Apioideae

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Apioideae
Meadow hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), illustration

Meadow hogweed ( Heracleum sphondylium ), illustration

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily : Apioideae
Scientific name
Apioideae
Seem.

The Apioideae are a subfamily in the plant family of the umbellifers (Apiaceae or Umbelliferae). With over 400 genera and 3500 species , it is the most diverse of the subfamilies within the Apiaceae family . The Apioideae are distributed almost worldwide, but mainly in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . Some genera, for example the carrots ( Daucus ) and the parsnips ( Pastinaca ) contain important cultivated plants .

features

Double-gold inflorescence of Daucus carota with umbels and cones and envelopes and envelopes
Double achenes of the giant hogweed ( Heracleum mantegazzianum )
Flower diagram of Laserpitium

All taxa of the subfamily share the following characteristics:

  • They have no stipules .
  • The ovules are tenuinucellate; the endocarp consists of a layer of cells and is not lignified.
  • They have oil passages.

Most of the species are herbaceous plants with leaves that are divided several times. Lignify a few species of the subfamily, for example in the genera Bupleurum (few species), Myrrhidendron and Steganotaenia .

Only the taxa of the Apioideae in the earlier range, but not the taxa of the former subfamily of the Saniculoideae, have the following properties:

  • The fruit is a dry, two-part split fruit , also known as a double achane . The two partial fruits (mericarpies or carpids) usually remain with the upper side on a fruit holder ( carpophor ), which is located in between.
  • The oil passages are pronounced.

The representatives of the Apioideae usually have double-gold inflorescences with umbels and cones and envelopes as well as envelopes. The structure of the flower can be summarized in the following flower formula :

The basic chromosome number is x = 11.

Usage and toxicity

Many aromatic and food plants belong to the subfamily of the Apioideae . There are also some very poisonous plants such as the water hemlock and the spotted hemlock .

Systematics

The subfamily Apioideae was established in 1866 by Berthold Carl Seemann . The type genus is Apium L. An important processing of this subfamily took place in 1983 by RF Thorne in P. Royen: Alpine Flora of New Guinea. , 4, p. 2994.

Tribe Aciphylleae: habit, leaves and inflorescence of Aciphylla subflabellata
Acronema clade: habit, leaves and double-ended inflorescence of Spuriopimpinella calycina
Acronema clade: habit, foliage leaves and double- gold inflorescences of Tilingia tachiroei
Tribe Annesorhizeae: Nymph umbel ( Astydamia latifolia )
Tribus Annesorhizeae: Habitus and inflorescences of the Peloponnesian umbel ( Molopospermum peloponnesiacum )
Tribus Apieae: habit, leaves and double-gold inflorescences of the fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare )
Tribus Arracacieae: Section of an inflorescence of Mathiasella bupleuroides
Tribus Arracacieae: tree-shaped habit, deciduous leaves and double-ended inflorescences of Myrrhidendron donnellsmithii
Tribus Bupleureae: habit, leaves and inflorescence of Bupleurum angulosum
Cachrys clade: habit, leaves and inflorescence of Cachrys sicula
Tribe Careae: habit, leaves and double-ended inflorescences of Chamaele decumbens
Tribe Careae: Habitus of Falcaria vulgaris

Cladogram of the umbelliferous families (Apiaceae) with Apioideae:

 Apiaceae 

Mackinlayoideae


   

Azorelloideae


   

Apioideae s. l.





In the subfamily of the Apioideae there are over 400 genera with around 3500 species (404 genera with 2827 to 2935 species or around 3000 species). Modern studies with genetic engineering methods show that the traditional classification based on the morphology of the fruit within the subfamily must be largely inaccurate and has led to many non-monophyletic (cf. cladistics ) groupings. The division of the subfamily into tribes and genera is therefore in flux and is currently the subject of intensive botanical research. Since Anthony R. Magee et al. In 2010 the genera of the former Saniculoideae belong here as the two tribes Steganotaenieae and Saniculeae. According to Steven R. Downie et al. 2001, F.-J. Sun et al. 2004, and AR Magee et al. In 2009 the subfamily of the Apioideae was divided into 21 tribes in 2009. The internal systematics of the Apioideae continues to be discussed controversially. Depending on the author, there is only a division into tribe (with sub-sub-sub) or tribe and clades . According to the state of science from 2013, the Apioideae contain 28 monophyletic tribes and several main clades that have not yet been named.

Here the tribes, sub-tribes and clades with their genera; some genera are not yet classified in any tribe (largely on the status of 2010):

