Capitulare de villis

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Chapter LXX of the Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii

The Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii (Caroli Magni) , or Capitulare de villis (Charlemagne ) for short , is a country estate ordinance issued by Charlemagne as a detailed regulation on the administration of the crown estates . This chapter is a famous source for economic, especially agricultural and horticultural history. The title is often written with et instead of vel and with imperialibus instead of imperii .

The domain ordinance was drawn up on behalf of the emperor. The period of its creation is controversial; older data on the dating range from 770–800 to 810–813, two more recent dates are “approx. 795 "and 792-800. No author is known either.

The decree has come down to us in a single manuscript, which is kept in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel as Codex Guelferbytanus 254 Helmstediensis .

purpose

The Capitulare de villis describes the three-field economy , viticulture , fruit care , the breeding of domestic and herd cattle , horses , cattle , sheep , pigs , goats , bees , and fishing in detail as components of exemplary model farms. The ordinance also draws on existing knowledge of Roman agriculture.

The rules in the individual chapters (i.e. sections) of the overall rather short regulation are quite detailed. For example, it is prescribed how long the mares are led to the stallions, which inventories are to be kept for tools, for example, that wine is to be kept in barrels, not in wineskins, and that the grapes are not to be juiced with the feet because of cleanliness are (Chapter 48).

The decree on the crown property was intended to secure supplies for Charlemagne and his great court, who were constantly on the move. It was necessary to equip the royal palaces with appropriate supplies. There had been several food shortages beforehand, which should be avoided by a tight organization of the goods. The main focus was on the precise instructions of the administrators. The increase in income and security should be achieved above all through an improvement in the organization and the introduction of accurate and regular bookkeeping. The capitular also clearly stipulated the manner in which the administrator had to deal with the royal feudal people . The administrator had to adhere to very strict rules. Even if the feudal people were violated, he could not punish them, but had to bring them to justice. However, there are no regulations on cultivation methods. It cannot be assumed that all of the plants and facilities described were binding for all crown property. The geographic and climatic conditions in the empire were too different for that.

It is a widespread legend that the Capitulare granted winegrowers the right to pour their own wine (compare Strausswirtschaft in the areas of Pfalz , Rheinhessen and Rheingau , Besenwirtschaft in Baden and Württemberg or Heckenwirtschaft in Franconia ). However, there is no such provision there.

Plant lists

In addition to chapter 70, other chapters also deal with important plants and their use:

Finally, in the 70th chapter, 73 useful plants (including (medicinal) herbs ) and 16 different fruit trees are named, which should be planted in all imperial estates by the administrators if the climatic conditions permitted.

