Roses

Roses
	Dog rose ( Rosa canina )
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Rose-like (rosales)
Family :	Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily :	Rosoideae
Genre :	Roses
Scientific name
	pink
	L.

The roses ( Rosa ), the eponymous plant genus of the family of the rose family (Rosaceae). The genus comprises 100 to 250 species, depending on the author's opinion. Due to their typical features of spines , rose hips and unpinnate leaves, these form a very well-defined genus. They are shrubs with mostly showy five-fold flowers . Most species are only found in the Holarctic . The science of roses is called rhodology.

In terms of horticulture, a distinction is made between wild roses and cultivated roses . The rose has been known as the "queen of flowers" since ancient Greece . Roses have been grown as ornamental plants for more than 2000 years . The rose oil obtained from the petals is an important raw material in the perfume industry.

description

Illustration of Rosa bracteata

Appearance

The rose species are deciduous, rarely evergreen shrubs . Their independently upright or climbing shoot axes are up to 4 meters high. Sprout axes lying on the ground become longer, some are prostrate or creeping. Many species develop lignified bottom runners and then form colonies. The shoot axes can be covered with glands or hairs , both can also be missing. The presence of glands is linked to a more or less strong odor. The hair ( indument ) can affect all aboveground organs (with the exception of the rose hips and stamens ), the shape, number and distribution of the hair is characteristic of certain clans , with the hair being an ontogenetically constant feature (balding in old age is very rare).

Thorns of a rose, the front thorn stripped off for demonstration

Spines

Trunk, branches and twigs are covered with spines , which are popularly referred to as thorns . The spines serve on the one hand as protection against animal damage, on the other hand, in the case of splayers, to hold on to the supports. The spines of a plant can be of the same type (homoeacanth) or of different types (heteracanth). The shape of short shoots is often different than that of long shoots. The areas close to the ground are often particularly rich in spines. The basic types are called hooked, sickle, slightly curved, straight, needle prick and prickly bristle; there are intermediate forms.

Five-pinnate foliage

leaves

The alternate leaves standing in 2/5 position have more or less long stalks. The imparipinnate leaf blade usually consists of five to nine leaflets , there can be three to 19. Only in Rosa persica are the leaves simple and the stipules missing. The leaves can also have glands and hairs or be absent. Sometimes small spines or spiked bristles sit on the leaf spindle ( rachis ). The leaflets are shaped very differently, mostly they are elliptical to ovoid, obovate or rounded. The edge of the leaflet is - regular or irregular - single or multiple serrated, less often notched or almost entire. Stipules are mostly present and are often long fused with the petiole.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are terminal or lateral in racemose , paniculate , sometimes doldy shortened inflorescences . The inflorescence can also be reduced to a single flower. Bracts are formed; they are rarely obsolete or absent. An outer cup is not formed.

Floral diagram of Rosa tomentosa

The stalked to sessile flowers are usually handsome and often fragrant. The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and usually five-fold with a double flower envelope .

There are five sepals , only four in Rosa sericea . The sepals are usually lanceolate, leaf-like, undivided or the two outer ones are divided on both sides and the middle one on one side: pinnate, cut or split. The calyx can also be hairy or covered with glands. After flowering it is turned back, protruding or erect; when the fruit is ripe it has already fallen off, sloping (e.g. when the fruit is ripe) or crowns the fruit.

The diameter of the corolla is usually 3 to 7 centimeters, but can also be between 1 and 10 centimeters. The five (four in one species) petals are obsolete , their color is usually pink to red, or white, more rarely yellow, for example in non-central European species and cultivated roses. In many forms of culture, the flower is filled by transforming stamens into petals .

Longitudinal section through the flower cup ; in the upper area the stylus channel through which the stylus protrude outwards

The flower cup, which is shaped differently depending on the species, is more or less urn-shaped, glandular or glandless, sometimes spiky-bristled. The upper area of the flower cup is narrowed and designed as a discus : it is homologous to the nectar-forming glandular ring of other genera , but only produces nectar in a few types of roses. The stylus canal opens in the middle of the disc: through it, the stylus bundles emerge into the open, the stigmas here are hemispherical to ostrich-shaped. They can lie on top of the disc or protrude well beyond it.