  • Acronema clade: It contains about 14 genera in Eurasia :
    • Acronema Falc. ex Edgew. : The 25 to 30 species thrive at higher altitudes in the Sino-Himalaya region from eastern Nepal to the southwestern People's Republic of China . There are around 20 species in China, 14 of them only there.
    • Halosciastrum Koidz. : It contains only one type:
    • Harrysmithia H.Wolff : Of the only two species, one occurs only in northern Yunnan and that in northern Sichuan and in the southeastern part of the Xizang autonomous region.
    • Kitagawia Pimenov : The nine or so species are common in Asia.
    • Ligusticum L. (Syn .: Cynapium Nutt. Ex Torr. & A.Gray , Arafoe Pimenov & Lavrova , Coristospermum Bertol. , Gaya Gaudin , Macrosciadium V.N. Tikhom . & Lavrova , Neogaya Meisn. ): Depending on the author, only one to two or 48 to 60 species are common in the northern hemisphere . This genus was identified by Valiejo-Roman et al. 2006 divided into several smaller genres.
    • Meeboldia H.Wolff : The three or so species are common in the Sino-Himalaya region. There are two types in China, one only in Yunnan and one in southeastern Tibet .
    • Oreocomopsis Pimenov & Kljuykov : Of the only three species, one occurs only at altitudes of 5100 to 5300 meters in southern Tibet and the other two thrive in the Himalayas .
    • Pachypleurum Ledeb. : The six or so species are common in Eurasia . All six species are found in China, five of which are only found there.
    • Pternopetalum Franch. (Syn .: Cryptotaeniopsis Dunn. ): The approximately 25 species are distributed from the Himalayan region to East Asia. There are 23 species in China, 19 of them only there.
    • Pterygopleurum Kitag. : It contains only one type:
    • Rupiphila Pimenov & Lavrova : It contains only one species:
    • Sinocarum H.Wolff ex RHShan & FTPu : The 20 or so species thrive at higher altitudes in the Sino-Himalaya region from Nepal to southwest China. There are about eight species in China, four of them only there.
    • Spuriopimpinella ( H. Boissieu ) Kitag. : The five or so species are common in East Asia.
    • Tilingia Rule & Tiling : The approximately five species are common in northern Asia as well as in East Asia and Alaska .
  • Arcuatopterus clade: It contains only one genus:
    • Arcuatopterus M.L.Sheh & RHShan : The three to five species are distributed from the eastern Himalayas to southwestern China. There are three types in China, two of them only there.
  • Tribus Arracacieae = Arracacia clade: The approximately ten genera occur in the Neotropic:
  • Tribus Bupleureae Spreng. (Perhaps its own subfamily Bupleuroideae SLPan. ): It contains only one genus:
  • Cachrys clade = tribe Cachrydinae Meisn. : It contains about eight genera with 100 to 105 species mainly in the warm temperate areas of Eurasia and North Africa, with the greatest biodiversity from the eastern Mediterranean to Southwest Asia:
    • Alococarpum Riedl & Kuber : It contains only one species:
    • Azilia Hedge & Lamond : It contains only one species:
    • Bilacunaria Pimenov & VNTikhom. : The four or so species are common in the Caucasus.
    • Cachrys L .: The three to four species are common in the Mediterranean area.
    • Diplotaenia Boiss. : They are about four species are common in Turkey and Iran.
    • Eriocycla Lindl. (Formerly in Seseli L. , Syn .: Cremastosciadium Rech. f. , Petrosciadium Edgew. ): Six to eight species are distributed from northern Iran via the western Himalayan region to northern and western China. There are about three species in China, two of them only there.
    • Ferulago W.DJKoch : The approximately 47 species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia, for example with:
    • Prangos Lindl. : The approximately 17 species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia.
  • Tribus Chamaesieae J.Zhou & FDPu (Syn .: Chamaesium clade): It contains only one genus:
    • Chamaesium H.Wolff : The eight to ten species mainly thrive at higher altitudes in the eastern Himalayas as far as southwestern China. There are about seven species in China, four of which are only there.
  • Tribus Choritaenieae Magee, CICalviño, M.Liu, SRDownie, PMTilney & B.-E. van Wyk : It contains only one genre:
    • Choritaenia Benth. : There is only one type:
Conioselinum chinense clade: habit, leaves and double-ended inflorescences of the alpine motherwort ( Mutellina adonidifolia )
  • Conioselinum chinense clade :: Since Prieto & Cires 2013 it contains five genera with only about seven species, which mainly occur in the Mediterranean area:
    • Dethawia Endl. : It contains only one type:
    • Meum Mill .: There is only one kind:
      • Bärwurz ( Meum athamanticum (L.) H.Karst. ): It is widespread from Morocco through Spain and France, in Central to Eastern and Southeastern Europe.
    • Motherwurzen ( Mutellina Wolf ): The separation of the genus Mutellina from Ligusticum and Pachypleurum was carried out with data based on molecular genetics by Valiejo-Roman et al. Carried out in 2006. The three or so species are common in Europe and the Caucasus, for example:
      • Alpine motherwort ( Mutellina adonidifolia (J.Gay) Gutermann , Syn .: Ligusticum mutellina (L.) Crantz , Phellandrium mutellina L. , Mutellina purpurea Reduron & al. , Oenanthe purpurea Poir. Nom. Illeg., Phellandrium mutellina L. , Meum adonidifolium J.Gay , Ligusticum mutellina subsp. adonidifolium (J.Gay) Beauverd )
    • Rivasmartinezia Fern.Prieto & Cires : In 2013 this genus was established with only one species:
    • Trochiscanthes W.DJKoch : It contains only one species:
Conium clade: spotted hemlock ( Conium maculatum )
  • Conium clade = tribe Coninae Rouy : It contains only one genus:
Tribus Coriandreae: Radiant hollow seeds ( Bifora radians ), section of the inflorescence
  • Tribus Coriandreae W.DJKoch : It contains only two genera with up to six species.
    • Hollow seeds ( Bifora Hoffm. ): Of the only three species, one occurs in North America and two species in Europe and the Mediterranean region to Central Asia, for example:
    • Coriander ( Coriandrum L. ): The only two species are common in the Mediterranean and Western Asia.
  • Diplolophium clade: It contains only one genus:
    • Diplolophium Turcz. : The seven or so species are common in tropical Africa.
Tribus Echinophoreae: habit and inflorescences of Echinophora spinosa
Tribe Eriginieae: habit and inflorescence of Erigenia bulbosa
Tribe Heteromorpheae: habit of Heteromorpha arborescens var. Montana
  • Tribus Heteromorpheae M.F.Watson & SRDownie :: The eleven genera with a maximum of 36 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa as well as in Madagascar , one species occurs on Socotra. They are woody plants:
    • Anginon Raf. (Syn .: Glia Sond. , Rhyticarpus Sond. ): The 13 or so species are mainly found in South Africa .
    • Andriana B.-E. van Wyk (it wasspun offfrom Heteromorpha ): The two or three species only occur in Madagascar .
    • Anisopoda Baker : It contains only one species:
    • Cannaboides B.-E. van Wyk (it wasspun offfrom Heteromorpha ): The approximately two species only occur in Madagascar.
    • Dracosciadium Hilliard & BLBurtt : The only two species occur in South Africa.
    • Heteromorpha Cham. & Schltdl. ( Tenoria Spreng. ): The six or so species occur as shrubs or trees in tropical and southern Africa.
    • Oreofraga M.F.Watson & ELBarclay nom. inval. (There is no Latin description in the first publication, so since it was published before 2012 it is invalid): It contains only one species:
    • Polemannia Eckl. & Zeyh. : The three to four species occur in South Africa.
    • Pseudocannaboides B.-E. van Wyk (it was spun off from Heteromorpha ): It contains only one species:
    • Pseudocarum C.Norman : The approximately two species are found in tropical East Africa before
    • Tana B.-E. van Wyk (it was spun off from Heteromorpha ): It contains only one species:
  • Tribus Komarovieae J.Zhou & SRDownie = Komarovia clade: It contains about seven genera with about nine species in Asia:
    • Calyptrosciadium Rech. F. & Kuber : There are only two species in Iran and Afghanistan.
    • Changium H.Wolff : It contains only one species:
    • Chuanminshen M.L.Sheh & RHShan : It contains only one species:
    • Cyclorhiza M.L.Sheh & RHShan : The only two species occur at altitudes above 1800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang .
    • Komarovia Korovin : it contains only one species:
    • Parasilaus people : it contains only one species:
    • Sphaerosciadium Pimenov & Kljuykov : It contains only one species:
Tribe Lichtensteinieae: Lichtensteinia lacera
  • Tribus Lichtensteinieae Magee, CICalviño, M.Liu, SRDownie, PMTilney & B.-E. van Wyk (Syn .: Lichtensteinia -Klade): It contains only one genus:
  • Tribe Marlothielleae Magee, CICalviño, M.Liu, SRDownie, PMTilney & B.-E. van Wyk : It contains only one monotypical genre:
Tribus Oenantheae: habit, leaves and inflorescence of the marsh plant Lilaeopsis brasiliensis
Tribus Oenantheae: habit and leaves of the great water fennel ( Oenanthe aquatica )
  • Tribus Oenantheae Dumort. : It contains about 18 genera with almost worldwide distribution:
    • Atrema DC. : It contains only one type:
    • Berula W.DJKoch (Syn .: Afrocarum Rauschert , Baumiella H.Wolff , Siella Pimenov ): This previously monotypical genus contains around six species since 2009; two of them are endemic to St. Helena and two only occur in Africa, for example:
      • Schmalblättriger Merk or Berle ( Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville , Syn .: Berula angustifolia Mert. & WDJKoch , Berula pusilla Fernald , Berula thunbergii (DC.) H. Wolff , Sium angustifolium L. , Sium erectum Huds. , Sium thunbergii DC . ): It is widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere in Eurasia, Africa and from North America via Mexico to Guatemala .
      • Berula imbricata (Schinz) Spalik & SRDownie (Syn: Afrocarum imbricatum (Schinz) Rauschert ): It is widespread in tropical Africa.
    • Water hemlock ( Cicuta L. ): The four or so species are distributed in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere to Mexico.
    • Cryptotaenia DC. (Syn .: Lereschia Boiss. ): The four or so species are common in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere.
    • Cynosciadium DC. : It contains only one type:
    • Daucosma Engelm. & A.Gray ex A.Gray : It contains only one species:
      • Daucosma laciniatum Engelm. & A.Gray ex A.Gray : It occurs only in the southern US states of New Mexico and Texas.