List of plants

No. Latin mention
in the Capitulare 		Scientific name family German name
1a lilium Iris germanica L. Iridaceae German iris
1b lilium Lilium candidum L. Liliaceae Madonna Lily
2 pink Rosa canina L. Rosaceae Dog rose
3 fenigrecum Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fabaceae Greek hay
4a costum Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipschitz Asteraceae Indian costume root
4b costum Tanacetum balsamita L. Asteraceae Woman mint
5 salviam Salvia officinalis L. Lamiaceae Garden sage
6th rutam Ruta graveolens L .. Rutaceae Rue
7th abrotanum Artemisia abrotanum L .. Asteraceae Boarwood
8th cucumeres Cucumis sativus L .. Cucurbitaceae cucumber
9 pepones Cucumis melo L .. Cucurbitaceae Sugar melon
10 cucurbitas Cucurbita lagenaria L. = Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. . Cucurbitaceae Bottle gourd
11a fasiolum Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. . Fabaceae Cow bean
11b fasiolum Dolichos lablab L. = D. purpureus (L.) Sweet Fabaceae Helm bean
12 ciminum Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae cumin
13 ros marinum Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae rosemary
14th careium Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Caraway seed
15th cicerum italicum Cicer arietinum L. Fabaceae chick-pea
16 squillam Urginea maritima (L.) Baker Hyacinthaceae Squill
17th gladiolum Gladiolus italicus Mill. Iridaceae Siegwurz
18a dragantea Polygonum bistorta L. Polygonaceae Snake knotweed
18b dragantea Artemisia dracunculus L. Asteraceae tarragon
19th anesum Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae anise
20a coloquentidas Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Colocinth
20b coloquentidas Bryonia alba L. Cucurbitaceae White bryan
21a solsequiam Heliotropium europaeum L. Boraginaceae European solstice
21b solsequiam Calendula officinalis L. Asteraceae Marigold
21c solsequiam Cichorium intybus Asteraceae Common chicory
22a ameum Ammi copticus L. = Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Apiaceae Nurse
22b ameum Meum athamanticum Jacq. Apiaceae Bärwurz
23 silum Laserpitium siler L. Apiaceae Mountain cumin
24a lactucas Lactuca sativa L. Asteraceae Garden salad
24b lactucas Lactuca virosa L. Asteraceae Poison lettuce
25th git Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Real black cumin
26th eruca alba Eruca sativa Mill. Brassicaceae Rocket
27 nasturtium Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae Watercress
28 parduna Arctium lappa L. Asteraceae Big burdock
29 puledium Mentha pulegium L. Lamiaceae Polei mint
30a olisatum Angelica archangelica L. Apiaceae Angelica
30b olisatum Smyrnium olusatrum L. Apiaceae Horse Eppich
31 petresilinum Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex AWHill Apiaceae parsley
32 apium Apium graveolens L. Apiaceae celery
33a levisticum Ligusticum mutellina (L.) Crantz Apiaceae Motherwort
33b levisticum Levisticum officinale WDJKoch Apiaceae Lovage
34 savinam Juniperus sabina L. Cupressaceae Sadebaum
35 anetum Anethum graveolens L. Apiaceae dill
36 fenicolum Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae fennel
37 intubas Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae Chicory
38 diptamnum Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae Diptam
39 sinape Sinapis alba L. Brassicaceae White mustard
40 satureiam Satureja hortensis L. Lamiaceae Savory
41 sisimbrium Mentha aquatica L. Lamiaceae Water mint
42 mentam Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae Spearmint
43 mentastrum Mentha longifolia L. Lamiaceae Ross mint
44 tanazitam Tanacetum vulgare L. Asteraceae Tansy
45 neptam Nepeta cataria L. Lamiaceae Catnip
46a febrefugiam Centaurium erythraea Rafn Gentianaceae Genuine centaury
46b febrefugiam Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. Asteraceae Feverfew
47 papaver Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae Opium poppy
48 betas Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris convar. cicla (L.) Aleph Chenopodiaceae Cut chard
49 vulgigina Asarum europaeum L. Aristolochiaceae Hazel root
mismalvas Collective term
50 altaea Althaea officinalis L. Malvaceae Real marshmallow
51 malvas Malva sylvstris L. Malvaceae Wild mallow
52 carvitas Daucus carota L. Apiaceae carrot
53 pastenacas Pastinaca sativa L. Apiaceae parsnip
54 adripias Atriplex hortensis L. Chenopodiaceae Garden report
55 blidas Amaranthus blitum L. Chenopodiaceae Ascending foxtail
56a ravacaulos Brassica rapa L. emend. Butcher. ssp. rapa Brassicaceae Stubble
56b ravacaulos Brassica oleracea var.gongylodes L. Brassicaceae Kohlrabi
57 caulos Brassica oleracea L. Brassicaceae Cabbage
58a uniones Allium fistulosum L. Alliaceae Winter onion
58b uniones Allium ursinum L. Alliaceae Wild garlic
59 britlas Allium schoenoprasum L. Alliaceae chives
60 porros Allium porrum L. Alliaceae Broad leek
61 radices Raphanus sativus L. var. Niger Brassicaceae radish
62 ascalonias Allium cepa L. var. Ascalonicum Alliaceae Shallot
63 cepas Allium cepa L. var cepa Alliaceae Kitchen onion
64 alia Allium sativum L. Alliaceae garlic
65 warentiam Rubia tinctorum L. Rubiaceae madder
66a cardones Dipsacus sativus (L.) Scholl. Dipsacaceae Weber card
66b cardones Cynara cardunculus L. Asteraceae Cardoons
67 fabas maiores Vicia faba L. Fabaceae broad bean
68 pisos Mauriscos Pisum sativum L. Fabaceae pea
69 coriandrum Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae Real coriander
70 cerfolium Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. Apiaceae Garden chervil
71 lacteridas Euphorbia lathyris L. Euphorbiaceae Cruciform milkweed
72 sclareiam Salvia sclarea L. Lamiaceae Clary sage
73 Jovis barbam Sempervivum tectorum L. Crassulaceae Roof houseleek

List of trees

After sixteen tree species (up to no. 89), four apple varieties are listed separately (no. 90).