The number of stamens in roses, as in many rose plants , is increased by secondary polyandry ; there are usually 50 to 200, rarely 20 to 265. They stand in front of the petals (epipetal) and start at the edge of the flower cup . The anthers are directed inwards, from yellow to orange or brown in color. The stamens usually have a different color and are usually white or straw yellow. The structure of the pollen is very similar to that of Rubus : the pollen grain has three furrows (tricolpat), its surface is rugulate-striat (has shorter to longer, more or less parallel ribs), but in contrast to Rubus it is an operculum . The rose pollen is larger than 25 micrometers in many species. Only part of the pollen is fertile ; deformed, shrunken pollen grains are particularly common in the Caninae section .

There are numerous, non-fused carpels . Their number is usually between 10 and 50, but can also be 4 to 140. They sit on the bottom or on the wall of the flower cup, or have a short stalk. Each carpel has one or two ovules . The stylus starts laterally or rarely at the end. The styles are free, in a few species they are fused together. The scar is heady, hairy or bald.

Branch and rose hips of the vine rose ( Rosa rubiginosa )

fruit

The fruit of the roses is the rose hip : it is a nut fruit . The individual fruits are solitary nuts with a yellow to brown color. They are surrounded by the more or less fleshy, enlarged flower cup, which is often hairy on the inside. When ripe, the rose hip is fleshy to leathery, soft to hard. It can stay on the plant for a long time or fall off early. When the fruit ripens, it is often red to orange, in rare cases brown to black.

The single fruit - the nut, often referred to as the "core" - is usually three to six, rarely between 2.5 and eight millimeters long, 2.5 to 3.5 (rarely two to six) millimeters wide, very hairy to almost bald . The number of nuts in Central European species is usually between 10 and 30 per rose hip, rarely between 1 and 45. In Rosa rugosa it is over 100, in Rosa clinophylla up to 150. The number also depends on the type of seed formation: the number decreases from true cross-fertilization , neighboring fertilization through self-fertilization to apomixis , in which the fewest seeds are formed. The nuts are released by the disintegration of the rose hips in winter to summer of the following year or by the destruction of the rose hips by animals.

Cell biology

The basic chromosome number of roses is x = 7. Assuming there is a Ploidiereihe with 2n = 14 (21), 28, 35, 42 and 56. In Central Europe are diploid species rare: from the 33 species 4 are diploid, 5 tetraploid , 8 pentaploid , 11 have more than one ploidy and the ploidy level of 3 species is not known. The only octoploid species in Europe is Rosa acicularis , which can also be di-, tetra- and hexaploid. The octoploid forms are restricted to the far north ( Yakutia ). Several levels of ploidy are particularly common in the Caninae section . Triploid are only hybrids.

Deviations from the customary chromosome numbers ( aneuploidy ) are rare in wild forms, but are regularly observed in cultivated plants. A special form of meiosis occurs in the caninae section , the canina meiosis .

ecology

Soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) in a rose blossom

Flower ecology

Despite their large flowers, which are striking in color and smell, the roses are only partially insect-like ( entomogamous ): nectar is only produced in individual cases . Flower visitors are mainly pollen-collecting insects. They include representatives from various groups of insects:

Beetles from the families soft beetles (Cantharidae), gloss beetles (Nitidulidae), sting beetles (Mordellidae), bacon beetles (Dermestidae), leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), jewel beetles (Buprestidae) and the subfamily Cetoni beetles (

Two- winged flies from the families real flies (Muscidae) and hover flies (Sysphidae)

Hymenoptera from the families real bees (Apidae) and sand bees (Andrenidae)

Earwigs (Dermaptera)

Bladder feet (Thripidae)

The most important pollinators are the flies and hoverflies.

Adaptations to self-pollination ( autogamy ) are the formation of a wide stylus canal and large, woolly stylus heads. Also apomixis occurs in the species.

Ripe rose hips of Rosa glutinosa

Spread

The rose hips are eaten by many animals. The nuclei pass the digestive tract undamaged ( endozoochory ). Birds in particular, but also mice and foxes, are important spreaders. Small mammals and birds also abduct entire rose hips, which can then lead to entire groups of shrubs. Rose hips overwintered on the bush can be spread in spring by flooding.