    • Harperella Rose (formerly in Ptilimnium Raf. , Syn: Harperia Rose ): It contains only one species:
      • Harperella nodosa (Rose) Rose , Syn .: Harperella fluviatilis Rose , Harperella vivipara Rose , Harperia nodosa Rose , Ptilimnium fluviatile (Rose) Mathias , Ptilimnium nodosum (Rose) Mathias , Ptilimnium viviparum (Rose) Mathias : It is widespread in the eastern United States .
    • Helosciadium W.D. Koch : The five or so species are common in Eurasia and Africa.
    • Lilaeopsis Greene : The approximately 15 species are distributed in the New World, Australia, New Zealand and Madagascar; one species occurs as a neophyte in Portugal.
    • Limnosciadium Mathias & Constance : The two types are common in the United States.
    • Neogoezia Hemsl. : The five or so species occur in Mexico.
    • Water fennel ( Oenanthe L. ): The approximately 40 species are distributed in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere and in the mountains of tropical Africa and Australasia. Including:
    • Oxypolis Raf. : The seven or so species are common in North America.
    • Perideridia Rchb. : The approximately 13 species are common in North America.
    • Ptilimnium Raf. : The approximately five species are common in the eastern United States.
    • Merk ( Sium L. ): The eight or so (previously up to 15) species are common in Eurasia and North America.
    • Tiedemannia DC. (formerly in Oxypolis Raf. ): The only two species are common in the central to eastern USA and on Bahamas and Cuba .
    • Trepocarpus Nutt. ex DC. : It contains only one type:
    • Trocdaris Raf. : It contains only one type:
      • Whorled caraway ( Trocdaris verticillatum (L.) Raf .; Syn .: Sison verticillatum L. , Seseli verticillatum (L.) Crantz , Sium verticillatum (L.) Lam. , Carum verticillatum (L.) WDJKoch , Bunium verticillatum (L.) ) Gren. & Godr. , Pimpinella verticillata (L.) Jess. , Apium verticillatum (L.) Caruel , Selinum verticillatum (L.) EHLKrause ): It is from Morocco over the Iberian Peninsula to France , Belgium as well as the Netherlands and im western part of England as well as Scotland and Ireland , the occurrence in the westernmost part of Germany may have been extinct.
Opopanax clade: habit and inflorescences of Visnaga dahcoides (Syn .: Ammi visnaga )
Opopanax clade: habit and inflorescences of Magydaris pastinacea
  • Opopanax clade: It contains about eight genera with only about eleven species:
    • Crenosciadium Boiss. & Hero. ex Boiss. : It contains only one type:
    • Krubera Hoffm. (formerly sometimes associated with Capnophyllum ): One or at most three species are common in Europe and Africa.
    • Magydaris W.DJKoch ex DC. : The roughly two species are common in the Mediterranean area.
    • Opopanax W.DJKoch : There are about three species from the Balkan Peninsula to Iran, for example:
    • Petroedmondia Tamamsch. : It contains only one type:
    • Smyrniopsis Boiss. : It contains only one type:
    • Stefanoffia H.Wolff : The threeor sospecies are distributed from Bulgaria through Greece to Southwest Asia.
    • Visnaga Mill .: There are roughly two species in the Mediterranean area:
      • Episcopal herb ( Visnaga daucoides Gaertn .; Syn .: Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. )
  • Tribe Phlyctidocarpeae Magee, CICalviño, M.Liu, SRDownie, PMTilney & B.-E. van Wyk : It contains only one genre:
    • Phlyctidocarpa Cannon & WLTheob. : It contains only one type:
Physospermopsis clade: sections of an inflorescence of Heptaptera crenata
  • Physospermopsis clade (East Asia clade): It contains about eight genera:
    • Hansenia Turcz. : One to six types are common in Asia.
    • Haplosphaera Hand.-Mazz. : Of the only two species, one occurs only in southwestern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan and the other from northeastern India via Bhutan to southeastern Xizang and southeastern Qinghai .
    • Heptaptera Margot & Reut. : The six or so species are distributed from south to south-east Europe to south-west Asia.
    • Hymenolaena DC. : The three or so species are distributed from Southwest Asia through Central Asia to the western Himalayas.
    • Keraymonia Farille : The three or so species are distributed from Nepal via Bhutan to the southern part of the Xizang autonomous region.
    • Notopterygium H. Boissieu : The six or so species are common in China.
    • Physospermopsis H. Wolff : The nine or so species are distributed from the Himalayas to western China.
    • Sinolimprichtia H.Wolff : It contains only one species:
      • Sinolimprichtia alpina H.Wolff : The two varieties thrive at altitudes of 3300 to 5000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, southwestern Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and in southeastern Tibet.
    • Tongoloa H.Wolff : The 15 or so species are common in East and Central Asia.
Tribus Pimpinelleae: Great Bibernelle ( Pimpinella major )
  • Tribus Pimpinelleae Spreng. :
    • Aphanopleura Boiss. : The five or so species are common in Asia.
    • Arafoe Pimenov & Lavrova : There is only one type:
    • Bubon L .: It contains three types. Including:
      • Bubon macedonicum L. (Syn .: Athamanta macedonica (L.) Spreng. , Athamanta macrosperma H.Wolff ): It is distributed from Italy over the Balkan Peninsula to Greece.
    • Demavendia Pimenov : it contains only one species:
    • Frommia H.Wolff : It contains only one species:
    • Haussknechtia Boiss. : It contains only one type:
    • Nothosmyrnium Miq. (Syn .: Macrochlaena Hand.-Mazz. ): The only two types, each with two varieties, are naturally common in China. One variety is cultivated and feral in Japan.
    • Opsicarpium Mozaff. : It contains only one type:
    • Pimpinella ( Pimpinella L. , syn .: Anisum Hill , Pancicia Vis. , Platyrhaphe Miq. , Reutera Boiss. , Similisinocarum Cauwet & Farille , Spiroceratium H.Wolff , Spuriopimpinella (H.Boissieu) Kitag. , Tragium Spreng. , Tragoselinum Mill. ): The 150 or so species are widespread in the Old World, 16 of which are found in Europe.
    • Phellolophium Baker : It contains only one species:
    • Psammogeton Edgew. : The four or so species are common in Southwest Asia.
    • Zeravschania Korovin : It occurs in the Iran-Turan region .
Tribus Pleurospermeae: Double-gold inflorescence of Pleurospermum uralense
  • Tribus Pleurospermeae M.F.Watson & SRDownie:: It contains about nine genera in Eurasia:
    • Aulacospermum Ledeb. : The approximately 23 species are common in Eurasia.
    • Eleutherospermum K. Koch : The two or so species are common in Southwest Asia.
    • Eremodaucus Bunge : It contains only one species:
    • Hymenidium Lindl. : The 36 or so species are distributed in Central and East Asia from the Himalayas to eastern China.
    • Korshinskya Lipsky : It contains only one species:
      • Korshinskya olgae (Regel & Schmalh.) Lipsky : It is widespread from Southwest to Central Asia.
    • Physospermum Cuss. : The roughly two species are common in Eurasia.
    • Rib umbels ( Pleurospermum ) Hoffm. : The roughly three species are common in Eurasia, including:
    • Pseudotrachydium (Kljuykov, Pimenov & VNTikhom.) Pimenov & Kljuykov : It contains only one species:
    • Trachydium Lindl. : Depending on the author, it contains 1 to 6 to 15 species that are widespread from Central Asia to the Himalayan region and to southwest China.
  • Pleurospermopsis clade: It contains only one monotypic genus:
    • Pleurospermopsis C. Norman : It contains only one species:
      • Pleurospermopsis sikkimensis (CBClarke) C.Norman (Syn .: Pleurospermum sikkimense C.B.Clarke ): It is distributed from eastern Nepal on Sikkim and Bhutan to the southern autonomous region Xizang (only in Yadong).
Tribus Pyramidoptereae: Double-ended inflorescence of Ammoides pusilla
Tribus Pyramidoptereae: Habitus and double-ended inflorescence of Scaligeria napiformis
  • Tribus Pyramidoptereae Boiss. : It contains about 28 genera:
    • Ammoides Adans. : The two to four species are common in southwest Europe and North Africa.
    • Astomaea Rchb. (Syn .: Astoma DC. , Astomatopsis Korovin ): The two or so species are common in Southwest Asia.
    • Tuber cumin ( Bunium L. , Syn .: Buniella Schischk. , Diaphycarpus Calest. , Wallrothia Spreng. ): The 45 to 50 species are common in Eurasia and North Africa.
    • Crithmum L .: There is only one species:
      • Sea fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L. ): It thrives in the coastal areas of Europe, North Africa and West Asia.
    • Cyclospermum Lag. (Syn .: Ciclospermum Lag. Orth. Var.): The three or so species are common in Central and South America . One species in Europe is a neophyte .
    • Elaeosticta Fenzl : The 22 to 26 species are distributed from Eastern Europe through Southwest and Central Asia to southern Asia.
    • Galagania Lipsky : The seven or so species are distributed from Southwest and Central Asia.
    • Gongylotaxis Pimenov & Kljuykov : It contains only one type:
    • Hellenocarum H.Wolff : The three or so species are distributed from south to south-east Europe to south-west Asia.
    • Hyalolaena Bunge (Syn .: Hymenolyma Korovin ): The eleven or so species are distributed from Southwest and Central Asia.
    • Indoschulzia Pimenov & Kljuykov : The roughly two species thrive in the Himalayas.
    • Kosopoljanskia Korovin : The two to three species are common in Central Asia.
    • Lagoecia L .: It contains only one species:
    • Lipskya (Koso-Pol.) Nevski : It contains only one species:
    • Mogoltavia Korovin : The roughly two types are common in Central Asia.
    • Muretia Boiss. : Up to five species are distributed from southern Russia across western to central Asia.
    • Notiosciadium Speg. : It contains only one type:
    • Oedibasis Koso-Pol. : The four or so species are common in Central Asia.
    • Oreoschimperella Rauschert (Syn .: Schimperella H.Wolff )
    • Ormopterum Schischk. : The roughly two species are distributed from Central Asia to Pakistan .
    • Postiella Kljuykov : It contains only one species:
    • Pyramidoptera Boiss. : It contains only one type:
    • Scaligeria DC. (Syn: Albovia Schischk. ): The approximately 14 species occur from the Mediterranean area to Central Asia.
    • Schrenkia fish. & CAMey. : The twelve or so species are common in Central Asia.
    • Shchurovskia Rule & Schmalh. : The roughly two species are common in Central Asia.
    • Schulzia Spreng. : The four or so species are distributed in Central Asia to north-western India .
