Uto-Aztec languages
The Uto-Aztec language family is a North and Central American language family . It is one of the oldest as well as the largest Native American language families and today comprises around 1.8 million speakers. Their linguistic landscape includes areas from what is now the US state of Oregon in the north and extends to Panama in the south.
Some languages and their distribution
The northernmost branch of the language family, the Numic languages , with the languages of the Ute , Shoshone , Comanches and Paiute belongs to the northern uto-Aztec languages . Here the ethnonyms (names of the ethnic groups) do not always coincide with the individual languages. The traditional language of the northern Paiute is a Shoshoni dialect, while the southern Paiute speak a Colorado dialect . The Hopi language , which has the largest number of speakers of the Uto-Aztec languages in the USA, forms a separate branch . Cahuilla and Luiseño , which were used by ethnic groups in California, are hardly spoken any more .
The southern Uto-Aztec languages include the Pima - Pagago and Tepehuan languages native to Arizona and New Mexico, as well as neighboring areas of Mexico . In northern Mexico, the languages of Yaqui , Mayo and Raramuri (Tarahumara) should be mentioned. The Nahuatl , whose central branch was also spoken by the Aztecs , has the most speakers with around 1.6 million people .
Word equations
PROTO -UA | Hopi | Nahuatl | Huichol | Comanche | Papago | Pima | Yaqui | Mayo | Raramuri | Warijío | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
'Eye' | * pusi | pūsi | iš- | h |
pui | hehewo | vuhi | pūsim | pūsi | busí | pusi |
'Ear' | * naka | naqv |
nakas- | naka | naki | nahk | naka | nakam | naka | nalá | nahka- |
'Nose' | * yaka | yaqa | yaka- | thahk | daka | yeka | yeka | aká | yahka- | ||
'Mouth' | * t |
moʔa | tēn- | teni | t |
chini | teni | tēni | tēni | riní | |
'Tooth' | * tam |
tama | tlam- | tame | tama | tahtami | tatami | tamim | tami | ramé | tame- |
'Louse' | * ʔat |
breath- | ʔate | aʔati | ete | ete | ehte | ||||
'Fish' | * mutsi | me- | musí | ||||||||
'Bird' | * tsūtu | tsiro | tōtol- | tosapiti ' | churugí | chuʔruki | |||||
'Moon' | * mītsa | mūyau | mēts- | metsa | mïa | mashath | masadi | mēcha | mēcha | micha | mecha |
'Water' | * pāʔ | pāhu | - | Ha | pā | waʔig | bāʔam | vāʔa | bāʔwí | paʔwi | |
'Fire' | * tah |
tle- | tai | taʔi | taji | tahi | naʔi | ||||
'Ash' | * nas |
neš- | naxi | mahta | naposa | naposa | napisó | nahpiso | |||
'Surname' | * tek w a | toka- | te'ega | team | tewa | riwá | tewa | ||||
'sleep' | * kotsi | kochi- | kutsi | cohesive | kosia | cook | cook | kochí | kochi | ||
'know' | * māti | mati | mātia | machí | machi | ||||||
'see' | *Pita | itta | bicha | bicha | |||||||
'see' | * t |
t |
mātia | ritiwá | tewa | ||||||
'give' | * maka | maqa | maka | makia | maka | māka | |||||
'burn' | * taha | tlala | tai- | taya | taya | rajá | taha- | ||||
'I' | * naʔa | n |
ni- / no- / na | no | n |
ni | āni / in | inepo | inapo | nijé | nē- / noʔo |
'you' | ʔ |
mo- | en | at the | empo | empo | mujé | amo / mū | |||
'who' | * ʔak w | hook | ak- | hakar |
hedai | heri | jabē | have | ābu | ||
'one' | * sɨm- | sūkya | sem | xewi | sïmï | hemako | hemak | sēun | |||
'two' | *Where- | loyom | ōme | huta | waha | gohk | goka | gōi | wōyi | okuá | woka |
'three' | * pahayu | pāyom | ēyi | haika | pahi | waik | baih | bikiyá |
classification
The Uto-Aztec macro family belongs to the Mets'ha / Mesika tribe of the Central and South American phylum in the Ochostk-Old Indian language area.
- Ochostkian-Old Indian language area
- Central South American phylum
- K'inago / Tewes tribe
- Mets'ha / Mesika tribe
- Mets'ha isolate (Keres)
- Nuum / Mesika Macro Family (Uto-Aztec Macro Family)
- North American family
- Mexican family
- Central South American phylum
Northern Branch (USA)
- Hopi in Arizona
- Numic languages
- Takic languages
- Tubatulabal
Southern branch (Mexico)
- Pima (Pimic) or Tepiman languages
- Taracahitic
- Nahuatl languages
- Pochuteco (Pochutla) †
- Aztec
-
Nahuatl
- Central Nahuatl
- Classic Nahuatl
- Peripheral Nahuatl
- West Nahuatl
- West Coast Nahuatl
- Durango / Nayarit-Nahuatl
- East Nahuatl
- Huasteca-Nahuatl
- West Nahuatl
-
Nahuatl
- Corachol (Coran)
Hallmarks of the uto-aztec languages
The verbs are usually at the end of the sentences. Simple phoneme systems are decisive in the language family .
See also
literature
- RW Langacker (Ed.): Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar . 4 vols. Arlington TX 1977 ff.
- S. Steele, Uto-Aztecan: An Assessment for Historical and Comparative Linguistics .
- L. Campbell, M. Mithun (Eds.): The Languages of Native America . Austin TX 1979, pp. 444-544.
- W. Miller: Sketch of Shoshone, a Uto-Aztecan Language . In: Handbook of North American Indians , vol. 17: I. Goddard (Ed.): Languages . Washington 1996, pp. 693-720.
- J. Dayley, Tümpisa (Panamint): Shoshone Grammar . Berkeley 1990
- Ernst Kausen: The language families of the world . Part 2: Africa - Indo-Pacific - Australia - America. Buske, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-87548-656-8 , pp. 858–862, 892–903.
Web links
- Indian languages
- North and Mesoamerican languages
- Languages of the World. Ethnologue (English)
- Uto-Aztecan Tribes . mojavedesert.net (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Britannica.com Uto-Aztecan languages in Encyclopedia Britannica
- ↑ a b Michael Dürr: North and Mesoamerican languages . Retrieved September 26, 2013