Diseases and pests

Bile (" sleeping apple ") caused by the common rose gall wasp

There are a variety of diseases in roses. Viral diseases are common, as are cancers caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens . Major fungal diseases are gray mold ( Botrytis cinerea ), podosphaera pannosa ( Podosphaera pannosa ) and Wrong Rosentaupilz ( Peronospora sparsa ). Fruit tree cancer ( Nectria galligena ) causes cancerous growths on injuries . Of the myriad of other fungi, the most important species for wild roses in Central Europe are Phragmidium mucronatum , Phragmidium tuberculatum and Sphaerotheca pannosa .

There are a large number of species-specific and species-specific insects. The different rose gall, such as the rose gall wasp ( Diplolepis rosarum ), but also other representatives of the genus Diplolepis, are striking . The rose leaf gall mosquito ( Wachtliella rosarum ) and the gall mite Aceria rhodites are also bile formers . Representatives of the true sawfly (Tenthredinidae) hollow out buds, peak shoots and twigs and also trigger galls. Sucking insects and mites can be found in abundance: large rose aphids ( Macrosiphum rosae ), white rose scallops ( Aulacaspis rosae ) and the rose cicada ( Edwardsiana rosae ). Several species of beetles from the genera Melolontha , Rhizotrogus , Phyllopertha and Hoplia eat the leaves . The click beetles Agriotes are root eaters, while wood burs are the genus Otiohrynchus .

Butterfly caterpillars, which can cause greater damage, are brush binders ( Orgyia antiqua ), white- banded rose moth ( Croesia bergmanniana ), golden-yellow rose moth ( Acleris roborana ), and the leaf miner genus Nepticula . Around 10 species of butterflies are found exclusively on roses, including the Rose tensioner ( Cidaria fulvata ) and the Rose pterophoridae ( cnaemidophorus rhododactyla ). White mistletoe ( Viscum album ) is extremely rare on roses.

Locations

The potato rose ( Rosa rugosa ) was brought to Europe from East Asia in the 19th century and has since spread here

Most wild roses need light and only thrive in more open locations. Only a few species also thrive in partial shade or shade. The temperature is of minor importance for many species. Some species ( Rosa gallica, Rosa jundzillii, Rosa stylosa ) thrive better in warmer areas, Rosa pendulina more in cool mountain areas. Most species prefer fresh soils , some also dry. Wet and very dry locations are avoided. Most species prefer weakly acidic to weakly basic, mostly calcareous soils, without being able to count as base or lime indicators. The wild roses usually avoid locations that are very nitrogenous .

At least the Central European species are characteristic representatives of hedges, forest fringes and beach ridges. They often occur in the succession stages during reforestation, for example as shrubbery in willows. Most of the rose-rich plant communities are anthropogenic. Planted hedges often contain neophytes such as the potato rose ( Rosa rugosa ) and North American species of the Carolinae section .

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

Taxonomy

The genus Rosa was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, page 491. The type species is Rosa cinnamomea L. The genus name Rosa is the Latin name for rose. Both names go back to the reconstructed Indo-European root * vrod or * vard ".

External system

The genus Rosa has traditionally been listed as the only genus of the tribe Roseae. D. Potter et al. they placed them in the new Supertribus Rosodae together with Rubus during their revision of the Rosaceae family .

distribution

The genus Rosa was originally restricted to the northern hemisphere , so it is a Holarctic floral element . It occurs here in all three temperate zones: in the boreal , in the nemoral and in the meridional zone. To the south, only a few species reach into the tropical mountains: Rosa montezumae in Mexico , Rosa abyssinica in Abyssinia and Arabia , Rosa leschenaultiana in southwest India , and Rosa transmorrisonensis and Rosa philippinensis on Luzon . In the north, some species reach as far as the Arctic tree line and even beyond the Arctic Circle : needle rose ( Rosa acicularis ), cinnamon rose ( Rosa majalis ) and soft rose ( Rosa mollis ). In Europe the roses reach as far as Iceland and northern Scandinavia . About 95 species occur in China, 65 of them only there.

There is only one species, Rosa acicularis , which is naturally found in both Europe and North America. North American and Asian species occur as neophytes in Europe , European ones in North America. The centers of development are the mountains of Central and Southwest Asia , where the parent species of most cultivated roses also have their origin. Areas rich in rose species in Central Europe are lime-rich mountains in warmer areas such as the Swiss Jura or the Thuringian limestone hills, but also the climatically favorable Alpine valleys such as Valtellina and Lower Engadine .

