Dog parsley

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Dog parsley
Dog parsley (Aethusa cynapium)

Dog parsley ( Aethusa cynapium )

Systematics
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily : Apioideae
Tribe : Selineae
Genre : Aethusa
Type : Dog parsley
Scientific name of the  genus
Aethusa
L.
Scientific name of the  species
Aethusa cynapium
L.

The dog parsley ( Aethusa cynapium ) is the only species of the plant genus Aethusa within the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). This highly poisonous field and pasture weed is native to Europe and Western Asia .

description

Dog parsley, illustration
Dog parsley ( Aethusa cynapium )
Double-gold inflorescence
Partial fruits
Leaves of Aethusa cynapium subsp. elata
Dog parsley, illustration

Vegetative characteristics

The dog parsley grows as a one to two year old herbaceous plant and reaches a height of up to 100 centimeters. It is rooted up to 60 centimeters deep. The stems are round, but slightly angular, often overflowing with wine-red and bluish frosting. The alternate arranged on the stem leaves shine, total have a triangular shape and are two to three times pinnate. When rubbed, they smell faintly of garlic.

Generative characteristics

The dog parsley blooms in German-speaking countries from June to September, sometimes even October. The flower stalk forms in the first year. The loosely structured, double-gold inflorescence is five to fifteen-pointed with many flowers. The white flowers are only 2 millimeters in diameter. On the umbels of the second order there are bracts that point downwards.

The two-part split fruit , if it is still intact, has a diameter of rarely 2.5 to .3 to 4 millimeters, spherical shape and is long. The ribs on the fruit are reddish to brown. About 500 seeds are formed per plant. The narrow grains are about 4 millimeters long and ribbed straw yellow.

Chromosome number

Both subspecies of dog parsley have the chromosome number 2n = 20.

Distinguishing features

In contrast to flat leaf parsley , the smell of the plant is rather unpleasant, especially if it is ground, and the underside of the leaves is very shiny. The dog parsley differs from the garden parsley in that it has white instead of green inflorescences, the husks on the umbel and the smell.

Host plant

Dog parsley is occasionally attacked by the rust fungi Puccinia nitida (Syn .: Puccinia aethusae ) and Puccinia bullata , as well as powdery mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni ).

Occurrence

The dog parsley is widespread in large parts of Europe and Asia Minor . It occurs in almost 50% of the mapped areas in Switzerland. It rises in the Allgäu Alps in the Tyrolean part in Hägerau near Steeg up to an altitude of 1100 meters.

The dog parsley is found mainly in fields, in house gardens, under bushes and in floodplains. It thrives best in calcareous, loose, nutrient-rich soils with a pH between 6 and 7.5. The dog parsley appreciates warmer locations . It belongs to the Silene noctiflora group, which prefers such locations. It also occurs on rubble sites.

Systematics

The genus Aethusa was established by Carl von Linné . The generic name Aethusa is derived from the Greek word αἴθουσα (= aithusa , the shiny) because of the shiny leaves. The specific epithet cynapium is made up of the Greek word κύων, genitive: κυνός ( kyon, kynos = dog) and the Latin word apium (= parsley in Tabernaemontanus ).

Aethusa cynapium is the only species of the genus Aethusa from the tribe Selineae in the subfamily Apioideae within the family Apiaceae .

The dog parsley is a typical representative of the plant species that have adapted to changing environmental conditions and human use of fields over time with different growth types. Today only the following two subspecies are recognized, which differ in terms of height and branching:

  • Aethusa cynapium subsp. cynapium (Syn .: Aethusa cynapium subsp. segetalis (Boenn.) Schübl. & G.Martens , Aethusa cynapium subsp. agrestis (Wallr.) Dostál ): The stem is 10 to 80 cm high and often branched from the base. The tips of the leaves are ovate. This subspecies occurs in ruderal places, on fields and fallow land in Europe, Western Asia and in the Caucasus. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Fumario-Euphorbion association.
  • Aethusa cynapium subsp. elata (Friedl. ex Fisch.) Schübl. & G.Martens (Syn .: Aethusa cynapium subsp. Cynapioides (M.Bieb.) Nyman ; Aethusa cynapioides M. Bieb. ): The stem is tall, 100 to 200 cm high and only branched above the center of the stem. The tips of the leaves are elongated to linear. This subspecies occurs in humid forest areas from central Europe to southern Sweden. You can find them in France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Romania and Sweden.

