he did. It is also said that after four years Ma: kai sent four winds to nurse Siuuhu back to health. The latter, alive again, descended into the underworld and brought up an army of dead O'odham who had fled a deluge. These defeated the Hohokam and took their place on earth. Siuuhu taught the Pima agriculture and irrigation.

Consequences of the invasion of the Spaniards and the raids of the Apaches

The areas of the Pima Alto and the Pima Bajo as well as the Tepehuan were divided by the influx and expansion of the Opata and Apaches and only later by the Presidio line of the Spaniards across the Pimeria Alta and the Opateria to ward off the Apaches again through trade and military service linked. In addition, the Spaniards forced a compromise between Opata and Pima for the defense of the Spanish-Indian border to Apacheria .

Apaches , Yaqui , Yuma and Opata (Pima word for 'enemies') were among their traditional enemies. In particular, the constant raids by the Apaches forced Tohono O'Odham, Akimel O'Odham and the sedentary Pima and Tepehuan groups of the Pimeria Baja of the lowlands to give up their formerly individual independent villages and to settle in larger settlements that were easier to defend and day and night Night were secured by guards. Only under the protection of several warriors did the women dare to cultivate the fields or gather berries and fruits. It was not until the final subjugation of the Apaches in the 1890s that the posts disappeared and the large settlements dissolved again. Individual groups of the Apaches (probably scattered remnants of the Mescalero , Lipan and Chiricahua ) even carried out raids on hidden rancherias of the Pima Bajo and the neighboring Spanish settlements in the 1920s and 1930s .

In these constant clashes, the otherwise peaceful Pima proved themselves as tough and persevering warriors and gladly made themselves available to the Spaniards , Mexicans and Americans as scouts and warriors against the Apaches.

As inhabitants of the high mountains of the Sierra Madre, the Odami (also Northern Tepehuán ) - just like the Tarahumara - were able to assert themselves against the expulsion by the robbing Apaches. Most of the time, however, their mountain settlements were located away from the centers of the Apache raids. In addition, the Tepehuan were hostile to other tribes (and mostly the Spaniards), they were known as capable warriors and feared by neighboring tribes.

In the early to mid-19th century, several groups of the Maricopa belonging to the River Yuma fled to the Pima because of the constant wars against other Yuma. The Pima only accepted the Maricopa on the condition that they assist the Pima with their warriors against the Apaches and Yuma.

Wars and especially the killing of an enemy were ritualized among the Pima and associated with purification ceremonies. If a Pima warrior killed an enemy, he had to undergo a 16-day purification ceremony and had to avoid contact with his family and the village community. In addition, only a few chosen warriors who possessed special powers through visions were allowed to kill enemies. For the Pima, the Apaches (Ohp - 'enemy') were evil, devilish shamans and every person or object that came into contact with an Apache was taboo for the Pima and required ritual purification. Therefore, the Pima almost never took captives, but killed as many Apache as possible and took almost no prey except scalps. The Apache scalps were used as powerful fetishes to heal loved ones, provide rain, make the fields fertile and bring in a good harvest. The Tohono O'Odham even had a custom that a warrior should only marry after he had killed an opposing Apache warrior - if he had not succeeded in doing so before the wedding, it was believed that the marriage would end badly or the children could be born misshapen.

The Pima, like many desert and highland tribes, were famous as excellent runners in northern Mexico and the southwest. Sexually, the Pima lived very freely; For the Pima, marriages were often only temporary relationships.

During the Spanish colonial period , the Pima took over many of the technical skills of the Spaniards, their weapons, horses, cattle and Christianity , which they sometimes mixed with their traditional rites.

Despite their reliability as scouts and warriors against Yaqui, Apaches and other hostile tribes, the Pima plunged the entire border region in northern Sonora into chaos several times through bloody uprisings against the whites.

Today the American pima live in several reservations in Arizona and their tribesmen live in the mountains of Mexico.

particularities

The half of the Pima living in the United States suffer disproportionately from type 2 diabetes due to poor eating habits , while the population living in Mexico has no abnormalities in this regard. Science explains this phenomenon with the fact that the American pima are predominantly unemployed and only eat cheap fatty food, while their cousins ​​living over the border are increasingly farming and feed mainly on corn products. Since the pima are genetically adapted to the desert, an oversupply of fat and energy is fatal.

Demographics

The Akimel Au-Authm and Ak-Chin-Au-Authm together numbered between 6,000 and 7,000 people, the Tohono O'Odham around 10,000, the Hia-Ced O'odham around 1,000, the Pima Bajo and Tepehuán around 20,000 as well the Maricopa approx. 500.

literature

  • Ignaz Pfefferkorn : Description of the Sonora landscape with other strange news from the inner parts of New Spain and a journey from America to Germany. Köln, Langensche Buchh., 1794. (Reprint: Ingo Schröder (Ed.) 2 volumes. Holos, Bonn 1996, ISBN 3-86097-362-2 . (Contributions to the history of research: America, Volume 1))
  • Henry F. Dobyns: The Pima-Maricopa. Chelsea House Publishers, New York 1989, ISBN 1-55546-724-5 .
  • Frank Russell: Pima Indians. ISBN 0-8165-0335-4 .
  • JF Breazeale: The Pima and His Basket. ISBN 1-4179-1505-6 .
  • Anna Moore Shaw: Pima Indian Legends. ISBN 0-8165-0186-6 .
  • Marla Felkins Ryan: Pima (Tribes of Native America). Blackbirch Press, San Diego, Ca 2004, ISBN 1-56711-699-X .