Internal system

Subgenus Hulthemia : Persian rose ( Rosa persica )

Subgenus Rosa section Banksianae : Banks rose ( Rosa banksiae )

Subgenus Rosa section Bracteatae : Five-fold flowers of Rosa bracteata

Subgenus Rosa section Caninae : Red-leaved rose ( Rosa glauca )

Subgenus Rosa section Cinnamomeae : Rosa macrophylla

Subgenus Rosa Section Cinnamomeae : Willmott's Rose ( Rosa willmottiae )

Subgenus Rosa section Carolinae : glossy rose ( Rosa nitida )

Subgenus Rosa section Pimpinellifoliae : Bibernell rose ( Rosa spinosissima )

Subgenus Rosa section Synstylae : Evergreen rose ( Rosa sempervirens )

Subgenus Rosa Section Rosa : Vinegar Rose ( Rosa gallica )

Subgenus Hesperhodos : Rosa minutifolia

Subgenus Platyrhodon : rose hips of Rosa roxburghii

The genus Rosa contains around 100 to 200 or even 250 species.

The genus is divided into four sub-genera, one of which is further divided into sections. The European species are listed according to Henker 2003 (a selection, additions are individually marked).

Subgenus Hulthemia . It is sometimes separated as an independent genus Hulthemia , but according to molecular genetic studies it is clearly part of the genus Rosa . It only contains one kind
- Persian rose ( Rosa persica Michx. Ex JFGmel. ): It is widespread in Central Asia , Iran , Afghanistan and West Siberia .

Subgenus Rosa (Syn .: Eurosa Focke ):
- Section Banksianae Lindl. : It contains two types:
  - Banks Rose ( Rosa banksiae W.T. Aiton ): Two varieties thrive at altitudes between 500 and 2200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Guizhou , Henan , Hubei , Jiangsu , Sichuan and Yunnan .
  - Rosa cymosa Tratt. , However, taxonomic status is controversial: It occurs in China, Taiwan , Laos and Vietnam .
- Bracteatae Thory Section : It contains two types
  - Macartney rose ( Rosa bracteata J.C. Wendl. ): It occurs in two varieties in southern Japan, Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
  - Pink clinophylla Thory , taxonomic status unclear
- Section Caninae : There are around 60 species (see dog roses ).
- Section Carolinae : It contains six species in North America, recently transferred to the section Cinnamomeae .
  - Ash rose, meadow rose, prairie rose, dune rose or Carolina rose ( Rosa carolina L. ): It is common in eastern and central North America.
  - Shine rose ( Rosa nitida Willd. ): It is common in eastern Canada and New England .
  - Marshall rose ( Rosa palustris Marshall ): It is common in eastern North America.

Subgenus Hesperhodos : It contains only the following two species from North America:
- Sacramento rose or star-shaped rose ( Rosa stellata Wooton ): It occurs in the United States.
- Rosa minutifolia Engelm.

Subgenus Platyrhodon (Hurst) Rehder : It contains only one species:
- Hedgehog rose ( Rosa roxburghii Tratt. ): It is native to large parts of China and Japan.

The species are very similar in both their morphological and molecular genetic characteristics. Many species may not have originated until the Holocene . The frequent occurrence of hybrids is also a sign that speciation has not yet been completed. Cladistic studies on a molecular genetic basis do not provide a good resolution of the relationships. Of the more species-rich sections, only the Caninae should be monophyletic . The Carolinae and Cinnamomeae sections , as well as the Synstylae and Indicae sections, are not cladistically separated and have recently been run as one section.

Most of the clans are now recognized by all researchers. However, the classification in a rank is handled differently. The same clan is often classified by different authors as a subspecies, species, collective species or collective species in the broadest sense.

A problem with many rose species is to determine the valid scientific name. On the one hand, a huge number of species were described in the 19th century; on the other hand, the original diagnoses are often very short and inadequate. "The situation in the wild rose nomenclature is therefore very confused, and uncompromising enforcement of the priority rules would in some cases have so far-reaching consequences that even stubborn advocates of these rules would have to shrink from rigorous application" ( Heinz Henker ). The " names in current use " are therefore used, which, however, are often not yet secured by the selection of neotypes or the declaration of nomina conservanda .

Flora story

Fossil leaf of Rosa lignitum

There are relatively few fossil finds that can be clearly assigned to the genus Rosa . This is especially true of the earliest finds from the Paleocene - Eocene . In Europe finds from the middle Oligocene to Pliocene are known. Nuts are known from the lower Oligocene. Important European fossil species are Rosa lignitum , Rosa bohemica and Rosa bergaensis .