No. Lat. Designation
in the capitular 		Botanical name family German name
74a pomarios Malus domestica Borkh. Rosaceae Apple tree
74b pomarios Citrus aurantium L. Rutaceae Bitter orange
75 pirarios Pyrus communis L. Rosaceae pear tree
76 prunarios Prunus domestica L. Rosaceae Plum tree
77 sorbarios Sorbus domestica Borkh. Rosaceae Service tree
78 mespilarios Mespilus germanica L. Rosaceae Medlar
79 castanearios Castanea sativa Mill. Fagaceae Sweet chestnut
80 persicarios Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Rosaceae peach
81 cotoniarios Cydonia oblonga Mill. Rosaceae quince
82 avellanarios Corylus avellana L. Betulaceae Common hazel
83 amandalarios Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DAWebb Rosaceae almond
84 morarios More L. Moraceae Mulberry tree
85 lauros Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae Real laurel
86 pinos Pinus pinea L. Pinaceae Pine tree
87 ficus Ficus carica L. Moraceae Cowardly
88 nucarios Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Real walnut tree
89a ceresarios Prunus avium L. Rosaceae sweet cherry
89b ceresarios Prunus cerasus L. Rosaceae sour cherry
90 malorum nomina Apple varieties
a gozmaringa Gosmaringer
b geroldinga Geroldinger
c crevedella Krevedellen
d sperauca Spear apples

Interpretation of Latin terms

The mostly Latin names in the Capitulare de villis do not correspond to today's botanical names. The interpretation is made in part by comparing descriptions of plants by other ancient authors such as Dioscorides . In 1929, Hermann Fischer named up to seven alternatives per list. Also worth mentioning is the work done by Rudolf von Fischer-Benzon in 1894.

In the original version, for example, you can find pomarios diversi generis (74a and 74b), which according to the latest knowledge means: Fruit trees of various kinds. This seems logical in Dericks-Tan and Vollbrecht 2009, since later in the list (90) malorum nomina = name of the Apple varieties with four apple varieties is listed.

Under costum which are mostly Costus ( Saussurea costus ) or as a replacement for used pennyroyal ( Tanacetum balsamita ) understood rarer also known in ancient times and the Middle Ages in the West already Costus ( Costus speciosus ).

implementation

There are two breviaries of the Asnapium and Treola estates that make an inventory of the plants grown. Both goods are said to have been in the south of France. Asnapium has 28 plants (20 types of flowers and vegetables, 8 fruit trees), Treola 37 plants (27 types of flowers and vegetables, 10 types of fruit).

Walafried Strabo , abbot of Reichenau Monastery from 838 , names in his didactic poem on horticulture ( Liber de cultura hortorum , which was printed in 1510 by Vadian under the title Hortulus in Vienna ) in the order of the plantings from the Capitulare de villis 23 garden plants of the Reichenau bedding and brings it into connection with the Christian doctrine of salvation.

The capitular should probably also apply in the empire where it could not be fully implemented. Some plants, especially the bay tree and the fig tree, only thrived in southern France at the time. In this respect, the Capitular should not lay down an existing standard, but was intended as a reform program that the addressees of the regulations had to implement as far as possible. Figs, almond trees and sweet chestnuts actually thrive in climatically favored areas of southern Germany such as the Upper Rhine Graben and on the slopes of its peripheral mountains. In other areas it was probably a question of broadening the offer.

Charles Gardens

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Charles Gardens were laid out in order to attempt to implement and demonstrate the garden concept of the Capitulare de villis in whole or in part.

Work edition

  • Carlrichard Brühl (Ed.): Capitulare de villis: Cod. Guelf. 254 Helmst. the Herzog-August-Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel. Stuttgart 1971 (= documents on German history in facsimiles, I, 1).