    • Sison L .: The two or three species are distributed in the Mediterranean region in western and southern Europe and in the Caucasus. One species is a neophyte in Australia, Oceania and the Middle East, for example.
    • Tamamschjanella Pimenov & Kljuykov : The three to four species are distributed from the Balkan Peninsula to the Caucasus and Southwest Asia.
Tribus Scandiceae: Giant fennel or common stickweed ( Ferula communis )
Tribe Scandiceae: Horse cumin ( Laser trilobum )
Tribe Scandiceae: Radiant Broad Seed ( Orlaya grandiflora )
Tribus Scandiceae: Section of an infructescence with young fruits of the alpine eyelid ( Athamanta cretensis )
Tribus Scandiceae: Sweet umbel ( Myrrhis odorata )
Tribus Scandiceae: Venus comb ( Scandix pecten-veneris )
Tribus Scandiceae: common burdock chervil ( Torilis japonica )
  • Tribus Scandiceae Spreng. : It contains several subtrees and clades:
    • Artedia clade: It contains only one monotypical genre:
      • Artedia L .: It only contains one species:
        • Artedia squamata L .: This annual plant is common in Cyprus and Southwest Asia.
    • Subertribus Daucinae Dumort. : It contains about 15 genera:
      • Ammodaucus Coss. & Durieu : It contains only one species:
      • Cuminum L .: The four or so species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Sudan and Central Asia, for example:
        • Cumin ( Cuminum cyminum L. )
      • Carrots ( Daucus L. , Syn .: Agrocharis Hochst. , Ammiopsis Boiss. , Anisactis Dulac , Chrysodaucus Thell. , Heterosciadium Lange , Melanoselinum Hoffm. , Platyspermum Hoffm. , Pomelia Durando ex Pomel ): After molecular genetic studies, the extent of the genus Daucus significantly expanded. According to Banasiak 2016 Daucus s. l. divided into several sections and contains at least 40 species almost worldwide. Before that, the Daucus s. st. about 28 species that are common in Eurasia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the New World.
      • Ekimia H. Duman & MFWatson : It has contained two species since 2016 that were previously classified under the genus Laserpitium .
      • Laser Borkh. ex G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. : It contains about seven species since 2016, for example:
        • Angelica laser herb ( Laser archangelica (Wulf.) Spalik & Wojew. , Syn .: Laserpitium archangelica Wulf. ): This new combination took place in 2016. It is widespread in the mountains in eastern Central Europe and on the northern Balkan Peninsula .
        • Rosskümmel ( Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. ): It occurs in Europe and Western Asia.
      • Laser herbs ( Laserpitium L. ): The only about 30 species left since 2016 (some species were placed in other genera) occur from the Canary Islands through Europe to Southwest Asia.
      • Monizia Lowe : It contains only one species:
      • Strahldolde ( Orlaya Hoffm. ): The approximately three species occur from Southeast Europe to Central Asia, for example with the species:
      • Pachyctenium Maire & Pamp. : It contains only one type:
      • Polylophium Boiss. : The five or so species are common in Western Asia.
      • Pseudorlaya (Murb.) Murb. : The approximately three species occur in Europe and in the Mediterranean area to western Asia.
      • Silphiodaucus (Koso-Pol.) Spalik, Wojew., Banasiak, Piwczyński & Reduron (Syn .: Daucus sect. Silphiodaucus Koso-Pol.): It has had the status of a genus since 2016 and has been separated from the genus Daucus . It contains about two types.
      • Thapsia L .: The eight species since 2016 are distributed in the Mediterranean area. Including:
        • Gargano purgatory umbel ( Thapsia garganica L. )
      • Tornabenea Parl. Ex Webb : The five or so species are endemic to the Cape Verde Islands .
    • Subertribus Ferulinae Engl .:
      • Stick herbs ( Ferula L. ): It contains around 170 species that occur from the Mediterranean region to Central Asia. (Syn .: Dorema D.Don , Leutea Pimenov , Soranthus Ledeb. , Schumannia Kuntze , Talassia Korovin )
      • Autumnalia Pimenov : The only two species are common in the Middle East.
      • Fergania Pimenov : it contains only one species:
      • Kafirnigania Kamelin & Kinzik. : It contains only one type:
    • Glaucosciadium clade: it contains only one genus:
      • Glaucosciadium B.L.Burtt & PHDavis (Syn .: Mozaffariania Pimenov & Maassoumi ): It contains two species in Southwest Asia.
    • Subertribus Scandicinae exchange : It contains about twelve genera with about 110 species:
      • Chervil ( Anthriscus Pers. ): The nine or so species occur in Eurasia and North Africa; the main area of ​​distribution is in the northeastern Mediterranean and the Caucasus region.
      • Eye Wurzen ( Athamanta L. , syn .: Portenschlagia . Vis , Portenschlagiella Tutin , Tinguarra . Parl ): The five to eight species are widespread in Europe, in the Canary Islands and North Africa; The main area of ​​distribution is Italy and the Balkan Peninsula, for example:
        • Alpine eyelid ( Athamanta cretensis L. ): The range extends from Spain over the Alps and the Jura to the northern Balkans.
      • Chaerophyllopsis H. Boissieu : It contains only one species:
      • Calf crops ( Chaerophyllum L. , Syn .: Myrrhoides Heist. Ex Fabr. , Oreomyrrhis Endl. , Caldasia Lag. , Chrysophae Koso-Pol. , Physocaulis (DC.) Tausch ): The 40 or so species come mainly in Eurasia and with a few species in North America and North Africa.
      • Conopodium W.DJKoch (Syn .: Balansaea Boiss. & Reut. , Butinia Boiss. , Heterotaenia Boiss. ): The approximately five species are common in Europe and northern Africa, with a focus on the western Mediterranean; for example:
        • French earth chestnut ( Conopodium majus (Gouan) Loret ): The home is next to the western Mediterranean area Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Denmark and Norway.
      • Geocaryum Coss. (Syn .: Biasolettia W.DJKoch , Freyera Rchb. , Huetia Boiss. ): The 13 to 15 species are widespread in the Mediterranean (southern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula) and in Southwest Asia.
      • Kozlovia Lipsky (Syn .: Albertia Regel & Schmalh. , Krasnovia Popov ex Schischk. , Neoconopodium (Koso-Pol.) Pimenov & Kljuykov ): The four or so species are common in Central Asia and the Himalayan region.
      • Myrrhis Mill .: There is only one kind:
        • Sweet umbel ( Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. ): It occurs in Central and Southern Europe.
      • Osmorhiza Raf. (Syn .: Elleimataenia Koso-Pol. , Glycosma Nutt. , Uraspermum Nutt. Nom. Rej., Washingtonia Raf. , Nom. Inval.): The ten or so species are mainly found in North America, only one species occurs in Eastern Asia .
      • Scandix L. (Syn .: Cyclotaxis Boiss. , Scandicium Thell. ): The 20 or so species are widespread in Eurasia and Africa with a main distribution in the eastern Mediterranean; for example:
      • Sphallerocarpus better ex DC. : It contains only one type:
        • Sphallerocarpus gracilis (Better ex Trevir.) Koso-Pol. : It is widespread in Eastern Asia with Siberia, Mongolia, China and Japan.
      • Todaroa Parl .: It contains only one species:
    • Subertribus Torilidinae Dumort. : It contains about nine genera:
      • Astrodaucus Drude : The three or so species occur from the eastern Mediterranean region to Ukraine and Iran.
      • Adhesive umbels ( Caucalis L. ): About one to four species are common in Eurasia, for example with the species:
      • Glochidotheca Fenzl : There is only one type:
      • Lisaea Boiss. : The four or so species occur in the eastern Mediterranean to Southwest Asia .
      • Szovitsia fish. & CAMey. : There is only one type:
      • Bristle umbels or burdock chervil ( Torilis Adans. , Syn .: Chaetosciadium Boiss. ): The 20 or so species come from the Canary Islands across the Middle East to East Asia.
      • Turgenia Hoffm .: There is only one type:
        • Klettendolde ( Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. ): It occurs from the Mediterranean area to Central Asia.
      • Yabea Koso-Pol. : It contains only one type:
        • Yabea microcarpa (Hook. & Arn.) Koso-Pol. : It is widespread from Canada via the USA to Mexico.
Tribus Selineae: section of the inflorescence of dog parsley ( Aethusa cynapium )
Tribus Selineae: medicinal angelica ( Angelica archangelica )
Tribus Selineae: section of the inflorescence of an inflorescence deer root hairline ( Cervaria rivini )
Tribe Selineae: habit, leaves and inflorescences of Kadenia dubia
Tribus Selineae: Caraway-leaved Silge ( Selinum carvifolia )
Tribus Selineae: blue-green fiber umbrella ( Trinia glauca )
Tribe Selineae: habit, leaves and inflorescences of Cymopterus acaulis var. Fendleri
Tribe Selineae: habit, leaves and inflorescences of Musineon tenuifolium
Tribe Selineae: inflorescence of Pteryxia terebinthina
Tribe Selineae: habit, leaves and inflorescences of Zizia aurea
  • Tribus Selineae Spreng. :
    • Main clade:
      • Aethusa L .: It contains only one species:
      • Ammoselinum Torr. & A.Gray : The five or so species are common in southwestern North America.
      • Engelwurzen ( Angelica L. s. L., Syn .: Coelopleurum Ledeb. , Czernaevia Turcz. Ex Ledeb. , Sphenosciadium A.Gray , Melanosciadium H.Boissieu , Angelocarpa Rupr. , Angelophyllum Rupr. , Archangelica Wolf , Callisace Fisch. Ex Hoffm. , Epikeros Raf. , Gomphopetalum Turcz. , Melanosciadium H.Boissieu , Physolophium Turcz. , Porphyroscias Miq. ): Today about 110 (previously up to 200) species are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere of Eurasia and in North America (about 24 species), about 55 Species are found in East Asia and some species are found in Africa.
      • Apiastrum Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray : It contains only one type:
      • Carlesia Dunn. : It contains only one type:
      • Hirsch Wurzen ( cervaria Wolf , sometimes in Peucedanum , Syn .: Libanotis Hill nom rejic.. Peucedanon St.Lag. ): The three to four species are spread from Europe to the Caucasus region and southwest to central Asia, for example:
        • Deer root hair strand ( Cervaria rivini Gaertn. , Syn .: Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lapeyr. , Selinum cervaria L. )
      • Chymsydia Albov : The only two species occur in Transcaucasia .
      • Cnidiocarpa Pimenov : The six or so species are distributed from Asia Minor and the Caucasus to Central Asia.