As light plants, the roses in densely forested Central Europe were limited to rocky slopes, gravel fields, cliffs, coastal dunes and beach ridges; later they also grew in settlement areas and on forest pastures. Man indirectly promoted the roses through the extensive clearing. In the last decades this positive development has been reversed by intensification of agriculture, soil sealing and the abandonment of extensive uses. Many rose species are now endangered or threatened with extinction.

Feral and anointed cultivated roses threaten to permanently change the rose flora of Europe. The only example of permanent naturalization to date is the potato rose ( Rosa rugosa ). Several Central European wild roses were naturalized in other areas; The most widespread of these is Rosa rubiginosa , which is now found in Australia, New Zealand, North and South America and South Africa.

Research history

Theophrastus already made a distinction between rhódon , roses with double flowers, and kynosbatos , wild roses. There are a large number of reports on roses from ancient Rome and Egypt, mostly on the use and culture in gardens. The illustrations in the early modern herbal books can usually not be assigned to specific species. Common rose species known in Europe were the field rose (Rosa arvensis), the dog rose (Rosa canina), the centifolia (Rosa centifolia) and the vinegar rose (Rosa gallica).

Carl von Linné described twelve types of roses. His species diagnoses are so brief, however, that it is unclear whether they actually refer to the species now referred to by these names. Complicating is the fact that Linnaeus sometimes described the same species several times under different names, and on the other hand also transferred a name that was already used in a different way. In some cases, this still leads to nomenclature problems today .

From the end of the 18th and especially in the 19th century, a myriad of rose species were described, most of which were based on minor morphological differences. François Crépin (1869) recorded 283 European species, Déséglise (1876) 417 and Michel Gandoger over 4000.

This “analytical period” of rhodology was replaced from 1873 by the “synthetic” approach, as the classic work by Hermann Christ , Die Rosen der Schweiz, taking into account the surrounding areas of Central and Southern Europe. A monographic attempt appeared. Christ limited the number of species in it to 34 and organized them into sections and subsections.

R. Keller's mammoth work Synopsis Rosarum spontanearum Europaea Mediae from 1931 listed the 24 European rose species recognized by Keller on 795 pages with a myriad of varieties and shapes.

The next important processing of the genus was that of I. Klášterský in 1968 in the context of Flora Europaea and pursued a very narrow species concept. Modern national floras either follow the narrow concept of Flora Europaea , the wider concept of Christ and Keller or even more. For this reason, national research and mapping results can hardly be compared with one another.

Cultural history and medicine

Roses play an important role in many cultures. In Persia there have been rose gardens (gulistane) for thousands of years, in which especially roses with double and strongly scented flowers such as Rosa gallica and Rosa damascena were grown. The roses of Shiraz entered world literature through Hafez . Rose oil production probably also originated in Persia. In China , the beginning of the rose culture is shifted to the time of the legendary ruler Shennong (2737–2697 BC), but the corresponding records are much more recent. Herodotus described rose gardens in Babylonia and those of King Midas in Thrace in the 5th century . The first testimonies come from Egypt from the time of Ramses II. († 1224 BC). After Greece , the rose culture probably came through Asia Minor and Thrace. In the Iliad, Homer reports on rose-crowned weapons, the rose-fingered dawn, and describes how Aphrodite anoints Hector's corpse with rose oil. Many Greek poets after him glorified the rose, Sappho was the first to call the rose “Queen of Flowers”. In the Roman Empire , the rose cult reached another heyday. During the imperial era, roses were grown in glass houses and imported from Egypt.

Rosa centifolia foliacea , illustration from Pierre Joseph Redouté : Les Roses (1817–1824)

In Central Europe, the native wild roses were used by the Celts and Teutons , as rose hip finds in settlements show.

In the Middle Ages, the rose was initially only grown as a medicinal plant in monastery gardens. It was the apothecary rose Rosa gallica "officinalis" . The Capitulare de villis of Charlemagne names roses as a medicinal plant to be cultivated, Hildegard von Bingen also knows them as a medicinal plant. In the system of humoral pathology , the rose was considered cold and dry. The rose petals or rose petals were used - even their ashes. From the 11th century, double varieties, primarily the Rosa gallica, became widespread . The oriental garden roses came to Western and Northern Europe mainly through the Arabs , Ottomans and Crusaders . There are many pictures of roses in the herbal books , but they can often not be assigned to individual species.

