Ute (people)

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Chief Ignacio, chief of the Ute, 1904

The Ute , also known as the Yuta , are a Native American people made up of several related tribes and originally from the Great Basin region of the United States . Their tribal area, which they called Nootuvweep ('Land of the People, i.e. Our Country'), stretched from the east of present-day Utah to western Colorado and northern New Mexico . Today, their settlement area is largely limited to the three Ute reserves and a reserve of the southern Paiute , in which a total of about 7,000 tribal members still live. 3,000 Ute live outside. The name Ute means "land of the sun" and was the inspiration for the name of the state of Utah. They called themselves Nuciu or Noochew ('the people'), the plural form of nuci or nooch ('human', 'person').

language

The language of the Ute, together with the languages ​​of the neighboring and related Bannock , Comanche , Chemehuevi , Gosiute , Paiute and Shoshone, is one of the Numic languages , all of which belong to the northern branch of the Uto-Aztec language family .

Although the aforementioned Numic languages come from the same language family, the ethnonyms do not always coincide (names of the ethnic groups) with the individual languages or dialects and these are not mutually so closely related, as the name suggests, because each different branches or geographical Dialektkontinua the Numic languages ​​belong - for example, the traditional language of the Northern Paiute , the "Numu" or "Paviotso" - to the western branch of the Numic languages, while that of the Southern Paiute as the Colorado River Numic dialect belongs to the southern branch of the Numic Languages ​​count.

The language of the Ute - the Núu-'apaghapi ("language of the people") - itself is a dialect of the Colorado River Numic or Chemehuevi-Ute-Südliches Paiute (also: Ute, Südliches Paiute, Ute-Südliches ), which belongs to the Southern Numic branch Paiute, Ute-Southern Paiute ) dialect continuum; this also includes the related regional dialects: Chemehuevi ( Ampagapü - "language") of the Chemehuevi and the southern Paiute of the southern Paiute . The language of the Kawaiisu (Nuwa or Nuooah) - the Nïwï-'abigi-dï, Nïwï-'abigi-pï (or Tehachapi) - also belongs to the Southern Numic branch.

As mentioned above, the Southern Numic languages ​​or dialects are closer to one another than the Northern Paiute (Numa or Paviotso), which belongs to the Western Numic branch (several regional dialects, including the Bannock) of the Northern Paiute and Bannock and the Eastern dialect of Mono (Nim) the Owens Valley Paiute (Eastern Mono) and the western dialect of Mono the Mono (Monache, Mono Lake Paiute or Western Mono) .

Occasionally, due to regional and partial cultural similarities, the Northern Paiute (Paviotso) , Bannock , the Mono (Monache, Mono Lake Paiute, Western Mono) and Owens Valley Paiute (Eastern Mono) (Western Numic branch), Timbisha Shoshone ( Koso) ( Panamint , also Northern Death Valley Shoshone ), Western Shoshone , the Gosiute (Goshute) (Central Numic branch), Kawaiisu (Nuwa or Nuooah) (also Southern Death Valley Shoshone ), Chemehuevi including western groups of the Ute (Southern Numic Branch) collectively referred to as Paiute . Eastern groups of the Ute (Southern Numic Branch) and the Northern and Eastern Shoshone and Comanche (Central Numic Branch), however, were often referred to as Shoshone .

Today, however, most Ute tribesmen speak American English .

history

Ute in 1878

Before the Europeans arrived in North America, the Ute lived as nomads. There is no evidence of the people's immigration from any other region, they likely inhabited the country for over 1,000 years. [Source?]

