Aztec sage

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Aztec sage
Aztec sage (Salvia divinorum)

Aztec sage ( Salvia divinorum )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Genre : Sage ( salvia )
Type : Aztec sage
Scientific name
Salvia divinorum
Epling & Játiva

The Salvia divinorum ( Salvia divinorum ), even gods sage or divination sage called, is a plant of the large genus sage ( Salvia ) within the family of the mint (Lamiaceae). It is a psychoactive species of sage.

Common names

Other common names are magic sage , hojas de la pastora (Spanish, "leaves of the shepherdess"), hierba de la virgen (Spanish, "herb of the virgin"), ska Maria Pastora ( Mazatec , "leaves of the shepherdess Maria"). More common English terms in scene jargon are Sally D (alluding to Alice D. ) and Magic Mint ("magic mint").

description

inflorescence
Salvia divinorum as a potted plant

Salvia divinorum is a perennial herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 0.5 to 1.5 meters in the vegetative stage and 1 to 2 (rarely 3) meters in the generative stage. The green, square stems usually grow upright and branch out. Older plants can slightly lignify below. The opposite, stalked leaves are elliptical to ovate, 10 to 25 (to 30) centimeters long and 5 to 10 centimeters wide. The leaf margin is serrated irregularly, but smooth at the leaf base.

The upright, racemose inflorescences are 30 to 40 centimeters long, with 2 to 4 centimeters long internodes ; they have sessile, mostly purple bracts . The hairy, purple flower stalks are 4 to 9 millimeters long. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fünfzählig double perianth (perianth). The five purple sepals are fused into a 10 to 12 millimeter long calyx. The intensely hairy, blue crown is 28 to 32 millimeters long. In the herbarium it is brown. The corolla tube is 19 to 22 millimeters long, 2 millimeters high and 1.5 millimeters wide. The white stylus is 27 to 32 millimeters long. The dark brown nuts are 1.8 to 2 millimeters long and about 1 millimeter wide.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

Dissemination and use

The Aztec sage is originally native to the Sierra Mazateca in the Mexican state of Oaxaca . There it has been used by the local Mazatecs in shamanic ceremonies for a long time . It is used in two ways by the curanderos , the Mazatec healers. In low, non-hallucinogenic doses, it is used to treat various physical complaints. In significantly higher doses, it serves to induce a state of intoxication with vivid visions . The leaves are also used as incense for this purpose .

In the western world, there has been a significant increase in interest in Salvia divinorum since the 1980s . In the ethnobotanical retailers fresh and dried leaves as well as concentrated extracts of the plant are available. Well-known researchers of the Aztec sage are R. Gordon Wasson and Albert Hofmann . In his book LSD - my problem child , Hofmann also writes about his search for Salvia divinorum . The psychoactive ingredient of the plant is salvinorin A , a diterpene that can trigger a strong hallucinogenic effect even in small quantities . Salvinorin A is considered to be the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen.

Breeds

For many centuries Salvia divinorum has been cultivated in hidden places by the Mazatecs using cuttings ( vegetative propagation ). For a long time it was assumed that Salvia divinorum was a purely cultivated plant that did not reproduce via seeds. However, recent research calls this into question and shows that sexually generated offspring are possible. It remains to be seen, however, that the plant is most often propagated via cuttings and that genetically different clones are impossible.

For a long time there were only two different mother plants in Europe , the Wasson-Hofmann and the Blosser clone, but this has changed due to the higher degree of popularity of the plant. The plants in Europe hardly differ from one another, as they are seldom grown via seeds, as cuttings of fewer mother plants are genetically largely identical.

There are, among others, the following varieties: 'Sheer', 'Cerro Quemado', 'Green Witch Queen', 'Julieta', 'La Fuerza', 'Luna' (this form is particularly rounded leaves, hence the name Luna ( lat. Moon )), 'Owens', 'Paradox', 'Wasson / Hofmann'.

All clones, with the exception of the Wasson-Hofmann clone, are rare and rarely offered. Since the plant rarely produces seeds, it is difficult to increase genetic diversity . It can therefore be assumed that these alleged variants are largely identical.

