Red root sage

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Red root sage
Red root sage in the Royal Botanic Gardens (Sydney)

Red root sage in the Royal Botanic Gardens (Sydney)

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Genre : Sage ( salvia )
Type : Red root sage
Scientific name
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Bunge

The red root sage ( Salvia miltiorrhiza ) is a species of the genus sage ( Salvia ) in the mint family (Lamiaceae). The dried roots of "Salvia miltiorrhiza var. Miltiorrhiza" , also known as "Danshen" ( Chinese  丹參  /  丹参 , Pinyin dānshēn ), are used in particular in traditional Chinese medicine .

description

The red root sage grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights between 40 and 80 cm. The thick, succulent taproot is scarlet on the outside. The upright, highly branched stems are hairy. The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The intensely hairy petiole is 1.3 to 7.5 cm long. The leaf blade is simple to divided. If the leaves are divided, the usually three to five, rarely up to seven leaflets each consist of a 2 to 14 mm long stem and a 1.5 to 8 cm long, 1 to 4 cm wide blade. The leaf or leaflet blades are differently shaped and hairy with curved edges.

The terminal or lateral, about 4.5 to 17 cm long, racemose inflorescences are usually intensely hairy and contain six to many flowers and bracts. The flower stalk is 3 to 4 mm long. The hermaphrodite flower is zygomorphic . The five purple-colored, approximately 1.1 cm long sepals are bell-shaped fused and end in two approximately equally long calyx lips with ciliate edges; the lower lip ends in two calyx teeth. The five blue-violet or white petals are 2 to 2.7 cm long and hairy glandular. The crown upper lip is 1.2 to 1.5 cm long. The lower lip of the crown is shorter with a 5 × up to 10 mm large central lobe and about 3 mm wide side lobes. The stamens are 3.5 to 4 mm long. The flowering period extends from April to August.

The ellipsoidal clauses are about 3.2 × 1.5 mm in size. The fruits ripen from September to October.

distribution

Salvia miltiorrhiza thrives on slopes, river banks and forests at altitudes between 100 and 1300 meters in Japan and the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Hebei , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi , Zhejiang .

Systematics

Salvia miltiorrhiza was first described by Alexander von Bunge in 1835 in Mémoires Presentes a l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées .

There are two varieties:

  • Salvia miltiorrhiza var. Charbonnelii (H.Léveillé) CYWu : It occurs in central and southern China.
  • Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge var. Miltiorrhiza : It occurs from China to Vietnam.

ingredients

Flavonoids , diterpenes , triterpenes , salvianolic acids , phenylpropanes , quinones , lignans , steroids and tannins could be detected in the roots of the red root sage . Of all the biologically active ingredients, the diterpenoids and salvianolic acids are considered the best studied. The characteristic diterpenoids of red root sage include tanshinones and isotanshinones, such as, for example, tanshinon I, tanshinon IIA, tanshinon IIB and cyptotanshinone. In addition, the biologically active diterpenoids Miltiron and Salviol are contained in the roots. The salvianolic acids of red root sage, such as salvianolic acid A, lithospermic acid B and rosmarinic acid, are descendants of ( R ) -a, 3,4-trihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (Danshensu).

Use and clinical information

Application areas (indications)

The root of red root sage is used in Chinese medicine in particular to treat metabolic disorders , cardiovascular diseases and circulatory disorders , such as angina pectoris , hyperlipidemia and stroke . Traditionally, the root is also used for menstrual cramps , coughs , insomnia , sharp pain in the abdomen and chest and hepatosplenomegaly . According to the criteria of evidence-based medicine, the effectiveness of this drug is considered insufficiently proven. A healing effect of the ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza was confirmed in 2008 in studies at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg on several tumor cell lines .

Interactions with other drugs

When taken at the same time with anticoagulants such as warfarin , root preparations of red root sage can lead to a prolongation of the blood clotting time and thus increase the risk of bleeding .

pharmacology

Mode of action (pharmacodynamics)

Experimentally, the root of red root sage and its ingredients show, among other things, thrombocyte aggregation-inhibiting , antioxidant, antibacterial and tumor-inhibiting effects.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g Xi-wen Li & Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae. : Salvia miltiorrhiza , p. 212 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994. ISBN 0-915279-24-X
  2. Xi-wen Li & Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae. : Salvia miltiorrhiza var. Miltiorrhiza - FOC - Online
  3. a b c L. Zhou, Z. Zuo, MS Chow: Danshen: an overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use . In: J Clin Pharmacol . 45, No. 12, December 2005, pp. 1345-1359. doi : 10.1177 / 0091270005282630 . PMID 16291709 .
  4. by Bunge A .: Enumeratio plantarum, anno 1831 in China boreali collectarum . In: Mémoires Presentes a l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées , Volume 2. Impr. De l'Académie, St. Petersburg 1835, pp. 75–147.
  5. a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Salvia miltiorrhiza. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 14, 2018.
  6. a b Chung Ki Sung, Takeatsu Kimura, Paul PH But, Ji-Xian Guo: International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine: Northeast Asia , Volume 3. World Scientific, 1998, ISBN 9810236395 .
  7. ^ JD Adams, R. Wang, J. Yang, EJ Lien: Preclinical and clinical examinations of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its tanshinones in ischemic conditions . In: Chin Med . 1, 2006, p. 3. doi : 10.1186 / 1749-8546-1-3 . PMID 17302964 . PMC 1761145 (free full text).
  8. B. Wu, M. Liu, S. Zhang: Dan Shen agents for acute ischaemic stroke . In: Cochrane Database Syst Rev . No. 2, 2007, p. CD004295. doi : 10.1002 / 14651858.CD004295.pub3 . PMID 17443544 .
  9. Thomas Efferth, Stefan Kahl, Kerstin Paulus, Michael Adams, Rolf Rauh, Herbert Boechzelt, Xiaojiang Hao, Bernd Kaina, Rudolf Bauer: Phytochemistry and Pharmacogenomics of Natural product derived from traditional Chinese medica with activity against tumor cells. In: Molecular Cancer Therapeutics . Volume 7, 2010, ISSN  1535-7163 , pp. 152-161, DOI: 10.1158 / 1535-7163.MCT-07-0073 .
  10. A. Fugh-Berman, E. Ernst: Herb-drug interactions: review and assessment of report reliability . In: Br J Clin Pharmacol . 52, No. 5, November 2001, pp. 587-95. PMID 11736868 . PMC 2014604 (free full text).
  11. JY Han, JY Fan, Y. Horie, et al. : Ameliorating effects of compounds derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract on microcirculatory disturbance and target organ injury by ischemia and reperfusion . In: Pharmacol. Ther. . 117, No. 2, February 2008, pp. 280-95. doi : 10.1016 / j.pharmthera.2007.09.008 . PMID 18048101 .
  12. ^ X. Wang, SL Morris-Natschke, KH Lee: New developments in the chemistry and biology of the bioactive constituents of Tanshen . In: Med Res Rev . 27, No. 1, January 2007, pp. 133-48. doi : 10.1002 / med.20077 . PMID 16888751 .