They lived in the vast landscapes of the Great Basin (ger .: Great Basin ) and almost lived exclusively on the big game hunting. This included hunting expeditions into the Great Plains of today's Colorado and New Mexico to hunt down American bison (buffalo, sometimes called Indian buffalo). They did not practice any agriculture. As one of the first prairie tribes , the Ute came into possession of horses, which they exchanged or stolen from the Spanish explorers from around 1630 onwards. The completely changed mobility by the horses also led to a change in the society of the Ute. Conflicts arose with neighboring tribes, especially the Arapaho ( Sadteetuhkuh ) and Cheyenne ( Seeyehnah ) living in the east and northeast and the Diné ( Pahgahweech ) living directly south of the Ute , as well as alliances with other peoples, for example the Comanche and the Jicarilla- Apache . Among the Bannock and Shoshone ( Surgurch ) in the north-west and north their relationship was changeable, the west and south living Gosiute ( Gweesyootach ) and Southern Paiute ( Payurch ), however, they fell in winter, when these groups were weakened to then as slaves to to sell to the Spanish slave markets. Most of them remained hostile to the Spaniards and the Pueblo Indians ( Dtewach ) they had conquered .

After the Comanche had invaded the southwestern prairies, the Ute allied with them and together pushed the Apaches to the southwest. They were later pushed back from the prairie into the mountains of Utah and Colorado by their former allies, the Comanche. Although rated as a rather aggressive people, they were largely friendly to the American government and supported it in the campaigns against the Comanche, Apaches and Kiowa . The expulsion of the Ute from their ancestral settlement areas began with the contract between the Ute and the government on December 30, 1849. In the course of the Indian policy, more and more land was bought from the Ute or exchanged for other areas in reservations via contracts, their living space became increasingly limited and then to the reservations allotted to them by the government.

Today, about 10,000 Ute still live in the United States, mostly on three Indian reservations in the states of Utah and Colorado. About 3,500 tribal members live in the "Uintah-Ouray" reservation in northeastern Utah, another 2,000 live in "Southern Ute" and about 1,500 Ute in the "Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation".

Groups of Ute

The Ute were divided into several larger and smaller tribes, which were once culturally and geographically divided into four groups: Northern Ute, Western Ute (also Paiute or Paiute-Ute ), Southern Ute (also Eastern Ute or Plains Ute ) and Mountain Ute ( also Südliche Ute ). After several groups were forcibly relocated, they are now mostly classified according to the four reservations as Ute Indian Tribe (Northern Ute and Uinta Utes), Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (Western Ute, also Paiute or Paiute-Ute ), Southern Ute (Southern Ute, Ostliche Ute or Plains Ute ) and Ute Mountain Ute (Mountain Ute) denotes:

Northern Ute (also Northern Ute Tribe , today's Ute Indian Tribe )

