Apacheria
Apachería (derived from Spanish) is the name for the residential and roaming areas of the various Apache tribes in what is now the southwestern United States and in the north of what is now Mexico .
location
The Apachería covered a huge area from the Colorado River in Arizona in the west to the High Plains, the Llano Estacado , in Texas along the central Colorado River and to the Gulf of Mexico southeast of San Antonio in the east. From north to south it reached from the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and the Little Colorado River in northeastern Arizona to the northern mountain ranges of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sonora and Chihuahua (here the high plateau of the Mapimi ), the Sierra Madre Oriental in Coahuila , Nuevo León and Tamaulipas and the Gulf of Mexico.
history
The tribal area, then known as Gran Apachería , once included the plains of Kansas , Oklahoma and the northern and central areas of Texas, but with the advance of the Comanche and the tribal Ute on the southern plains (from around 1700 to 1780) and the alliance the Wichita (from 1740), which gave the Comanche access to French weapons and ammunition, made it possible for the allied peoples (together with the enemies of the eastern Apache groups, the Pawnee , Caddo , Tonkawa , Hasinai , Jumano, etc.), some groups of the To force the Lipan and Mescalero Apaches to withdraw south from the Texas plains, to cross the Rio Grande and to create a new power base in the desert-like high plateaus and mountains of northern Mexico. After a great defeat, the Jicarilla crossed the Rio Grande to the west in 1724 and retreated even further into the mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, where the western group of the Jicarilla, the Ollero (Spanish: 'potters'), sought protection with the Pueblo and Spanish settlements. The eastern group of the Jicarilla, the Llañero (Spanish: 'people of the plain'), as well as several groups of the eastern Mescalero ( Natahéndé , Guhlkahéndé , Tsehitcihéndé ) and of course the Lipan ( Kó'l kukä , Ndáwe qóhä , Shá i`a Nde , Tsés tsem'bai ) were partially able to maintain their territories or lived in the outskirts of the plains. With the dissolution of the eastern Apachería (which was now called Comancheria ), the Apaches had no, or only at risk, access to the rich bison hunting grounds , now inhabited wild and arid mountain and desert areas, and therefore lost their role as the most important trading partners (for animal skins, meat and slaves ) from the Pueblo Indians and Spaniards of New Mexico to the Comanche. Since they could no longer purchase the food they needed ( corn , wheat , melons , pumpkins , blankets, horses, etc.) through trade, they were forced to procure the goods they needed through constant raids and wars against Spaniards and their Indian allies. The Mescalero, Lipan and Chiricahua in particular developed into extremely feared warriors and robbers. In northern Mexico, some tribes were soon unable to oppose the Apachería advancing south and had to give up their former tribal areas (e.g. the Sobaipuri , Toboso , Coahuiltec, etc.), and took refuge in missions (several smaller Texan and Mexican north-eastern coastal and Desert tribes) and permanent settlements near presidios ( Opata , Upper Pima , Lower Pima , Sobaipuri) or join the Apaches ( Suma , Jocome , Jumano , Toboso). Around 1830 the Apachería had reached its greatest extent to the south and west and the Lipan and Mescalero even occupied some areas again along the Colorado River in Texas.
Residents
The Apachería was inhabited by six politically autonomous Apache tribes; These included the Western Apaches , the Chiricahua , the Mescalero , the Lipan and the Jicarilla . The Kiowa Apaches living on the High Plains of Texas are generally not counted among the Apaches, because although they were linguistically Apaches, culturally they are to be counted among the Kiowa . Although the Apaches overall saw themselves as a group of related and neighboring tribes, they also often fought one another. For the Apaches, the Navajo or Diné (called Yúdahá = Live Far Up - 'those who live [far up] in the north' from the Apaches ) were somehow related through the language, but they were not considered Apaches. Although the Apachería comprised a huge area of the southwest of today's USA and the north of today's Mexico, this area was never inhabited by more than 15,000 Apaches at the beginning of the 19th century (today's estimates are only 6,000 to around 10,000).
