Dissociative

A dissociative ( plural dissociative) is a psychoactive substance that has a hallucinogenic and dissociative effect. Unlike psychedelics , the effect is based, among other things, on antagonistic activity at NMDA receptors .

Dissociative substances

Known dissociative drugs include a. DXM , ketamine , MXE , nitrous oxide , PCP and 3-methoxyphencyclidine . The salvinorin A contained in Salvia divinorum is an atypical psychedelic with dissociative properties, but is not counted among the dissociatives.

Pharmacological Mechanisms

The exact mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Most dissociatives have antagonistic activity at NMDA receptors and there typically non-competitive by blocking ion channels . An exception is the Salvinorin A is that an agonist at the K - opioid receptor is short acting.

toxicology

Some (channel-blocking) NMDA antagonists cause brain damage in animal experiments. John W. Olney described the neurological damage as "tiny holes" in certain areas of the brain. They are in English Olney's Lesions (German: Olney's lesions ) or NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity (NAN) called. This brain damage is said to primarily manifest itself in learning and memory difficulties. The extent to which the test results can also be applied to humans has not yet been clarified. There are no valid scientific studies on dissociative users because of fundamental instrumental difficulties.

literature

F. Betzler, T. Majić: Dissociative. In: M. von Heyden, H. Jungaberle, T. Majić (eds.): Handbook of Psychoactive Substances. (= Springer Reference Psychology ). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2018, ISBN 978-3-642-55125-3 , pp. 683-699, doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-642-55125-3_48 .
H. Morris, J. Wallach: From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. In: Drug testing and analysis. Volume 6, number 7-8, Jul-Aug 2014, pp. 614-632, doi: 10.1002 / dta.1620 . PMID 24678061 (Review).

Web links

"This is Your Brain on Dissociatives" . In: Erowid . (English) by William E. White
Response to "The Bad News Isn't In": Please Pass the Crow . In: Erowid . (English) also William E. White

Individual evidence

^ AJ Giannini, RH Loiselle, MC Giannini, WA Price: Phencyclidine and the dissociatives. In: Psychiatric medicine. Volume 3, Number 3, 1985, pp. 197-217, ISSN 0732-0868 . PMID 2893430 .
^ ^A ^b Richard K. Ries, Shannon C. Miller, David A. Fiellin: Principles of addiction medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7817-7477-2 , pp. 231ff.
^ Jan Dirk Blom: A Dictionary of Hallucinations. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4419-1223-7 , pp. 148f.
^ Henry R. Kranzler, Domenic A. Ciraulo, Leah R. Zindel: Clinical Manual of Addiction Psychopharmacology. 2nd edition. American Psychiatric Pub, 2014, ISBN 978-1-58562-528-4 , p. 268.
↑ ^a ^b K. A. MacLean, MW Johnson, CJ Reissig, TE Prisinzano, RR Griffiths: Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects. In: Psychopharmacology. Volume 226, Number 2, March 2013, pp. 381-392, doi: 10.1007 / s00213-012-2912-9 . PMID 23135605 , PMC 3581702 (free full text).

[1] AJ Giannini, RH Loiselle, MC Giannini, WA Price: Phencyclidine and the dissociatives. In: Psychiatric medicine. Volume 3, Number 3, 1985, pp. 197-217, ISSN 0732-0868 . PMID 2893430 .

[Ries-2] A ^b Richard K. Ries, Shannon C. Miller, David A. Fiellin: Principles of addiction medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7817-7477-2 , pp. 231ff.

[3] Jan Dirk Blom: A Dictionary of Hallucinations. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4419-1223-7 , pp. 148f.

[4] Henry R. Kranzler, Domenic A. Ciraulo, Leah R. Zindel: Clinical Manual of Addiction Psychopharmacology. 2nd edition. American Psychiatric Pub, 2014, ISBN 978-1-58562-528-4 , p. 268.

[PMID23135605-5] K. A. MacLean, MW Johnson, CJ Reissig, TE Prisinzano, RR Griffiths: Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects. In: Psychopharmacology. Volume 226, Number 2, March 2013, pp. 381-392, doi: 10.1007 / s00213-012-2912-9 . PMID 23135605 , PMC 3581702 (free full text).