It is one of the characteristics of the Alliarion companies.

Molecular genetic studies show a close relationship between the dog parsley and the medicinal angelica ( Angelica archangelica ).

Common names

The following names are or were used for dog parsley, sometimes only regionally: Düllkraut ( East Friesland ), Düllwurtel (East Friesland), Faule Grete ( Silesia ), Ful-Gret ( Altmark ), Geissli ( Middle High German ), Gleiss, Gleisse ( Silesia), Glyssen, Wilde Grönte (East Friesland), Honsblomen ( Middle Low German ), Honssblume (Middle Low German), Hundesblume (Middle High German), Hundesblume (Middle High German), Hundesdille (Middle High German), Hundestitel (Middle High German), Hundisblume ( Old German High German ), Hundisblume (Old German High German), Hundisblume ( Old German High German ), Hundisblume , Hundsdille (Silesia), Hundspeterlein, Hundspeterling ( Memmingen ), Katzenpeterlein (Silesia), wäld Kerwel ( Transylvania ), Toad Peterlein (Silesia), stinkender Peterlein, wilder Peterli ( Switzerland ), wild Petersil ( Mecklenburg ), wäld Pitterselch (Transylvania) and Schörling (Mecklenburg).

meaning

weed

In arable farming , the standard treatment of sugar beet with the usual herbicides is considered to be a " weed " that is difficult to control . Your EPPO code is AETCY.

In cultivated land where sugar beet is grown, the dog parsley is combated with the active ingredients quinmerac and sulfonylureas such as triflusulfuron-methyl . Without control, in a stocking of 8 plants / m² with a reduction in yield of 100 dt / ha expected.

Poisonous plant

In meadows and pastures it comes as a poisonous plant before and is for cattle undesirable in meadows and pastures. For adult cattle, the lethal amount is 15 kg per animal. The plant is also poisonous for horses. No toxic effects could be detected in mice and guinea pigs .

Confusion with parsley led to poisoning with violent stomach cramps and death.

The dog parsley contains a poisonous polyine mixture, mainly aethusine . The herb contains 0.2% polyine and the root 1%. She is responsible for the fact that only curly-leaved parsley is usually grown in gardens to avoid confusion.

In humans, accidental consumption leads to burning in the mouth , pale skin, vomiting, cold sweat, rapid pulse, flatulence , dilation of the pupils and thus visual disturbances , cramps and paralysis, up to clouding of consciousness and ultimately respiratory paralysis.

use

Prehistoric finds

The fruits of the dog parsley were found in the Neolithic flora of Ravensburg as well as in pile dwellings from the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age on Lake Zurich . Since they were found in abundance in pot remains, the dog parsley may have been used by prehistoric people in the kitchen. Presumably the seeds were also found in Bronze Age deposits near Stonehenge .

medicine

According to Madaus , people used to take "root" and "herb" as a sedative , the juice against urinary gravel . Matthiolus ' New-Kreuterbuch 1626 names Aethusa urinating, sand, semolina, stone and sweat inducing , vomiting and conception promoting. It was later forgotten.

The Homeopathy knows AETHUSA in heavy vomiting , but also with concentration problems .

Trivia

With the asteroid (1064) Aethusa , discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth on August 2, 1926 , a celestial body is dedicated to the dog parsley.