      • Burning umbels ( Cnidium Cusson , sometimes in Selinum ): The four to ten species, depending on the author, are common in Eurasia.
      • Cortia DC. : There are about three species in the Himalayas.
      • Cortiella C. Norman : The threeor sospecies are distributed from northeast India over, Sikkim , Bhutan and Nepal to the autonomous region of Xizang . There are all three types in Tibet, one of them only there.
      • Dichoropetalum Fenzl (Syn .: Holandrea Reduron, Charpin & Pimenov , Johreniopsis Pimenov , Chabrea Raf. , Schlosseria Vucotinovic ): The approximately 26 species are common in Eurasia and northwestern Africa. This also includes:
        • Caraway hair strand ( Dichoropetalum carvifolia (Vill.) Pimenov & Kljuykov ; Syn .: Peucedanum carvifolia Vill. )
      • Dimorphosciadium Pimenov : The only two types are common in Central Asia.
      • Dystaenia Kitag. : The only two species are native to Japan.
      • Endressia J.Gay : The roughly two speciesnative tonorthern Spain and the Pyrenees .
      • Exoacantha Labill. : There are only one or two types in Syria and Iran.
      • Ferulopsis Kitag. : The only two types are common in northern Asia and central Asia.
      • Glehnia F.Schmidt ex Miq. (Syn .: Phellopterus Benth. ): Of the only two species, one occurs in Northeast Asia and the other in western North America.
      • Imperatoria L .: The three or so species are distributed in Europe and North Africa.
      • Johrenia DC. : The approximately 20 species are distributed in Europe and Southwest to Central Asia.
      • Kadenia Lavrova & VNTikhom. : One or two species are common in Eurasia.
      • Kailashia Pimenov & Kljuykov : The roughly two species occur in the autonomous region of Xizang and India only in the western Himalayas.
      • Karatavia Pimenov & Lavrova : it contains only one species:
      • Katapsuxis Raf. : It contains only one type:
        • Katapsuxis silaifolia (Jacq.) Raf. : It is widespread from West to South and South West Europe to South West Asia.
      • Kedarnatha P.K. Mukh. & Constance : The five or so species come from the Himalayas to Myanmar .
      • Kitagawia Pimenov : The nine or so species are common in Asia.
      • Ledebouriella H.Wolff : The two or so species are common in Central Asia.
      • Libanotis Haller ex Zinn : The 17 or so species are common in Eurasia.
      • Ligusticopsis people : The 18 or so species are common in Central and East Asia.
      • Lomatocarpa Pimenov : The roughly two species are distributed in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
      • Lomatocarum fish. & CAMey. : It contains only one type:
        • Lomatocarum alpinum (M.Bieb.) Fish. & CAMey. (Syn .: Carum alpinum (M.Bieb.) Benth. , Carum saxicolum (Albov) Pimenov ): It wasseparatedfrom Carum in 2012and is widespread in the Caucasus.
      • Macrosciadium V.N. Tikhom. & Lavrova : This genus was established in 1988 with two species previously Ligusticum L. , situated belonged. They are common from Turkey to the Caucasus.
      • Magadania Pimenov & Lavrova : The roughly two species are common in northeast Asia.
      • Oligocladus Chodat & Wilczek : It contains only one species:
        • Oligocladus patagonicus Pérez-Mor. (Syn .: Aulosolena patagonica (Speg.) Koso-Pol. , Oligocladus andinus Chodat & Wilczek , Sanicula patagonica Speg. ): It thrives in the pampas of South America.
      • Oreocome Edgew. : The ten or so species are distributed from Afghanistan across the Himalayas to China and Vietnam.
      • Oreoselinum Mill .: It contains only one species:
        • Mountain hairline ( Oreoselinum nigrum Delarbre , Syn .: Athamanta oreoselinum L. , Peucedanum oreoselinum (L.) Moench ): It is widespread in Europe.
      • Ormosolenia exchange : it contains only one species:
        • Ormosolenia alpina (Schult.) Pimenov (Syn .: Peucedanum alpinum (Schult.) BLBurtt & PHDavis , Ormosolenia cretica Tausch nom. Illeg., Sison alpinus Sieber ex Schult. ): It occurs in Crete and in Southwest Asia.
      • Paraligusticum V.N. Tikhom. : It contains only one type:
      • Hair strand ( Peucedanum L. ): The 100 to 200 species are common in Eurasia and Africa. There are authors who only contain eight to ten species in this genus.
      • Phlojodicarpus Turcz. ex Ledeb. : The four or so species are common in Siberia.
      • Pilopleura Shishk . : The roughly two species are common in Central Asia.
      • Pteroselinum (Rchb.) Rchb. (sometimes in Peucedanum L. ): Only one or two species are common in Europe.
      • Rumia Hoffm. : Depending on the author, with a few or just one type:
      • Sajanella Soják (Syn .: Sajania Pimenov ): It contains only one species:
        • Sajanella monstrosa (Willd. Ex Spreng.) Sojak (Syn .: Athamanta monstrosa Will. Ex Spreng. , Sajania monstrosa (Willd. Ex Spreng.) Pimenov ): It is widespread in northern Asia and in Central Asia.
      • Saposhnikovia Shishk . : It contains only one type:
      • Siculosciadium C.Brullo, Brullo, SRDownie & Giusso : It was reorganized in 2013 and contains only one species:
      • Silgen ( Selinum L. ): The five or so species are common in Eurasia, for example with:
      • Berg fennel ( Seseli L. , Syn .: Elaeopleurum Korovin , Pseudammi H.Wolff ): The up to 65 (100 to 120) have spread all from Europe to Central Asia.
      • Spermolepis Raf. : The five to six species are common in North America, one in Argentina and one in Hawaii.
      • Stenocoelium Ledeb. : The three or so species are common in northern Asia and central Asia.
      • Thecocarpus Boiss. : It contains one or two types:
      • Thysselinum Adans. : The only two types are distributed from Europe to northern Asia.
      • Tommasinia Bertol. : It contains only one type:
      • Fiber screens ( Trinia Hoffm. , Syn .: Triniella Calest. ): The about six species occur in Europe to Central Asia, for example:
      • Vicatia DC. : The three or so species are common in Asia.
      • Xanthogalum Lallem. : The three or so species are common in the Caucasus and the Middle East.
      • Xanthoselinum Schur : It contains only one or two species with a wide range from Europe to the Caucasus region to Central Asia, including:
    • Purely North American clade with perennial herbaceous plant species :: This purely North American clade contains around 20 genera with around 200 species mainly in western North America. More than half of the species belong to the two genera Lomatium and Cymopterus . The greatest biodiversity is west of the Mississippi River . Many species thrive in open spots on the Intermountain and Pacific West mountain ranges . Many species are adapted to drought geophytes :
      • Aletes J.M. Coult. & Rose : The 15 to 20 species are common in North America.
      • Cymopterus Raf. : The 32 to 50 species are common in western North America.
      • Eurytaenia Torr. & A.Gray : The only two species are common in the south-central United States.
      • Harbouria J.M.Coult. & Rose : There is only one type:
      • Lomatium Raf. : The 63 to 74 species distributed in western North America.
      • Musineon Raf. : The three to four types are common in western North America.
      • Neoparrya Mathias : There is only one type:
      • Oreonana Jeps. : The two to three species thrive in the California mountains.
      • Oreoxis Raf. : The three to four types are common in western North America.
      • Orogenia S. Watson : There are roughly two species in western North America.
      • Podistera S.Watson : The three to four species are common in western North America.
      • Polytaenia DC. (Syn .: Pleiotaenia J.M.Coult. & Rose ): Since 2012, with the first description of a new species from Texas, it contains three species that occur in Texas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Iowa and southern Oklahoma.
      • Pseudocymopterus J.M. Coult. & Rose : The two to seven species are common in southwestern North America.
      • Pteryxia (Nutt. Ex Torr. & A.Gray) JMCoult. & Rose : The five or so species are common in western North America.
      • Shoshonea Evert & Constance : There is only one type:
      • Taenidia (Torr. & A.Gray) Drude : The roughly two species occur in eastern North America.
      • Tauschia Schltdl. : The 22 bis species are common in North or Central America.
      • Thaspium Nutt. : The three to five types are common in North America.
      • Vesper Hartmann & Nesom : This genre was established in 2012. The approximately six species were from the genus Cymopterus Raf. outsourced and are common in North America.
      • Zizia W.DJKoch : The four or so species are distributed in eastern North America.
Sinodielsia clade: habit, leaves and double-ended inflorescence of Conioselinum filicinum
  • Sinodielsia clade: The 10 to 15 genera with around 50 species thrive in the temperate to alpine areas of the northern hemisphere, with the greatest biodiversity in Central Asia, the Himalayas and China:
    • Cenolophium W.DJKoch : It contains only one species:
    • Hemlocksilge ( Conioselinum Hoffm. ): The 18 or so species are common in Eastern Europe, temperate Asia and North America.
    • Kuramosciadium Pimenov, Kljuykov & Tojibaev : It was set up in 2011 and contains only one species:
      • Kuramosciadium corydalifolium Pimenov, Kljuykov & Tojibaev : This monocarpic perennial herbaceous plant blooms in June. It is only known from two localities at altitudes from 2700 to 2900 meters in the western Tian Shan in Uzbekistan . It is rated in the Uzbek Red List of Threatened Species as "Endangered".
    • Levisticum Hill (Syn .: Hipposelinum Britton & Rose ): The one to about three species are common in Afghanistan, southwest Asia, Europe and North America; with for example
      • Lovage ( Levisticum officinale W.DJKoch ): The original home is located in Western Asia.
    • Lithosciadium Turcz. : The only two types are common in northern Asia and central Asia and western China:
    • Paulita Soják : The three or so species are common in Central Asia.
    • Pterocyclus Klotzsch (sometimes in Pleurospermum Hoffm. ): The four or so species are distributed from the Himalayas to southwest China.
    • Seselopsis Shishk . : The roughly two types are common in Central Asia.
    • Silaum Mill. (Syn .: Silaus Bernh. ): It used to contain up to ten species and now contains five or only one species:
      • Common meadow silge ( Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz & Thell. ): It is widespread in temperate Eurasia.
    • Sinodielsia Wolff : The two to three species occur in southeastern Tibet and in Yunnan.
