cumin
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Cumin ( Cuminum cyminum ) |
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Cumin ( Cuminum cyminum ), also cumin or cumin and Roman caraway (more rarely mother cumin , white caraway or Welscher caraway ), is a plant from the umbelliferae family , whose dried fruits are used as a spice . The term "cumin" is derived from the cross-shaped leaf position of the plant and the caraway-like appearance of the dried fruits .
Cumin and caraway both belong to the umbelliferae family , but they belong to different genera and also differ greatly in taste.
features
The cumin grows as a relatively tender, annual , herbaceous plant up to 40–50 centimeters high. The finely ribbed stem is bare and slightly branched. The plant forms a narrow taproot. The alternate, stalked and bare leaves are pinnate one to two times, with narrow sections. They have short leaf sheaths . The white or pink to reddish stalked flowers are in smaller, axillary and long-stemmed double umbels with small, little-flowered bulbs. The cones are long, simple and linealische or two to three-piece, sometimes grannenspitzige bracts present. There are about as many bracts as there are umbel rays. The döldchen have three to five smaller, linear bracts. The bracts of the umbels and umbels have smaller leaf sheaths.
The hermaphrodite, protandric flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope. The unequal calyx-lobes are narrow-triangular and awn-pointed. The obverse-broad-shaped petals are blunt at the front and up to three-pointed, the central point or tip is often bent, folded so that the petals then appear upside-down heart-shaped. There are five free stamens. The two-chamber ovary is inferior, in an easy and fine bristle rippigen, ellipsoidal flowers floor , with two short, bent- styluses on a small, fleshy stylopodium ( Diskus sitting). The scars on the styluses are small and head-shaped.
Ellipsoidal and yellowish, brown-grayish fissure fruits (actually dummy fruits ) with fine-bristled ribs are formed. The approximately 4-6 millimeter long double achaines contain two single-sided, flattened, somewhat concave, solitary mericarpies that hang on a carpophore , which have oil glands. The fruits often still have somewhat sharp remains of the calyx, tips and stylus remains. The small bristles of the fruit can be rubbed off easily.
Chromosome number
The cumin has the chromosome number 2n = 14, rarely 18 or 24.
Cultural history of cumin
Cumin was found in 3,000 to 4,000 year old kitchen remains in today's Syria; also in ancient Egypt of the second millennium BC The spice was already used in the kitchen . In the Roman Empire , cumin was also popular as a herb and medicinal plant . In Europe , until the Middle Ages , cumin was mainly cultivated for medicinal purposes (for example using a cumin latwerge ).
Today's main cultivation areas are India , Iran , Indonesia , China and the southern Mediterranean area . Within the Mediterranean region, it is native to Algeria, Tunisia, the Sinai Peninsula, Jordan, Israel and Armenia.
use
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Cumin has an intense, distinctive taste that is caused by the cumic aldehyde contained in the essential oil .
Cumin plays an important role in North African , Turkish and Greek cuisine , in the cuisine of the Middle East , Iran and India, as well as in Brazil and Mexican cuisine . In Bulgaria and Turkey it is used as a seasoning for grilled meat specialties or long-term sausages such as sucuk or pastırma . In the Netherlands and Flanders , cumin cheese is a well-known specialty.
The Indian Garam masala always contains cumin, as does the Bengali spice mixture Panch Phoron . Commercially available spice mixtures for chili con carne also contain a lot of cumin. The cumin is often combined with real coriander . A typical dish with an intense cumin aroma is falafel . Cumin oil is a product of cumin.
Common names
The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for cumin : Camijn ( Cologne , Middle High German ), Chume (Middle High German), Chumi ( Old High German ), Chumich (Old High German), Chumil (Old High German), Chumin (Old High German), Cömi (Middle High German), Come ( Middle Low German ), Comen (Middle Low German), Cymmin (Middle High German), Czymery (Middle High German), Gaertkome (Middle High German), Gartenkome (Middle High German), Gardkarvel, Gardkome, Gardkomen, Haberkümel, Kämen ( Lower Saxony ), Kimich (Middle High German), Roman Kimmel , Kömel (Middle Low German), Kome (Middle Low German), Komel, Kommel (Middle High German), Konnel (Middle High German), Korve (Middle Low German), Krämerlaus, Kramkümmel, Kümel, Kümich (Cologne, Jülich ), Kümm ( Austria ), Venedischer Kümmel, Kumel , Kumich (Middle High German), Kymmich (Middle High German), Linsenkümmel, Pepercome (Middle Low German), Peperkome (Middle Low German), Peperkomen (Middle Low German ch), Pfefferkummel, Pfefferkumel (Middle High German) and Pfefferkummel (Middle High German).
literature
- Hansjörg Küster : A brief cultural history of spices. A lexicon from anise to cinnamon , CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-49492-5 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Vom Achterhof - difference between caraway and cumin
- ^ Cuminum cyminum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Hayley Saul, Marco Madella, Anders Fischer, Aikaterini Glykou, Sönke Hartz, Oliver E. Craig (2013): Phytoliths in Pottery Reveal the Use of Spice in European Prehistoric Cuisine. In: PLoS ONE. 8 (8): e70583. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0070583 .
- ↑ Konrad Goehl : Observations and additions to the ' Circa instans '. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 69-77, here: p. 71.
- ^ R. Hand (2011): Apiaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Cuminum
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 121 ( online ).