O'Odham

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O'Odham or Pima Alto (Upper Pima) may refer to linguistically and culturally related Native American tribes of the Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona , USA , and northern Sonora , Mexico . The O'Odham include the Tohono O'Odham (formerly also Papago ), the Hia C-eḍ O'Odham (formerly also Sand Papago ), the Akimel O'Odham (formerly mostly Pima ), the Ak-Chin O'Odham as well as the sobaipuri (also sobas , now part of the other groups). Today the various O'Odham groups live in the Tohono-O'Odham-Nation , the San Xavier Indian Reservation , the Gila River Indian Reservation , the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community , the Ak-Chin Community and outside the reservations in the surrounding cities and towns of Arizona.

Their closest cultural and linguistic relatives are the Pima Bajo (Lower Pima) and Tepehuan , who also live south of the Pimic language .

The Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (SRPMIC) is inhabited by the Onk Akimel O'Odham (also On'k Akimel Au-Authm - 'people who live along the Salt River', a subgroup of the Akimel O'Odham), the Tohono O'Odham, the Maricopa of Lehi ('Xalychidom Piipaash', descendants of the Halchidhoma ) as well as some Keli Akimel O'Odham (also Keli Akimel Au-Authm - 'people who live along the Gila River', a subgroup of the Akimel O ' Odham). The Gila River Indian Reservation is co- inhabited by Maricopa ('Pee-Posh') and Keli Akimel O'Odham . The Hia C-eḍ O'Odham, who are not recognized as a tribe, usually live together with the Tohono O'Odham in their reservations, the Tohono O'Odham Nation, the San Xavier Indian Reservation and in small groups in the other reservations.

The various O'Odham groups were already in pre-Hispanic times in a loose defensive alliance against the enemy, to the river Yuma counting Mohave , Quechan and Cocopa and against the Western Apache , Chiricahua and their allies, the Yavapai , a group of Highland Yuma organized.

When the Spaniards, with their better organization, greater resources and better weapons, offered the O'Odham protection against their enemies, they allied themselves with the whites in a large Indian-Spanish alliance, together with the Opata , Pima Bajo (Lower Pima) , Tepehuan , Pueblo , Ute and even the warlike Comanches against the Apaches and their allies.

The hostile Apaches named the Tohono O'Odham, Akimel O'Odham, Ak-Chin O'Odham and Sobaipuri Sáíkiné ('Sand House People', as they lived in adobe stilt houses) or Ketl'ah izláhé ('Rope Under Their Feet People' because they wore sandals in contrast to the Apaches ).

language

Their language, the O'Odham ha-ñeʼokĭ , O'Ottham ha-neoki or O'Odham ñiok is one of the Pimic languages ​​(or Tepiman ) and belongs to the southern branch of the Uto-Aztec language family . Several dialects occur within this language

  • Tohono O'Odham
    • Cukuḍ Kuk dialect
    • Gigimai dialect
    • Huhuʼula dialect
    • Huhuwoṣ dialect
    • Totoguani dialect
  • Hia C-eḍ O'Odham
    • multiple dialects (?)
  • Akimel O'Odham
    • Eastern Gila dialect
    • Kohadk dialect
    • Salt River dialect
    • Western Gila dialect

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Saxton, Dean, Saxton, Lucille and Enos, Susie: Dictionary: Tohono O'odham / Pima to English, English to Tohono O'Odham / Pima . 145 pages, University of Arizona Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0816519422

See also