    • Sphaenolobium Pimenov : The three or so species are common in Central Asia.
Tribus Smyrnieae: horse carpet ( Smyrnium olusatrum )
  • Tribus Smyrnieae Spreng. : It contains only two genera with about eight species from Europe across the Mediterranean to Iran:
Tribus Tordylieae: inflorescence of Heracleum persicum
  • Tribus Tordylieae W.DJKoch : Since 2010 it contains a sub- tribus and two clades:
    • Untertribus Tordyliinae Engl. (Syn .: Tribus Heracleeae):
      • Bear Claw ( Heracleum L. ): The approximately 60 species are common in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere and in the mountains in the tropics.
      • Kandaharia Alava : It contains only one species:
      • Lalldhwojia Farille : The two or three species thrive in the Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan.
      • Leiotulus Ehrenb. (sometimes in Pastinaca L. or Malabaila Hoffm. , Syn .: Lophotaenia Griseb. ): It contains about six species in the Mediterranean area.
      • Malabaila Hoffm. : The four or so species are distributed in the eastern Mediterranean area to Central Asia.
      • Mandenovia Alava : It contains only one species:
      • Parsnip ( Pastinaca L. ): The approximately 14 species are common in the temperate zones of Eurasia.
      • Semenovia Regel & Herder : The 23 or so species are common in large areas of Asia.
      • Symphyoloma C.A.Mey. : It contains only one type:
      • Tetrataenium (DC.) Manden. : The up to 24 species are mainly distributed in Asia.
      • Tordyliopsis DC. : It contains only one type:
      • Tordylium L. (Syn .: Ainsworthia Boiss. , Synelcosciadium Boiss. ): With 19 species, for example:
      • Trigonosciadium Boiss. : The five or so species are common in Southwest Asia.
      • Vanasushava P.K. Mukh . & Constance : It contains only one type:
      • Zosima Hoffm. (Syn .: Pichleria Stapf & Wettst. ): The ten or so species are common in Western Asia.
    • Cymbocarpum clade: it contains only two genera:
      • Cymbocarpum DC. ex CAMey. (Syn .: Kalakia Alava ): The five or so species are common in Southwest Asia.
      • Ducrosia Boiss. : The six or so species are common in southwest Asia and northeast Africa.
    • Lefebvrea clade: The approximately ten genera occur only in Africa, the center of biodiversity is the Capensis :
      • Afroligusticum C. Norman (it wasspun offfrom Peucedanum ): The approximately 13 species are common in tropical Africa.
      • Afrosciadium P.JDWinter (it wasspun offfrom Peucedanum ): The approximately 18 species are common in Africa.
      • Capnophyllum Gaertn. : The four species thrive on the coast and are all found in the South African province of Western Cape, one of them also in the North Cape.
      • Cynorhiza Eckl. & Zeyh. : The three types are common in Africa.
      • Dasispermum Raf. (Syn .: Sonderina H.Wolff ): Of the seven species since 2010, five only occur in the South African provinces of Eastern, Western and Northern Cape and two also in KwaZulu-Natal .
      • Lefebvrea A.Rich (Syn .: Erythroselinum Chiov. ): The ten or so species are common in Africa.
      • Nanobubon Magee : This genus was established in 2008 with only two species and contains three species all found in the South African province of Western Cape, one of them also in Eastern Cape.
      • Notobubon B.-E. van Wyk : The twelve or so species are common in Africa.
      • Scaraboides Magee & B.-E. van Wyk : It contains only one type:
        • Scaraboides manningii Magee & B.-E. van Wyk : There are only two isolated localities known in the succulent Karoo in South African provinces of North and Western Cape.
      • Stenosemis E. Mey. ex Harv. & Sond. : The only two species occur only in the South African provinces of southern KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape.
Male specimen of Arctopus echinatus , habitus, leaves and inflorescence
Tribus Saniculeae: Star umbel ( Astrantia major )
  • Tribus Saniculeae Burnett : It is placed in a subfamily Saniculoideae Burnett by many authors . It contains about eight genera with about 333 species:
    • Actinolema Fenzl : The roughly two species are common in South West Africa.
    • Alepidea F.Delaroche : The 23 to 40 species are common in Africa. Most of the species are found in southern Africa, with over 20 species focusing on South Africa.
    • Arctopus L .: The only three species occur in the South African provinces of the North, East and West Cape.
    • Star umbel ( Astrantia L. ): with ten species and predominant distribution in Europe.
    • Man litter ( Eryngium L. ): The approximately 230 to 250 species are distributed in all temperate and warm areas, mainly in Central America and South America.
    • Hacquetia Neck. ex DC. (Syn .: Dondia Spreng. ): It contains only one type:
      • Shank umbel ( Hacquetia epipactis DC. ): It occurs in Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Italy and the former Yugoslavia.
    • Petagnaea Caruel (Syn .: Petagnia Guss. ): It contains only one species:
      • Petagnaea gussonei (Spreng.) Rauschert : It is endemic to the northeastern part of Sicily and only thrives in the Nebrodi Mountainsat altitudes of 240 to 1500 meters. The isolated populations of this species classified by the IUCN as “Endangered” are decreasing due to water abstraction from the area.
    • Sanikel ( Sanicula L. ): The 37 to 40 species are mainly found in North America and East Asia; one species occurs in Central Europe.
Tribe Steganotaenieae: Steganotaenia araliacea grows as a tree
  • Tribe Steganotaenieae C.I.Calviño & SRDownie : It is placed in a subfamily Saniculoideae Burnett by many authors . It contains only two genera with only two or three species. They are woody plants:
Ptychotis saxifraga
  • Not classified in a tribe ( incertae sedis ):
    • Angoseseli Chiov. : It contains only one type:
    • Apodicarpum Makino : it contains only one species:
    • Asciadium Griseb. : It contains only one type:
    • Austropeucedanum Mathias & Constance : It contains only one species:
    • Bonannia cast. : It contains only one type:
    • Caropsis Rauschert : It contains only one species:
    • Cephalopodum Korovin : The three or so species are common in Central Asia.
    • Chabrea Raf. : It contains only one type:
    • Coristospermum Bertol. : The approximately three types are common in Europe.
    • Cyathoselinum Benth. : It contains only one type:
    • Distichoselinum García-Martín & Silvestre : It contains only one species:
    • Elaeoselinum cook. ex DC. : The four or so species are common in the Mediterranean region.
    • Ergocarpon C.C. Towns . : It contains only one type:
      • Ergocarpon cryptanthum (Rech. F.) CCTowns. : It occurs from eastern Iraq to western Iran. In older works it was placed in the tribe Echinophoreae .
    • Eriosynaphe DC. : It contains only one type:
    • Erythroselinum Chiov. : It contains only one type:
    • Froriepia K.Koch : The only two types are common from Turkey to Iran.
    • Grafia Rchb. : There is only one type:
    • Guillonea Coss. : It contains only one type:
    • Haplosciadium Hochst. : It contains only one type:
    • Horstrissea Greuter, Gerstb. & Egli : It only contains one type:
    • Kalakia Alava : It contains only one species:
    • Karnataka P.K.Mukh. & Constance : It contains only one type:
    • Kundmannia Scop. : The only two types are distributed from southern Europe to the Mediterranean area.
    • Ladyginia Lipsky : The three or so species are distributed from Southwest to Central Asia.
    • Macroselinum Schur : It contains only one species:
    • Mastigosciadium Rech. F. & Kuber : It contains only one type:
    • Microsciadium Boiss. : It contains only one type:
    • Oliveria Vent. : It contains only one type:
    • Opoidia Lindl. : It contains only one type:
    • Ormosciadium Boiss. : It contains only one type:
    • Palimbia Besser : The three or so species are distributed from southern and eastern Russia to Central Asia.
    • Pancicia Vis. : It contains only one type:
    • Paraselinum H.Wolff : It contains only one species:
    • Pastinacopsis Golosk. : It contains only one type:
    • Pedinopetalum Urb. & H.Wolff : It contains only one type:
    • Physotrichia Hiern : The approximately ten species distributed in tropical Africa.
    • Pinacantha Gilli : It contains only one species:
    • Pinda P.K. Mukh. & Constance : It contains only one type:
      • Pinda concanensis (Dalzell) PKMukh. & Constance : It thrives in the Western Ghats and southern India.
    • Polyzygus Dalzell : It contains only one species:
    • Portenschlagiella Tutin : It contains only one species:
    • Pseudoselinum C. Norman : It contains only one species:
    • Ptychotis W.DJKoch : It contains only one or two species:
    • Registaniella Rech. F. : There is only one type:
    • Rhopalosciadium Rech. F. (sometimes in Torilis ): It contains only one species:
    • Rhysopterus J.M. Coult. & Rose : The roughly three types are common in North America .
    • Rouya Coincy : It contains only one species:
    • Rutheopsis A.Hansen & G.Kunkel : It contains only one species:
    • Sciothamnus Endl. : The four or so species are common in southern Africa .
    • Sclerochorton Boiss. : It contains only one type:
    • Sclerotiaria Korovin : it contains only one type:
    • Scrithacola Alava : it contains only one species:
    • Selinopsis Coss. & Durieu (sometimes in Carum ): The roughly two species are common in North Africa and Spain.
    • Spuriodaucus C.Norman : The about three species are widespread in tropical Africa.
    • Stenotaenia Boiss. : The five to six species are common in Southwest Asia.
    • Stewartiella Nasir : The only two types are found in Pakistan.
    • Taeniopetalum Vis. : The only two species are distributed from the Balkan Peninsula to Turkey.
    • Tamamschjania Pimenov & Kljuykov : The only two species are distributed from northern Greece to Turkey.
    • Thamnosciadium Hartvig : it contains only one type:
    • Trachyspermum Link : The five to eight species thrive in tropical and northeastern Africa and in Central Asia to India and in western China, for example:
      • Ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill )
      • Radhuni ( Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) H.Wolff )
    • Tricholaser Gilli : The only two types are common in South and Southwest Asia.
    • Vvedenskya Korovin (sometimes in Conioselinum ): it contains only one species:
    • Xatardia Meisn. & Zeyh. : It contains only one type:

swell

  • Entry on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
  • Anthony R. Magee, Carolina I. Calviño, Mei (Rebecca) Liu, Stephen R. Downie, Patricia M. Tilney, Ben-Erik van Wyk: New tribal delimitations for the early diverging lineages of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 2, 2010, pp. 567-580 (PDF; 2.3 MB) .
  • Stephen R. Downie, Krzysztof Spalik, Deborah S. Katz-Downie, Jean-Pierre Reduron: Major clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences. In: Plant Diversity and Evolution. Volume 128, No. 1–2, 2010, pp. 111–136, doi: 10.1127 / 1869-6155 / 2010 / 0128-0005 (PDF).
  • Jan Thomas Johansson: The Phylogeny of Angiosperms. Araliales. Internet publication, Hortus Bergianus, Stockholm from 2013, last accessed on June 15, 2014. (Sections Systematics and Distribution)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Urgamal magsår: Classification System of the family Apiaceae in the flora of Mongolia. In: Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences Volume 52, Issue 04 (204), 2012, pp. 36-41. Full text PDF.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Stephen R. Downie, Krzysztof Spalik, Deborah S. Katz-Downie, Jean-Pierre Reduron: major clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences. In: Plant Diversity and Evolution. Volume 128, No. 1–2, 2010, pp. 111–136, doi: 10.1127 / 1869-6155 / 2010 / 0128-0005 (PDF).
  3. ↑ Stephen R. Downie, GM Plunkett, Mark F. Watson, Krzysztof Spalik, Deborah S. Katz-Downie, CM Valiejo-Roman, EI Terentieva, AV Troitsky, B.-Y. Lee, J. Lahham, A. El-Oqlah: Tribes and clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: the contribution of molecular data. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany. Volume 58, No. 2, 2001, pp. 301-330, doi: 10.1017 / S0960428601000658 (PDF; 10.5 MB) .
  4. ↑ F.-J. Sun, Stephen R. Downie, RL Hartman: An ITS-based phylogenetic analysis of the perennial, endemic Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae of western North America. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 29, No. 2, 2004, pp. 419-431, doi: 10.1600 / 036364404774195601 (PDF; 412 kB).
  5. ^ Anthony R. Magee, CI Calviño, M. Liu, Stephen R. Downie, PM Tilney, Ben-Erik van Wyk: New tribal delimitations in African Apiaceae. In the South African Journal of Botany. Volume 75, No. 2, 2009, pp. 410-411, doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2009.02.077 .
  6. ↑ Rhiannon Peery, Sarah Mathews, Stephen R. Downie: Update on the quest to resolve higher-level relationships in Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. An Oral Paper: Papers for Sections at Botany 2013 - The annual Botany Conference ( abstract).
  7. ↑ Feng-Jie Sun, Stephen R. Downie: Phylogenetic analyzes of morphological and molecular data reveal major clades within the perennial, endemic western North American Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. In: The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. Volume 137, No. 2–3, 2010, pp. 133–156, doi: 10.3159 / 09-RA-071R.1 (PDF).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Ralf Hand: Apiaceae. In: The Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, 2011, accessed on June 6, 2014 (English).
  9. ↑ a b c d e Apioideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Menglan She, Fading Pu, Zehui Pan, Mark Watson, John FM Cannon, Ingrid Holmes- Smith, Eugene V. Kljuykov, Loy R. Phillippe, Michael G. Pimenov: Apiaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 , pp. 1–205 (English, online at efloras.org ).
  11. ↑ a b c CM Valiejo novel, VS Shneyer, TH Sami Gullin, EI Terentieva, MG Pimenov: An attempt to clarify taxonomic relationships in "kinship circle of the genus Ligusticum" (Umbelliferae Apioideae) by molecular analysis. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 257, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 25-43, doi: 10.1007 / s00606-005-0383-8 (PDF).
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h Anthony R. Magee, Carolina I. Calviño, Mei (Rebecca) Liu, Stephen R. Downie, Patricia M. Tilney, Ben-Erik van Wyk: New tribal delimitations for the early diverging lineages of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 2, 2010, pp 567-580. (PDF, 2.3 MB) .
  13. ^ A b Anthony R. Magee, Ben-Erik van Wyk, Patricia M. Tilney, Nicole Vessio: A Taxonomic Revision of the Annesorhiza triternata Group (Apiaceae, Apioideae): The Transfer of Peucedanum triternatum and P. filicaule and the Description of Five New Species. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 36, No. 2, 2011, pp. 508-519, doi: 10.1600 / 036364411X569697 .
  14. ↑ Species list to Annesorhiza in the Red List of South African Plants
  15. ↑ Species list for Chamarea in the Red List of South African Plants
  16. ↑ Ezosciadium capense in the Red List of South African Plants
  17. ↑ Itasina filifolia in the Red List of South African Plants
  18. ^ Anthony Richard Magee, Ben-Erik van Wyk, Patricia M. Tilney, Fatima Sales, Ian Hedge, Stephen R. Downie: Billburttia, a new genus of Apiaceae (tribe Apieae) endemic to Madagascar . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution . tape 283 , no. 3–4 , 2009, ISSN  1615-6110 , pp. 237–245 , doi : 10.1007 / s00606-009-0223-3 (English).
  19. ↑ Jean-Pierre Reduron, Joël Mathez, Stephen R. Downie, Clark A. Danderson, Tatiana Ostroumova: Pseudoridolfia, nouveau genre d'Apiaceae découvert au Maroc. In: Acta Botanica Gallica. Volume 156, No. 3, 2009, pp. 487-500, doi: 10.1080 / 12538078.2009.10516173 .
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g h Jan Thomas Johansson: The Phylogeny of Angiosperms. Araliales. Internet publication, Stockholm from 2013, last accessed on June 15, 2014.
  21. ↑ a b c d e Ekaterina A. Zakharova, Galina V. Degtjareva, Michael G. Pimenov: Redefined generic limits of Carum (Umbelliferae, Apioideae) and new systematic placement of some of its taxa. In: Willdenowia , Volume 42, No. 2, December 2012, pp. 149–168 (PDF).
  22. ↑ Alessio Papini, Francesca Banci, Enio Nardi: Molecular evidence of polyphyletism in the plant genus Carum L. (Apiaceae) . In: Genetics and Molecular Biology . tape 30 , no. 2 , March 2007, ISSN  1415-4757 , doi : 10.1590 / S1415-47572007000300029 ( scielo.br [PDF; 218 kB ]).
  23. ↑ a b José A. Fernández Prieto, Eduardo Cires: Phylogenetic placement of Dethawia, Meum, and Rivasmartinezia (Apioideae, Apiaceae): evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences. In: Plant Biosystems , 2013. doi: 10.1080 / 11263504.2013.819818
  24. ↑ Species list for Lichtensteinia in the Red List of South African Plants
  25. ↑ Stephen R. Downie, Deborah S. Katz-Downie, Feng-Jie Sun, Chang-Shook Lee: Phylogeny and biogeography of Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae inferred from nuclear rDNA ITS and cpDNA psbI-5'trnK (uuu) sequences, with emphasis on the North American endemics clade. In: Botany. Volume 86, 2008, pp. 1039-1064, doi: 10.1139 / B08-055 (PDF).
  26. ↑ a b Krzysztof Spalik, Stephen R. Downie, MF Watson: Generic delimitations within the Sium alliance (Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae) inferred from cpDNA rps16 - 5'trnK (UUU) and nrDNA ITS sequences. In: Taxon. Volume 58, 2009, pp. 735-748, (PDF).
  27. ^ A b Anthony R. Magee, Ben-Erik van Wyk, PM Tilney, Stephen R. Downie: Generic delimitations and relationships of the Cape genera Capnophyllum, Dasispermum and Sonderina, the N. African genera Krubera and Stoibrax, and a new monotypic genus of the subfam. Apioideae (Apiaceae). In: Systematic Botany. Volume 34, No. 3, 2009, pp. 580-594, doi: 10.1600 / 036364409789271218 (PDF).
  28. ↑ Jean-Pierre Reduron: Ombellifères de France 5. In: Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Center Ouest, Nouvelle Série. Numéro Spécial. Volume 30, 2008, Visnaga, pp. 2584-2595.
  29. ↑ a b c d Anthony R. Magee, Ben-Erik van Wyk, PM Tilney, Stephen R. Downie: Phylogenetic position of African and Malagasy Pimpinella species and related genera (Apiaceae, Pimpinelleae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 288, No. 3-4, 2010, pp. 201-211, doi: 10.1007 / s00606-010-0325-y (PDF).
  30. ↑ a b c d e f g h ukasz Banasiak, Aneta Wojewódzka, Jakub Baczyński, Jean-Pierre Reduron, Marcin Piwczyński, Renata Kurzyna-Młynik, Rafal Gutaker, Agnieszka Czarnocka-Cieciura, Sylwia Kosmala-Grzechnik, Krzysztof Spalik: Phylogeny of Apiaceae subtribe Daucinae and the taxonomic delineation of its genera. In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 563-585. JSTOR taxon.65.3.563 doi : 10.12705 / 653.8
  31. ↑ Krzysztof Spalik, Stephen R. Downie: The Utility of Morphological Characters for Inferring Phylogeny in Scandiceae Subtribe Scandicinae (Apiaceae) . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . tape 88 , no. 2 , 2001, ISSN  0026-6493 , p. 270–301 , JSTOR : 2666227 (English, illinois.edu [PDF; 4.2 MB ]).
  32. ↑ Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Jeffrey L. Walck, Ki-Oug Yoo: Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Diversification in Osmorhiza (Apiaceae) . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . tape 89 , no. 3 , 2002, ISSN  0026-6493 , p. 414-428 , JSTOR : 2666227 (English, Biodiversity Library ).
  33. ↑ Michael G. Pimenov: Ormosolenia restored. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany. Volume 49, No. 2, pp. 219-223, doi: 10.1017 / S096042860000158X .
  34. ↑ Cristian Brullo, Salvatore Brullo, Stephen R. Downie, Clark A. Danderson, Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo: Siculosciadium, a new monotypic genus of Apiaceae from Sicily. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 99, No. 1, 2013, pp. 1–18, doi: 10.3417 / 2011009 (PDF).
  35. ↑ Emma E. George, Donald H. Mansfield, James F. Smith, Ronald L. Hartman, Stephen R. Downie, Cody E. Hinchliff: Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals Multiple Cases of Morphological Parallelism and Taxonomic Polyphyly in Lomatium (Apiaceae). In: Systematic Botany. Volume 39, No. 2, May 2014, pp. 662-675, doi: 10.1600 / 036364414X680843 .
  36. ↑ Eric L. Keith: Polytaenia albiflora (Apiaceae), a new species from the Balcones Canyonlands in the Edwards Plateau of Texas. In: Phytoneuron. , Volume 84, September 2012, pp 1-8 (PDF.)
  37. ^ RL Hartman, GL Nesom: Taxonomy of the genus Vesper (Apiaceae). In: Phytoneuron. Volume 94, 2012, pp. 1-9 (PDF).
  38. ↑ Michael G. Pimenov, Komiljon Tojibaev, Eugene V. Kljuykov, Galina V. Degtjareva: Kuramosciadium (Umbelliferae): A New Genus from the Uzbekistanian Part of the Western Tian Shan Mountains. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 36, No. 2, 2011, pp. 487-494, doi: 10.1600 / 036364411X569679 .
  39. ↑ Maria D. Logacheva, CM Valiejo-Roman, GV Degtjareva, JM Stratton, Stephen R. Downie, TH Samigullin, Michael G. Pimenov: A comparison of nrDNA ITS and ETS loci for phylogenetic inference in the Umbelliferae: an example from tribe Tordylieae . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 57, No. 1, 2010, pp. 471-476, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.06.001 PDF.
  40. ↑ a b c d e f PJD Winter, Anthony R. Magee, N. Phephu, PM Tilney, Stephen R. Downie, Ben-Erik van Wyk: A New Generic Classification for African Peucedanoid Species (Apiaceae). In: Taxon. Vol. 57, No. 2, 2008, pp. 347-364 (PD).
  41. ↑ Species list for Capnophyllum in the Red List of South African Plants
  42. ^ Anthony R. Magee, Ben-Erik van Wyk, PM Tilney, Stephen R. Downie: A taxonomic revision of Capnophyllum (Apiaceae: Apioideae). In: South African Journal of Botany. Volume 75, No. 2, 2009, pp. 283-291, doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2009.02.001 .
  43. ^ Anthony R. Magee, Ben-Erik van Wyk, PM Tilney, Stephen R. Downie: A taxonomic revision of the South African endemic genus Dasispermum (Apiaceae, Apioideae). In: South African Journal of Botany. Volume 76, 2010, pp. 308-323, doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2009.12.002 (PDF).
  44. ↑ Species list for Nanobubon in the Red List of South African Plants
  45. ↑ Species list to Scaraboides in the Red List of South African Plants
  46. ↑ Species list on stenosemis in the Red List of South African Plants
  47. ↑ Species list for Arctopus in the Red List of South African Plants
  48. ↑ Petagnaea gussonei in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: L. Gianguzzi, A. La Mantia, 2006. Accessed June 2, 2014.
  49. ↑ Ben-Erik Van Wyk, A. Burke, C. Mannheimer, Anthony R. Magee, PM Tilney, AS Rossouw: A new species of Polemanniopsis (Apiaceae) from Namibia. In: South African Journal of Botany. Volume 76, No. 1, January 2010, pp. 153-157, doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2009.08.009 .
  50. ↑ Ian C. Hedge, JM Lamond, Karl Heinz Rechinger a. a .: Flora Iranica. Flora of the Iranian highlands and the surrounding mountains. Volume 162: Umbelliferae . Akademische Drucks- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1987, Ergocarpon , pp. 80–81.
  51. ↑ Bernhard Egli, Pedro Gerstberger, Werner Greuter, Horst Risse: Horstrissea dolinicola, a new genus and species of umbels (Umbelliferae, Apiaceae) from Kriti (Greece). In: Willdenowia. Volume 19, No. 2, 1990, pp. 389-399, JSTOR 3996647 .

Web links

Commons : Apioideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

  • Łukasz Banasiak, Marcin Piwczyński, Tomasz Uliński, Stephen R. Downie, Mark F. Watson, Bandana Shakya, Krzysztof Spalik: Dispersal patterns in space and time: a case study of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. In: Journal of Biogeography. Volume 40, No. 7, 2013, pp. 1324-1335, doi: 10.1111 / jbi.12071 , (PDF) .
  • Galina V. Degtjareva, Eugene V. Kljuykov, Tahir H. Samigullin, Carmen M. Valiejo-Roman, Michael G. Pimenov: ITS phylogeny of Middle Asian geophilic Umbelliferae-Apioideae genera with comments on their morphology and utility of psbA-trnH sequences. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 299, No. 5, May 2013, pp. 985-1010, doi: 10.1007 / s00606-013-0779-9 .
  • Chenyang Liao, Stephen R. Downie, Qinqin Li, Yan Yu, Xingjin He, Bo Zhou: New Insights into the Phylogeny of Angelica and its Allies (Apiaceae) with Emphasis on East Asian Species, Inferred from nrDNA, cpDNA, and Morphological Evidence. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 38, No. 1, February 2013, pp. 266-281, doi: 10.1600 / 036364413X662060 .
  • Mei Liu, Gregory M. Plunkett, Ben-Erik Van Wyk, Patricia M. Tilney, Porter P. Lowry II: The phylogenetic significance of the carpophore in Apiaceae. In: Annals of Botany. Volume 110, No. 8, 2012, pp. 1531–1543, doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcs204 , PMC 3503491 (free full text).
  • Magdy M. Mourad, Abdelsalam Al-Nowaihi: Numeric taxonomy of some Apioideae species, based on general morphology and carpological features. In: Adansonia. Volume 35, No. 2, December 2013, pp. 375-389, doi: 10.5252 / a2013n2a9 .

Historical literature

  • CJWebb: Breeding Systems and the Evolution of Dioecy in New Zealand apioid Umbelliferae . In: evolution . tape 33 , no. 2 , 1979, ISSN  0014-3820 , pp. 662-672 , JSTOR : 2407789 .