It was not until the Renaissance and after the Reformation that the new cultivated roses were increasingly cultivated in Europe; they were the basis of European gardening culture. Large-scale cultivation in Bulgaria for rose oil production dates back to around 1700. In the baroque and rococo periods , the rose asserted itself in Europe as the queen of flowers and found its way into town and country gardens. Empress Joséphine is one of the most famous rose lovers , whose garden in Malmaison became world-famous thanks to the paintings by Pierre Joseph Redouté .

Mythology, Religion and Symbolism

Red roses have been a symbol of love, joy and youthful freshness since ancient times. The rose was dedicated to Aphrodite , Eros and Dionysus , and later to Isis and Flora . With the Teutons it was the flower of Freya . Ancient legends describe the origin of the roses as a remnant of the dawn on earth, when together with Aphrodite rose from the sea foam, or emerged from the blood of Adonis . The rose was also associated with the idea of pain (“No rose without thorns”) and, because of its decrepit petals, with transitoriness and death. The red color was traced back to the blood of Aphrodite, who injured herself on the spines, or to the blood of the nightingale, which colored the originally white rose red with her heart's blood.

The Romans celebrated this pink one in spring . These Rosalia were a kind of memorial to the dead, for some Slavic peoples they became the nature festival Rusalija and the female demons Russalki . With the Germanic peoples the roses were associated with death. They were planted on sacrificial sites and graves. In eastern Switzerland and the Allgäu, remote cemeteries are still referred to as rose gardens.

The rose, especially the white one, has been a sign of secrecy since ancient times. Since the Middle Ages, the carvings of many confessionals have also contained roses as a symbol of secrecy: the priest was told what was said sub rosa ("under the rose"), i.e. strictly confidential.

Rose 'Ave Maria' (1981, Kordes )

Rose symbolism developed early on in Christianity. Christian art knows rose tendrils in the burial niches of catacombs as symbols of an eternal life blossoming out of death. As early as the 5th century, Mary, the mother of Jesus , is compared with the thornless rose in a verse by the poet Sedulius . In the Middle Ages a rose mysticism arose around Jesus Christ and Mary. The well-known Christmas carol Es ist ein Ros sprung refers to the root of Jesse and refers to the origins of Mary and Jesus. Representations of Mary, symbolized in Christian iconography by rose plants, are widespread . The Madonna in the Rosenhag is a well-known type of the paradise garden ( Hortus conclusus ) and symbolizes the virginity of the Mother of God. Mary is invoked in prayers and songs under attributes such as rose without thorns or Rosa mystica (mysterious rose). The most common Catholic folk prayer and the accompanying prayer cord are called the rosary . In a vision by the medieval Christian mystic Mechthild von Hackeborn (1241–1299), a rose appears growing out of the breast of Jesus Christ. Christina von Retters (1269–1292) describes the same vision . The symbol of the red rose was adopted from medieval mysticism in alchemy , where it stands for the mighty red stone, also known as the philosopher's stone , which can turn base metals into gold and enlighten people. At the beginning of the 17th century, the magical and mystical symbolism of the rose found its way into the minds of the Rosicrucians .

Since the 11th century, the Pope has been giving the golden rose on the 4th Sunday of Lent, the Sunday Laetare , which is why it is also called "Rose Sunday". The golden rose is a symbol of Christ: the golden color stands for the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the thorns for his passion .

In Islam and in Persian-Arabic literature, the rose is a sacred symbol and stands for a manifestation of the divine that contains the splendor of creation. After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1187 , Saladin had the Dome of the Rock cleaned of the shed blood of the Christian crusaders with rose water.

Name and coat of arms

The Lippe Rose , today part of the coat of arms of North Rhine-Westphalia

Countless place and field names refer to the rose (from Middle High German rōse as the flower of various types of roses), as well as family and first names. It also adorns many coats of arms. The two houses of York and Lancaster in England, which faced each other in the Wars of the Roses , are particularly well known - see Tudor Rose . The coat of arms of North Rhine-Westphalia carries the Lippe Rose , the city of Rosenheim has a rose in its coat of arms. Martin Luther led a coat of arms, the Luther Rose , which is contained in many local coat of arms and is used by Lutheran organizations.