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literature

  • Bruno P. Kremer: Steinbach's great plant guide. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4737-8 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  • TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (Eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 340 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  715 .
  2. ↑ a b c Konrad Lauber, Gerhart Wagner: Flora Helvetica. 4th completely revised edition. Haupt, Bern 2007, ISBN 978-3-258-07205-0 , No. 1454 Aethusa cynapium , pp. 766-767.
  3. ↑ a b c Werner Rauh , Karlheinz Senghas : Flora of Germany and its adjacent areas. A book to identify the wild and often cultivated vascular plants (founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen ). 88th revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1988, ISBN 3-494-01166-4 , p. 250.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f L. Roth, M. Daunderer, K. Kornmann, M. Grünsfelder: Poisonous plants + plant poisons - occurrence, effect, therapy and allergic and phototoxic reactions. 5th expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 , p. 101.
  5. ↑ a b Martin Hanf: Field weeds in Europe with their seedlings and seeds. 4th revised edition. VerlagsUnion Agrar, Munich a. a. 1999, ISBN 3-405-14118-4 , pp. 458-459.
  6. ^ TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 340 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  7. ^ A b Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 2: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (2) (Cactaceae - Cornaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1966, ISBN 3-489-74021-1 , p. 1275 (unchanged reprint from 1926 with addendum).
  8. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 277.
  9. ↑ Peter Zwerger, Hans Ulrich Ammon (Ed.): Weeds - Ecology and Control. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3846-8 , p. 42.
  10. ^ Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 2: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (2) (Cactaceae - Cornaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1966, ISBN 3-489-74021-1 , p. 1272 (unchanged reprint from 1926 with addendum).
  11. ↑ Peter Zwerger, Hans Ulrich Ammon (Ed.): Weeds - Ecology and Control. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3846-8 , p. 62.
  12. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  13. ^ Aethusa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  14. ↑ a b R. Hand (2011): Apiaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Aethusa data sheet
  15. ↑ Stephen R. Downie, Mark F. Watson, Krzysztof Spalik, Deborah S. Katz: Molecular systematics of Old World Apioideae (Apiaceae): relationships among some members of tribe Peucedaneae sensu lato, the placement of several island-endemic species, and resolution within the apioid superclade. In: Canadian Journal of Botany. Volume 78, No. 4, 2000, pages 506-528, doi : 10.1139 / b00-029 .
  16. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, pp. 12-13, online.
  17. ↑ Peter Zwerger, Hans Ulrich Ammon (Ed.): Weeds - Ecology and Control. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3846-8 , pp. 220-221.
  18. ↑ Peter Zwerger, Hans Ulrich Ammon (Ed.): Weeds - Ecology and Control. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3846-8 , pp. 281-284.
  19. ↑ http://www.giftpflanze-fuer-pferde.de/Hundspetersilie.htm D. Arnold: Poison plants for horses
  20. ↑ E. Teuscher, H. Greger, V. Adrian: Studies on the toxicity of Aethusa cynapium L., the dog parsley. In: The Pharmacy . Volume 45, 1990, pp. 537-538.
  21. ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume I. Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1979, ISBN 3-487-05891-X , pp. 425-429 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition).
  22. ^ Ferdinand Bohlmann, Christian Arndt, Hans Bornowski, Peter Herbst: Polyacetylenverbindungen, XXVI. The polyynes from Aethusa cynapium L. In: Chemical reports. Volume 93, No. 4, 1960, pp. 981-987 DOI: 10.1002 / cber.19600930433 .
  23. ↑ Matt Leivers, Chris Moore: Archeology on the A303 Stonehenge Improvement. Wessex Archeology, 2008, ISBN 978-1-874350-48-4 , at scribd.com
  24. ↑ Georgos Vithoulkas: Homeopathic Medicines. Materia Medica Viva. Volume I. Elsevier, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-437-55061-4 , pp. 111-121.
  25. ^ Lutz D. Schmadel : Dictionary of minor planet names . 5th revised edition. tape 1 . Springer, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-540-00238-3 , pp. 91 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Web links

Commons : Dog Parsley ( Aethusa cynapium )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files