See also

Web links

Commons : Pima  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bautista de Anza Trail - Glossary
  2. ^ Settlement areas of the Pima Alto
  3. ↑ Shadows at Dawn - The Peoples
  4. ^ PL Workman, Robert S. Corruscini, JD Niswander: Anthropological Studies Related to Health Problems of North American Indians. Irvington Publishing, 1974, ISBN 0-8422-7157-0 , pp. 29-31.
  5. ↑ (Ko) Kolo'di is the adaptation from the Spanish Tecolote - "owl", also Cukuḍ kúhūk - "screaming owl"
  6. ↑ abgel. Of Ge Aji Do'ag , the O'Odham designation of Gu Achi peaks in the Santa Rosa Mountains, Arizona
  7. ↑ Amadeo M. Rea: At the Desert's Green Edge: An Ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima. University of Arizona Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8165-1540-9 , p. 9.
  8. ^ Ak-Chin Indian Community - About our Community
  9. ↑ ʼAkĭ Ciñ thus describes both the place where the arroyo (seasonally dry river valley) and the adjacent fields are flooded again by heavy summer rains or snowmelt, as well as the technique of flood farming, in which the floods in artificially created ditches, dykes and Wells were collected
  10. ↑ THE HISTORY OF THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER FROM AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
  11. ↑ So: baima means “like, like the Apache / enemies”, whereby the syllable - ma - “like, like” is a different suffix than the -puri indicating the plural , so you drop -ma and come up with the name So so : bai-puri
  12. ^ Bernard L. Fontana: Of Earth and Little Rain: The Papago Indians, University of Arizona Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8165-1146-2 , p. 47.
  13. ↑ Pimas y Pápagos (Spanish)
  14. ↑ Winston P. Erickson: Sharing the Desert: The Tohono O'Odham in History, University of Arizona Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8165-2352-5 , p. 15.
  15. ^ Bernard L. Fontana: Of Earth and Little Rain: The Papago Indians, University of Arizona Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8165-1146-2 , p. 36.
  16. ↑ Other name variants: Pawi , Pavi , Tepari. Escomite. Yori mui and Yori muni. the name "Tepary" is probably derived from the Tohono O'Odham word t'pawi - "this is a bean"
  17. ↑ refers to one or both of the volcanic hills on the west bank of the Santa Cruz River
  18. ^ Papago local groups and defensive villages, period 1859–1890. Underhill 1939, pp. 211-234.
  19. ^ Gary Paul Nabhan: Gathering the Desert. University of Arizona Press, ISBN 978-0-8165-1014-6 .
  20. ^ Paul E. Minnis: Ethnobotany: A Reader. University of Oklahoma Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8061-3180-2 , p. 43.
  21. ^ Gary Paul Nabhan: Cultures of Habitat: On Nature, Culture, and Story, Counterpoint Verlag, 1998, ISBN 1-887178-96-1 , p. 132.
  22. ↑ both groups of the Hia C-ed O'Odham are sometimes after their dialect as Amargosa Areneños or Amargosa Pinacateños called
  23. ^ Paul E. Minnis: Ethnobotany: A Reader. University of Oklahoma Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8061-3180-2 , pp. 41-43.
  24. ↑ Amadeo M. Rea: Folk Mammalogy of the Northern Pimans. University of Arizona Press, ISBN 978-0-8165-1663-6 .
  25. ^ The Forest Industry in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua: Social, Economic, and Ecological Impacts
  26. ^ Alfonso Ortiz: Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 10: Southwest. ISBN 978-0-16-004579-0 .
  27. ↑ 2016. Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World: Tepehuan language
  28. ↑ 2016. Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World: Tepehuan, Northern
  29. ↑ Tepehuan, Southeastern
  30. ↑ 2016. Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World: Tepehuan, Southwestern
  31. ↑ Chris Loendorf, Barnaby V. Lewis: Ancestral O'Odham: Akimel O'Odham Cultural Traditions and the Archaeological Record . In: American Antiquity, Volume 82, Issue 1 (January 2017), pp. 123-139, 123 f., 128, 133 f.
  32. ↑ Northern Tepehuan (PDF; 61 kB)
  33. ↑ LO Schulz, PH Bennett, E. Ravussin, JR Kidd, KK Kidd, J. Esparza, ME Valencia: Effects of traditional and western environments on prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the US In: Diabetes Care . 29 (8), Aug 2006, pp. 1866-1871. PMID 16873794