The rose is also a common symbol of construction works and can be found on many buildings from the Middle Ages, such as the Alhambra in Granada . This symbolism was preserved among the Freemasons .

literature

The rose is the flower most often sung about or glorified in poetry and prose. Heidenröslein by Goethe was set to music over 50 times. Roses also play a role in a variety of sagas, legends, fairy tales, and songs. Sleeping Beauty and Snow White and Rose Red are very well known . The rose hip is valid A little man stands in the forest .

architecture

A circular, often quite large window is referred to as a rosette or rose window , which in the Gothic style is preferably arranged above the portal on the western front of churches. It takes on the rose shape; Placed in bright colors on the western front, the direction of the setting sun, it symbolizes the death line, which is illuminated by the rays of the setting sun.

use

The most important use of the roses is as an ornamental plant , both as a garden plant and as a cut flower. The rose oil (Rosae aetheroleum) is used in the perfume industry. The rose water resulting from the extraction of rose oil is used, among other things, in the production of marzipan and gingerbread . Rose jam or desserts with roses or rose water are particularly popular in the Orient .

In medicine, whole rose hips (Cynosbati fructus cum semine), rose hip shells (Rosae pseudofructus) and the rose hip kernels (Cynosbati semen) are used. Different species are used, mainly Rosa canina and Rosa pendulina . The dried rose hips contain between 0.2 and 2% ascorbic acid , plenty of pectins (around 15%), sugar, fruit acids , tannins and small amounts of essential oil. Rose hips are used against colds, intestinal diseases, gallbladder disorders, as a diuretic , for gout and rheumatism. The effectiveness is not or not sufficiently proven in all cases. The pectic and fruit acid content could be responsible for the diuretic effect. The rose hips are especially used as tea or in tea blends. Fresh rose hips are processed into jams. For example, in a cookbook from 1547, people spoke about cooking with healing effects: "Rose honey strengthens and cleanses the stomach / from bad moisture / cleans and heals hard / Feul and damage to the mouth / gums / throat and gargle".

The rose petals are processed into jam or dried into Gulkand .

The scent of roses is also used in aromatherapy for therapeutic purposes due to its relaxing effect.

In Asia, dried flowers, leaves and roots are also used in folk medicine. The wood is used in carpentry for turning and inlay work.

supporting documents

The article is based on the following documents, unless the content is substantiated by individual references:

literature

Heinz Henker: Pink. In: Hans. J. Conert et al. (Ed.): Gustav Hegi . Illustrated flora of Central Europe . Volume IV, Part 2C. Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (4). Rosaceae (rose family). 2nd edition, Parey, Berlin, 2003, pp. 1–109, ISBN 3-8263-3065-X .
Heinz Henker: Rosa L. , pp. 351-360. In: Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 18th, edited edition. Volume 2. Vascular Plants: Baseline, Spectrum, Heidelberg a. a. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 .
Gu Cuizhi, Kenneth R. Robertson: Rosa , pp. 339–355 - the same text online as the printed work , PDF 4.6 MB , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 9 - Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-14-8 . (Sections Description and Systematics)
Hella Brumme , Thomas Gladis: Preliminary work on the inventory of plant genetic resources in Germany - The wild roses (genus Rosa L.) in the Europa-Rosarium Sangerhausen, sorted according to their relationship. Full text PDF.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw Gu Cuizhi, Kenneth R. Robertson: Rosa , pp. 339–355 - the same text online as the printed work , PDF 4.6 MB , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 9 - Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-14-8 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Volker Wissemann, CM Ritz: The genus Rosa (Rosoideae, Rosaceae) revisited: molecular analysis of nrITS and atp B- rbc L intergenic spacer (IGS) versus conventional taxonomy. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 147, 2005, pp. 275-290. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2005.00368.x

↑ Rosa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved November 18, 2018.

↑ D. Potter, T. Eriksson, RC Evans, S. Oh, JEE Smedmark, DR Morgan, M. Kerr, KR Robertson, M. Arsenault, TA Dickinson, CS Campbell: Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 266, 2007, pp. 5-43. doi: 10.1007 / s00606-007-0539-9

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The big zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim), 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

^ ^A ^b ^c Rosa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 18, 2018.