literature

  • Karl Gareis : Comments on Emperor Karl's d. Size Capitulare de Villis. Dieterich, Göttingen 1893.
  • Karl Gareis: The Landgüterordnung Emperor Charlemagne. Guttentag, Berlin 1895.
  • G. Baist: On the interpretation of the Brevium Exempla and the Capitulare de Villis. In: Quarterly for social and economic history. 12, 1914, ISSN  0340-8728 , pp. 22-70, (also special print: Kohlhammer, Leipzig: 1914).
  • Alfons Dopsch : The Capitulare de Villis, the Brevium Exempla and the construction plan of St. Gallen. In: Quarterly for social and economic history. 13, 1916, ISSN  0340-8728 , pp. 41-70.
  • Theodor Mayer : On the origin of the Capitulare de villis. In: Quarterly for social and economic history. 17, 1923/1924, ISSN  0340-8728 , pp. 112-127.
  • Wolfgang Metz : The problem of the Capitulare de villis. In: Journal of Agricultural History and Agricultural Sociology. 2, 1954, ISSN  0044-2194 , pp. 96-104.
  • Wolfgang Metz: Three sections on the genesis of the Capitulare de Villis. In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages. 22, 1966, ISSN  0012-1223 , pp. 263-276.
  • Barbara Fois Ennas: Il "Capitulare de Villis". Giuffrè, Milan 1981.
  • Doris Schulmeyer-Torres: Cottage gardens. Historical development and characterization of the current species population in rural gardens in Western Central Europe on the basis of ecological and historical-geographical features. A contribution to research into the remains of the farm garden (= eco-logos. 2). Logos, Saarbrücken 1994, ISBN 3-928598-53-8 , (also dissertation. Saarbrücken University, 1994).
  • Ulrich Weidinger: The supply of the royal court with goods. The "Capitulare de villis". In: The empire of Charlemagne. Darmstadt 2011, pp. 79-85.
  • Christiane Widmayr: Mallow, Swiss chard and lemon balm. Newly discovered cottage gardens. 7th revised edition. BLV, Munich et al. 1999, ISBN 3-405-15609-2 , pp. 12-14.
  • Karl Josef Strank, Jutta Meurers-Balke (Ed.): Fruits, vegetables and herbs from Charlemagne. "... that you have all the herbs in the gardens ...". Zabern, Mainz 2008, ISBN 978-3-8053-3879-0 .
  • Reinhard Schneider : Capitulare de villis. In: Concise dictionary on German legal history . I, 2nd edition. 2008, col. 809-811.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Words (book) and things. Everyday vocabulary in Old High German (PDF; 1.5 MB)
  2. ^ François Louis Ganshof : What were the capitularies? , Darmstadt 1961.
  3. ↑ Elizabeth Magnou-Nortier (ed.): Le Capitulaire "De villis et curtis imperialibus" (vers 810-813). Texts, traduction et commentaire , in: Revue historique 299 (1998), pp. 643–689.
  4. ↑ Claudia Richter: herb garden (of the monasteries). In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 787.
  5. ↑ Reinhard Schneider : Capitulare de villis , in: Hand Wortbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte 1 ( 2 2008), pp. 809–811.
  6. ↑ See the differing information on the dating of the Capitulare de villis in the edition project Capitularia .
  7. ^ Description of the manuscript in the database of the Herzog August Library Wolfenbüttel
  8. ↑ Heinz Jacobi: Charlemagne and the Strauss taverns.
  9. ↑ Georg Sticker : The medicinal herbs commonly used in Germany at the time of Charlemagne. In: Janus. Volume 28, Leiden 1924.
  10. ↑ a b Dieter Beckmann: The garden of Charlemagne. In: Spiegel der Forschung, Volume 18, No. 2, November 2001, pages 50–59 ( online ; PDF; 587 kB)
  11. ↑ Hermann Fischer: Medieval botany. Lokay, Reinheim 1929 (reprint: Olms, Hildesheim 1967)
  12. ^ Rudolf von Fischer-Benzon: Old German garden flora. Studies of the useful plants of the German Middle Ages, their migration and their prehistory in classical antiquity. 1894
  13. ↑ Dericks-Tan, Vollbrecht: On the trail of wild fruits in Europe. Abadi-Verlag Alzenau 2009, page 18
  14. ^ Constantinus Africanus : De gradibus quos vocant simplicium liber. In: Constantini Africani post Hippocratem et Galenum ... Henricus Petrus, Basel 1536, pp. 342–387; here: p. 366 f.
  15. ^ Doris Schulmeyer-Torres: Cottage gardens. Saarbrücken: Logos-Verlag, 1994
  16. ↑ Klaus-Gunther Wesseling:  WALAFRID STRABO. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 13, Bautz, Herzberg 1998, ISBN 3-88309-072-7 , Sp. 169-176.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )