Real black cumin

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Real black cumin
Black cumin (Nigella sativa)

Black cumin ( Nigella sativa )

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Delphinieae
Genre : Black cumin ( Nigella )
Type : Real black cumin
Scientific name
Nigella sativa
L.

The real black cumin ( Nigella sativa ), often just called black cumin , belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It is not related to either caraway or cumin .

description

Flowers of the real black cumin
Blossom from the side
Nigella sativa , fruits and seeds

The real black cumin grows as a slender to compact annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 15 to 50 cm. The above-ground parts of the plant are loosely haired, sometimes with glandular trichomes . The upright and simple or branched stem is striped in the upper area. The pinnate leaves have 0.8 to 2 mm wide leaf sections with pointed upper ends.

The single flower is not surrounded by bracts . The hermaphroditic and protandric flowers are radial symmetry . The five-free, overlapping kronblattartigen, white to pale blue in nail and plate articulated bloom early fall off, the plate is oval with more or less blunt ends. The up to ten honey leaves are divided into a short nail and a two-lobed plate, the dorsal, whitish and larger lobes are deeply divided, the two parts have two fine purple transverse lines in the middle, they each have a short, thick, light green head-shaped appendage. The ventral, narrower lobe is violet at the base and whitish and pointed at the tip. Between the dorsal and ventral lobes sits the purple, horseshoe-shaped nectar gland .

There are many, long stamens . The ovary is upper constant, with central angle constant placentation , per Bellow pouch is a stylus with a small, capitate scar present.

The multi-compartment (5–12 compartments), brownish follicle fruits when ripe are up to 16 mm long and up to 12 mm wide, they are closed over their entire length, puffed up and warty. The hides carry the long and semi-erect, persistent styles, they contain numerous seeds . The triangular, small-pitted and finely nubbed, blackish seeds are about 3–3.5 mm × 1.3–2 mm in size and contain around 20–40% fat. The thousand grain mass is about 2.5 grams.

The number of chromosomes is usually 2n = 12, more rarely 24, 36, 48, 60 or 96.

distribution

The original home of the real black cumin is in West Asia , Iraq and Turkey . It also thrives in Southern Europe , India , Pakistan, and North Africa .

Taxonomy

Black cumin seeds

The name Nigella sativa was first published in 1753 in Carl von Linnés Species Plantarum , 1, p. 534. The name comes from the Latin niger ('black'), nigellus ('blackish'), because of the color of the seeds.

Common names

The real black cumin ( Nigella sativa ) was given the popular name "Katharinenblume" because of its wheel-shaped flowers. This flower is reminiscent of the torture wheel of Saint Catherine . Other common names are Kookäem, Kookämer, Schwarzkümmel, black cumin.

use

Black cumin has been used in the Orient as a pepper-like spice and medicine for more than 2000 years . In terms of taste, black cumin is slightly reminiscent of sesame with a slight note of cumin . Even today, the black seeds, which are also known as black onion seeds in Asia, are still scattered , similar to sesame on flatbread . In the German trade it is often available under the Panjabi name Kalonji. Black cumin seeds are a component of the Bengali spice mixture Panch Phoron .

Madaus thinks it is uncertain whether Hippocrates' Melanthion ("black flower"), which Dioskurides recommended as an envelope against headaches, moles, induration, leprosy and roundworms, internally as an emmenagogue , diuretic and to promote milk secretion, is our nigella . With Galen it drives away worms, with Pliny snakes. According to Mohammed , it protects against any disease. The Capitular Charlemagne calls them Nigella sativa , herbal books of the 16th century "Schwartzer Coriander". The seeds, Semina Nigellae / Melanthii / Cumini, were officially used. Madaus calls the smell spicy, parsley-like when rubbed, the taste sharp, scratchy. The plant occurs at Paracelsus . In Matthiolus "Black Coriander" acting diuretic, emmenagog, galaktagog against asthma , flatulence , against the oil Milzverhärtung, outwardly at Star , skin disorders, corns , toothaches and colds. Weinmann and von Haller praise the seeds for flatulence, Febris quartana , as an opening, "thinning" agent, diuretic, galactogogum and sneezing powder. The plant appears in Indian recipes against diarrhea, indigestion, stomach cramps, sexually transmitted diseases, fluor albus and blurred vision due to inflammation of the mucous membranes. For Madaus, Nigella sativa is a carminative , galactagogue and diuretic, and is also used for enteritis, achylia gastrica , hepatitis , jaundice , lung infections and worms. They give “Finsterwalder” in a tea mixture for blood stain disease, “Janz” in milk decoction (decoction) after repositioning of trapped fractures, Danish folk medicine also externally against knots, lichen and to cool wounds. All literature references and also the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia use the seeds of the plant.

Black seed oil

PubMed recorded (as of July 2020) 1094 articles and studies on an assumed possible medicinal effect of the plant and its components, of which only 4.1% are randomized controlled trials. All of these studies suggest a possible therapeutic potential under certain circumstances without, however, proving a medical therapeutic effect. It is noticeable, however, that 99% of these studies come from the Islamic region (mostly Iran), where there is a religious interest in proving a broad-spectrum effect of N. sativa in order to scientifically substantiate the statement of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and thus a religious claim to truth to be raised (see below "Islam").

Studies have usually used individual components in significantly higher concentrations than can be achieved through the ingestion of black cumin or its oil. The effect of the natural black cumin, which consists of an abundance of substances, is also different from that of the individual, pure active ingredients. The strong antibacterial effects observed for the oil are attributed to the thymoquinone it contains.

Pure black seed oil is used in naturopathy for allergies , neurodermatitis , psoriasis (psoriasis), to regulate the immune system, against asthma , in conjunction with chemotherapy to alleviate side effects, for digestive problems, high blood pressure and in veterinary medicine, among other things to deter ticks . In Indian medicine, it is considered the preferred means of alleviating pregnancy symptoms.

In 2010, Nestlé tried to apply for a patent for the use of Nigella sativa as a natural treatment for food allergies.

possible side effects

Because of the strong concentration of the oil, minor stomach problems can occur, and overdosing can irritate the gastric mucous membranes .

Islam

"Black seed cures every disease, except death."

This saying of Muhammad (570–632 AD) in the Hadith (Bukhari) helped the black cumin to become very popular throughout the Islamic world in the past centuries.

See also

literature

  • Harald Riedl, Yasin J. Nasir: Nigella sativa. in the Flora of Pakistan.
  • Karola Berger: Healthy and beautiful with black cumin. Urania Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 978-3-332-00660-5 .
  • Hermann Ehmann: Black cumin. 4th edition Lebensbaum Verlag, 2000, ISBN 978-3-928430-10-4 .
  • Alan Formann, Stephan Niederwieser: Healing with black cumin. Goldmann, Munich 1998, ISBN 978-3-442-16122-5 .
  • Jörg Linditsch: ABC of black cumin. Healing treatments. Verlag Peter Erd , Munich 1997, ISBN 978-3-8138-0451-5 .
  • Josef Neumayer: Black cumin. Ehrenwirth Verlag, Bergisch 1999, ISBN 978-3-431-03551-3 .
  • Diab Refai, Sylvia Luetjohann: Black cumin oils . The medicine of the prophets. Powerful helpers for health and beauty. Windpferd, Aitrang 1997, ISBN 978-3-893-85226-0 .
  • Peter Schleicher, Mohammed Saleh, Hans Wagner: Natural healing with black cumin. Südwest-Verlag 2001, ISBN 978-3-517-08137-3 .
  • Peter Schleicher, Lutz Bannasch: Allergy treatment with immunologically effective plant seed oil (black cumin oil). In: Notabene medici: Journal for the doctor. 24, notamed Verlag, Bad Homburg / Melsungen 1994.
  • Anne Simons: The black cumin practice book. Naturally prevent allergies, immune deficiencies and infections. Scherz Verlag, Munich 1997, ISBN 978-3-502-19673-0 .
  • Zora Felicia Storm-Kull: Healthy and fit through black cumin. Pabel / Moewig, Rastatt 1998, ISBN 978-3-8118-6762-8 .
  • Günter A. Ulmer: Bio-regulators. Black seed oil, rose hip oil . Tuninge 2000, ISBN 978-3-932346-19-4 .

Web links

Commons : Black cumin ( Nigella sativa )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ EA Weiss: Spice Crops. CABI, 2002, ISBN 0-85199-605-1 , p. 357 f.
  2. ^ Peter Hanelt: Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer, 2001, ISBN 3-540-41017-1 , p. 150 f, limited preview in the Google book search (good illustration on 2 pages).
  3. ↑ TK Lim: Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Volume 5: Fruits , Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-94-007-5652-6 , pp. 506–555.
  4. ↑ Vít Bojnanský, Agáta Fargašová: Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European flora. Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4020-5362-7 , p. 131.
  5. ↑ Said Gharbyab, Hicham Harhar et al .: Chemical investigation of Nigella sativa L. seed oil produced in Morocco. In: Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. Volume 14, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 172–177, doi : 10.1016 / j.jssas.2013.12.001 .
  6. ↑ N. Kara, D. Qatar, H. Baydar: Yield and Quality of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Populations: The Effect of Ecological Conditions. In: Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 20 (1), 2015, pp. 9-14, doi : 10.17557 / .23190 , (PDF; 260 kB).
  7. ↑ a b Nigella sativa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ^ A b Nigella sativa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  9. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  10. ↑ Katharinenblume . In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm : German Dictionary . Hirzel, Leipzig 1854–1961 ( woerterbuchnetz.de , University of Trier).
  11. ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume III. Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05892-8 , p. 1970 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition) ( online ).
  12. ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume III. Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05892-8 , pp. 1970–1974 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition) ( online ).
  13. ^ PubMed . Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  14. ↑ Sewara J. Mohammed, Hassan HH Amin, Shujahadeen B. Aziz et al .: Structural Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Effect of Black Seed Oil. In: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Vol. 2019, Article ID 6515671, 9 S., 2019, doi: 10.1155 / 2019/6515671 .
  15. ↑ Regensburg pupil discovers effective means against ticks ( memento of the original from August 24, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at jugend-forscht-bayern.de, April 8, 2014, accessed on August 24, 2017.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jugend-forscht-bayern.de
  16. ↑ Patent WO2010133574 : Opioid receptors stimulating compounds (thymoquinone, nigella sativa) and food allergy. Published on November 25, 2010 , Inventors: Sophie Nutten, David Philippe, Annick Mercenier, Swantje Duncker. ‌
  17. ^ Edward Hammond: Food giant Nestlé claims to have invented stomach soothing use of habbat al-barakah (Nigella sativa). (PDF; 183 kB) TWN Third World Network Briefing Paper 5, New Delhi, accessed on November 3, 2013 . .
  18. ↑ Medicinal plants: effect of black seed oil is controversial In: T-Online . 2nd June 2015.
  19. ↑ On alim.org .