  • Yapudttka ( Yampadttka , Yamparka , Yamparika (Utes) , lived between the Yampa River Valley , Bear River and the White River (the Ute called it 'Smoking River') in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah, hunted north to the Little Snake River in the southwest of Wyoming, today together with the Pahdteeahnooch mostly referred to as White River Utes )
    • Akanaquint (Ute name of the Green River, hence 'people along the Green River', lived along the eponymous Green River (formerly: Seedskeedee-Agee - 'Prairie Chicken River') between the Yampa River and the White River in northeastern Utah, most likely a local group of the Yapudttka )
  • Pahdteeahnooch ( Pahdteechnooch , Parianuc , Parusanuch , Parianuche (Utes) - ' Wapiti -Volk', lived south of the Yapudttka between the White River and the Grand River (former name of the Colorado upper reaches (1836-1921) up to the confluence of the Green River) to the mouth of the Green River in the northwest of Colorado and northeast of Utah, therefore often called Grand River Utes in the past , today mostly called White River Utes together with the Yapudttka )
  • Taveewach ( Taviwac , Tabeguache (English pronunciation: 'tab-uh-wash'), Taviwach (Utes) , lived in the river valleys of the Gunnison River and Uncompahgre Rivers ('dirty water' or 'source of red water'), in the Uncompahgre Valley as well as in the Elk Mountains northwest to today's Grand Junction in western Colorado, today mostly referred to as Uncompahgre Utes )
  • Muhgruhtahveeach (include all Northern Ute who lived in the Uintah Basin (Uintah Basin), including the Great Salt Lake Basin and the Great Basin in Utah , now mostly Utah Utes , Unita or Uinta Utes )
    • Cumumba ('talks different' - 'Those who speak differently', since there were often marriages between this Ute group and the Western Shoshone , they also spoke a dialect with a strong Shoshone influence, lived along the Weber River (hence also as Weber Utes ) in the area of ​​today's Ogden-Logan along the Ogden River in northeastern Utah, migrated to the Great Salt Lake in the west, now mostly Cumumba Utes )
    • Toompahnahwach ( Tumpanuwac , Tumpanawach - 'fish eater', also Tumpipanogo or Timpana-nuuci , Timanogot , lived in the Wasatch Range in the vicinity of Mount Timpanogos , largest and most powerful Ute group in Utah, along the shores of Utah Lake (formerly : Lake Timpanogots ) in the Utah Valley and along the Provo River (formerlycalled Timpanogotzis or Tumpanowach ) as well as in the Heber Valley, Uinta Basin and San Pete Valley, also lived in the river canyons of the Spanish Fork, Diamond Fork, Hobble Creek and American Fork in the Northeast of Utah, roamed north to Fort Bridger on the Blacks Fork of the Green River in southwest Wyoming , also called Lagunas - 'lake people', Come Pescados - 'fish-eaters', today mostly Timpanogos Utes )
    • Sahpeech ( Sanpeech , Sawmpeets , Sanpits , San Pitch , San Pete - 'tule people', lived east of the Pahvant in the Sanpete Valley between the San Pitch Mountains in the west and the Wasatch Range (also Wasatch Mountains ) in the east, along the San Pitch River as well as in the upper Sevier River Valley west to Sevier Lake, Utah, today mostly San Pitch Utes )
    • Yoowetum ( Yoovwetuh , Uinta-at , and later Tavaputs , lived in the Uintah Basin (Uintah Basin), the Uinta Mountains , including the Utah Lake and the Great Salt Lake (Great Salt Lake) and along the Strawberry River to the west, and the south Uintah Basin desert-like Tavaputs Plateau ( tavaputs - 'Land of the Sun') in the area of ​​the Green and Colorado River System in northeastern Utah, today mostly Uinta-Ats Utes )
    • Sahyehpeech ( Shebernetch , Seuvarits , also called Elk Mountain Utes , lived in the region of today's Moab in southeastern Utah, were more oriented towards desert culture than other groups, had almost no direct contact with Europeans until Mormons invaded their area from 1850, approx. In 1870, the Sahyehpeech, decimated by war and disease, joined other groups, today mostly Shebeach Utes )

Western Ute (also Paiute or Paiute-Ute , today's Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) )

  • Moanunts ( Moanumts , Moavinunts lived southeast of the Pahvant in Upper Sevier River Valley in central Utah, in Otter Creek area south of Salina and in the Fish Lake area, a group of Moanunts who preferred to Fish Lake hunted and fished was Fish Called Utes , often wintered near today's Koosharem, due to mixed marriages with southern Paiute they were called half-Ute or half-Paiute , after the establishment of the Koosharem reserve in 1928 they belong together with Kaiparowits , Panguitch , northern Kaivavwits of the southern Paiute as Koosharem Band of Paiutes for the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU )
  • Pahvant (lived west of the Wasatch Mountains and in the Pahvant Mountains almost to the border of Nevada along the Sevier River in the desert areas around Sevier Lake, Clear Lake and Fish Lake, therefore called themselves Pahvant - 'Close to the water', stood the Desert culture very close and, due to mixed marriages, culturally resembled their neighbors, the Kaivavwits (Kaibab) and Kwiumpats (Beaver) of the Southern Paiute , Sahyehpeech and Gosiute , the Spaniards called them barbones - 'bearded ute ', after the establishment of the Kanosh reserve in 1929 belong today the Pahvant-Ute and Kwiumpats (Beaver) as Kanosh Band of Paiutes to the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) , some Pahvant today form the Ute Indian Tribe with other Ute groups)

Southern Ute (also Eastern Ute or Plains Ute , today's Southern Ute Indian Tribe )

  • Kahpota ( Kapota , Capote - 'coat or ceiling ute ', derived from Spanish capote - 'coat', originally lived east of the continental divide south of the Conejos River and east of the Rio Grande to the west side of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, center In the 19th century they also lived in the San Luis Valley , Colorado, along the upper reaches of the Rio Grande and the Animas River, especially in the vicinity of the present-day cities of Chama and Tierra Amarilla of Rio Arriba County , New Mexico, just as the Mahgrahch maintained the Kahpota trade relations with the northern Pueblo peoples, had taken over the horse and were allied with the Ollero group of the Jicarilla Apache , with whom they fought the hostile Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Arapaho and Southern Cheyenne of the Southern Plains, today mostly Capote Utes )
  • Mahgrahch ( Mahgruhch , Moache , Mouache , Muwac , lived along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains from Denver , Colorado to the south near Las Vegas , New Mexico, traded with the northern pueblo , especially with Taos pueblo , therefore often as Taos Ute , after they came into possession of horses, they migrated together with their allies, the Llañero group of the Jicarilla Apache south-east to the Texas Panhandle, where they often fought together the tribes of the Southern Plains - Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho, today mostly Moache Utes )

Mountain Ute (also Südliche Ute, today Ute Mountain Ute Tribe )

  • Weemeenooch ( Weenoochew , Weeminuche , Wiminuc - 'Old People', 'Long Time Ago People', Spanish Guiguinuches , lived west of the continental divide of the Dolores River in southwest Colorado, in the Abajo Mountains ('low mountains', also Blue Mountains ) in southeastern Utah and in the valley of the San Juan River and its northern tributaries in southern Colorado, the San Juan Mountains and in northwestern New Mexico, including the table mountains and plateaus of eastern Utah, now mostly Weminuche Utes )

Culture

As nomads, the Ute, like the neighboring Paiute and Shoshone, lived in shrub huts, the so-called wickiups , which could be easily dismantled and reassembled, the so-called wickiups , with the eastern groups (especially Kahpota and Mahgrahch ) using the Plains Indian tipi after the introduction of the horse took over. Their clothing consisted of fur and leather as well as a weave of vegetable fibers, which women in particular wore as a kind of apron. Their diet consisted mostly of meat. There were also fish and various vegetable foods that were collected from the wild. The seeds of the pinyon pines , sunflowers and cactus fruits were important. By appropriating the use of horses , the tribal structure of the Eastern Ute changed from small family clans to larger tribal groups. Their social structure was polygamous , men could live with several women. The ethnic beliefs were animistic and the medicine men held a high place in society. The Ute feel close to the bear and the “bear dance”, the Momaqui Mowat , was the most important social event and religious ritual of the Ute after the “sun dance ” in summer.

Todays situation

Ute Mountain, Colorado

The Ute now live in three Ute reserves as well as one of the southern Paiute, according to which the tribes are also divided:

Ute Indian Tribe (Northern Ute Tribe)

The groups of the Northern Ute and the Uinta Utes form the largest tribe as the Ute Indian Tribe and live in the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation in Utah. They emerged from various resettled groups of the Ute and Shoshone. The tribe is administered from Fort Duchesne.

Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU)

The Moanunts and Pahvant , known as Western Ute (also Paiute or Paiute-Ute ), were often mixed marriages with groups of Southern Paiute ( Kaivavwits (Kaibab) and Kwiumpats (Beaver)) living directly in the west and southwest, and were therefore entered into settled with these groups on two reserves. Today they form two Paiute bands of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) , but they identify themselves as Ute . The current tribe consists of the following five Paiute bands:

  • Koosharem Band of Paiutes ( Kaiparowits , Panguitch , Northern Kaivavwits of the Southern Paiute and Moanunts )
  • Kanosh Band of Paiutes ( Pahvant and Kwiumpats of the Southern Paiutes )
  • Cedar Band of Paiutes ( Ankappanukkicicimi and Kumoits )
  • Shivwits Band of Paiutes ( Gunlock Band , Shivwits , Uainuints and Uinkarets )
  • Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes ( Ankappanukkicicimi , Kwiumpats , Panaca and Indian Peaks Band )

Southern Ute Indian Tribe

The reserve of the Southern Ute, which consists of descendants of the Kahpota (Capote Utes) and Mahgrahch (Moache Utes), is located in the southwestern part of Colorado, the administrative seat and capital is Ignacio. The Southern Ute are the financially most successful of the tribes, as tourism is also successfully marketed in their reserve in addition to gambling and oil and gas have been found in the tribal area. The region is regarded as a scenic and livable residential area. In June 2015, the Southern Ute sued the US Department of the Interior because their Bureau of Land Management had tightened the requirements for fracking .

Ute Mountain Ute

The Ute Mountain Ute descend from the Weemeenooch (Weminuche Utes) known as Mountain Ute , who originally inhabited the western end of the Southern Ute reserve. Your current reservation is not far from Towaoc in Colorado with smaller parts in Utah and New Mexico. The excavation sites of many Anasazi settlements are located in the tribal area and in the Mesa Verde National Park , some of them can be visited in the touristically important Ute Mountain Tribal Park . The White Mesa Community of Utah near Blanding also belongs to this tribe, but is largely autonomous.

See also

literature

  • Virginia McConnell Simmons: The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico . University Press of Colorado, 2001, ISBN 0-87081-647-0 (English).
  • Dean L. May: Utah: A People's History . University of Utah Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87480-284-9 , pp. Esp. Chapters 1 and 2 (English).
  • Frederick W. Hodge: Handbook of American Indians . 1906 (English).

Web links

Commons : Ute  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ute Indians ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.prospector-utah.com
  2. ↑ American Indian, Alaska Native Tables from the Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004-2005. (PDF; 860 kB) In: The National Data Book. US Census Bureau , accessed August 20, 2008 .
  3. ↑ a b Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11 Great Basin, p. 365
  4. ↑ Northern Paiute - Orientation - Linguistic Affiliation
  5. ↑ in German often incorrectly referred to as prairies, which, however, only formed the eastern half of the Great Plains
  6. ^ Virginia McConnell Simmons: Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico
  7. ↑ probably meant the hot springs near Ouray
  8. ↑ It is discussed whether they were originally a Shoshone group that later joined the Ute
  9. ↑ derived from tumpi - 'rock' and panogos - 'water mouth ' or 'canyon'
  10. ↑ Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU)
  11. ^ Virginia McConnell Simmons: Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico , University Press of Colorado, 2000
  12. ↑ a b The Northern Utes of Utah
  13. ↑ Ute Tribe
  14. ↑ Ute memories
  15. ^ Reginald Laubin , Gladys Laubin: Indian Dances of North America: Their Importance to Indian Life . University of Oklahoma Press, 1989, ISBN 0-8061-2172-6 , pp. 316 (English).
  16. ^ Northern Ute Indian Tribe and Utah Division of Indian Affairs: Ute Nation. Utah, accessed August 20, 2008 .
  17. ↑ Homepage of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU)
  18. ↑ "In addition to the permit, the rule generally requires metal tanks rather than waste pits to store waste materials and says companies have to disclose the chemicals they use in their fracking formulas." - [1] - Durango Herald dated June 20, 2015
  19. ^ Ute Mountain Tribal Park. (No longer available online.) In: Mesa Verde National Park Area Travel Information. Mesa Verde County, archived from the original on June 30, 2008 ; accessed on August 20, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.swcolo.org