↑ Volker Wissemann, CM Ritz: Evolutionary patterns and processes in the genus Rosa (Rosaceae) and their implications for host-parasite co-evolution . Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 266, 2007, pp. 79-89. doi: 10.1007 / s00606-007-0542-1

↑ Heinz Henker: Rosa. from p. 33, In: Heinrich Egon Weber (Hrsg.): Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Founded by Gustav Hegi . 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition. Volume IV. Part 2C: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (4) (Rosaceae, 3rd part) , Parey Buchverlag, Berlin, 2003, ISBN 3-8263-3065-X .

↑ See for example Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 164.

^ Willem Frans Daems : The rose is cold in the first degree, dry in the second . In: Contributions to an expansion of the healing arts based on knowledge from the humanities . tape 25 , no. 6 . Stuttgart 1972, p. 204-211 .

↑ Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 164.

↑ Oscar Wilde: The Nightingale and the Rose . In: The Happy Prince and other fairy tales . 1888.

↑ Grimm: German Dictionary VIII . S. 1179 .

^ Thesaurus proverbiorum medii aevi: Lexicon of proverbs of the Romano-Germanic Middle Ages .

^ Johann Jakob Herzog: Real Encyclopedia for Protestant Theology and Church . tape 14 .

↑ Manfred Lurkerg: Symbol, Myth and Legend in Art . tape 14 , 1958.

^ Dorothea Forstner, Renate Becher: New Lexicon of Christian Symbols . Innsbruck / Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-7022-1781-9 , p. 280-282 .

↑ Lauretan Litany. Retrieved January 20, 2018 .

↑ Assumption of the Virgin Mary - August 15th. Retrieved January 20, 2018 .

↑ Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae of His Holiness Pope John Paul II to the bishops, the clergy, the religious and the faithful on the rosary ( Memento of October 27, 2002 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Mechthild von Hackeborn : The book of spiritual graces: Notes from the contemplative life of the godly virgin Mechthildis von Helfeda. Ed .: Verlag von G. Joseph Manz. Regensburg 1857, p. 304 ( from Google Books [accessed April 18, 2011]).

↑ Bardo Weiss : The German mystics and their image of God. In: Ferdinand Schöningh (Ed.): The strict and just God. The love of God. The beauty of God and other attributes. Part 3. Paderborn 2004, p. 1937 .

↑ See also Willem Frans Daems: Vom Rätsel des Rosenwesens. In: Weleda News. Volume 155, (Arlesheim) 1983, pp. 12-17; also under the title The rose - the enigmatic being. Weleda AG, Arlesheim 1991.

↑ Manfred Becker-Huberti : Celebrations, festivals, seasons. Living customs all year round . Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-451-27702-6 , pp. 262 .

↑ Alexandra Lavizzari : Notes. In: Ayyuqi: Warqa and Gulschah. Translated from Persian and afterword by Alexandra Lavizzari. Unionsverlag, Zurich 2001, p. 158–160, here p. 158 .

^ Dorothea Forstner, Renate Becher: New Lexicon of Christian Symbols , Innsbruck-Vienna, 1991, ISBN 3-7022-1781-9 , 282

↑ Max Wichtl (Ed.): Tea drugs and phytopharmaceuticals . 4th edition, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 2002, pp. 519-522. ISBN 3-8047-1854-X

^ "Koch- vnnd Kellermeisterey .. (etc.)" - Roses to make honey , on page 131, printed in Franckfurdt am Mayn by Herman Gulfferichen, 1547 (Austrian National Library).

↑ M. Igarashi, C. Song et al .: Effect of Olfactory Stimulation by Fresh Rose Flowers on Autonomic Nervous Activity. In: Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, NY). [Electronic publication before going to press] June 2014, ISSN 1557-7708 . doi: 10.1089 / acm.2014.0029 . PMID 25055057 .

Web links

Commons : Rosen ( Rosa ) - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Wiktionary: Rose - explanations of meanings, origins of words, synonyms, translations

Wiktionary: Rosengewächs - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Wikiquote: Rose Quotes

Data sheet in Den virtuella floran with the distribution maps in the northern hemisphere of the species that occur in Sweden.

Roses

contents

description

Appearance

Spines

leaves

Inflorescences and flowers

fruit

Cell biology

ecology

Flower ecology

Spread

Diseases and pests

Locations

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

Taxonomy

External system

distribution

Internal system

Flora story

Research history

Cultural history and medicine

Mythology, Religion and Symbolism

Name and coat of arms

literature

architecture

use

supporting documents

literature

Individual evidence

Web links

further reading