Ingredients and effects

Aztec sage contains terpenoid salvinorins , six of which are known derivatives (A – F). Salvinorin A is a potent dissociative hallucinogen with an effective dose from 0.2 mg. The pharmacology of salvinorin A differs significantly from LSD-type hallucinogens: it acts as a κ-opioid receptor - agonist .

In Germany, the Drugs Commission of German Pharmacists issued an urgent warning in 1999 against the procurement and distribution of Salvia divinorum .

Legal situation

In Germany, the expert committee recommended the obligation for pharmacies Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) in 2006, Salvia divinorum of pharmacies obligation to subject, with no distinction was made between extracts and leaves. With the 21st BtMÄndV, Salvia divinorum (plants and plant parts) was included in Annex 1 of the Narcotics Act (BtMG) effective March 1, 2008 , making it a legally non-marketable narcotic.

Possession and sale are punishable in Israel (2003), Australia (2004), Italy (2005), Switzerland (2010), Denmark and most of the US states .

In France and Spain only trading is prohibited. In Norway , Finland , Estonia, and Iceland , Salvia divinorum requires a prescription.

To Salvia divinorum is available in Liechtenstein and in Austria no legal regulation.

See also

literature

  • Jochen Gartz: Salvia divinorum - The fortune telling sage. Nachtschatten Verlag, publisher 2001, 80 pages, ISBN 3-907080-28-9 .
  • Bastian Borschke: Salvia Divinorum and other psychoactive species of sage. Grüne Kraft, 2002, 32 pages, ISBN 3-930442-55-8 .
  • Salvia divinorum. In: Entheogenic Leaves. 16, 09/2003 ( PDF; 1.5 MB ), ISSN  1610-0107 .

Web links

Commons : Aztec Sage ( Salvia divinorum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Amended Description of Salvia divinorus. Retrieved June 21, 2013 .
  2. Salvia divinorum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. a b How the fortune telling sage works. In: Der Standard , March 22, 2012.
  4. Sage (white sage, fortune telling sage, etc.). Retrieved March 17, 2016 .
  5. CM Bertea, P. Luciano, S. Bossi, F. Leoni, C. Baiocchi, C. Medana, CM Azzolin, G. Temporale, MA Lombardozzi, ME Maffei: PCR and PCR-RFLP of the 5S-rRNA-NTS region and salvinorin A analyzes for the rapid and unequivocal determination of Salvia divinorum. In: Phytochemistry. Volume 67, Number 4, February 2006, ISSN  0031-9422 , pp. 371-378, doi: 10.1016 / j.phytochem.2005.12.006 , PMID 16426651 .
  6. Thomas E. Prisinzano: Psychopharmacology of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum . Ed .: Elsevier (=  Life Science . Volume 78 ). 2005, p. 527-531 , PMID 16213533 ( sagewisdom.org [PDF; 115 kB ; accessed on June 21, 2013]).
  7. ^ DJ Siebert: Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings. (PDF; 39 kB) In: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 43, Number 1, June 1994, ISSN  0378-8741 , pp. 53-56, PMID 7526076 .
  8. ^ Govi-Verlag (ed.): Pharmazeutische Zeitung . 10, Volume 144, March 11, 1999.
  9. ^ Minutes of the meeting of May 2006. Retrieved on September 17, 2013 .
  10. Law on the traffic in narcotic drugs. (PDF; 180 kB) Federal Ministry of Justice , June 10, 2013, p. 30 , accessed on June 21, 2013 .
  11. ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale Series Generale N. 54 of March 7, 2005. MINISTERO DELLA SALUTE, accessed June 21, 2013 (Italian).
  12. ^ Ordinance of the EDI on the registers of narcotics, psychotropic substances, precursors and auxiliary chemicals (Narcotics Directory Ordinance, BetmVV-EDI, SR 812.121.11) .
  13. Legal Status of Salvia divinorum on Erowid, accessed June 21, 2014.