Medicinal angelica

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Medicinal angelica
AngelicaArchangelica1.jpg

Medicinal angelica ( Angelica archangelica )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily : Apioideae
Genre : Angelica ( Angelica )
Type : Medicinal angelica
Scientific name
Angelica archangelica
L.

The medicinal angelica or real angelica ( Angelica archangelica ) is a plant species within the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). It is widespread in the cool, temperate to subarctic latitudes of the northern hemisphere and is used in medicine and should not be confused with the giant hogweed .

Description and ecology

Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants
Medicinal angelica ( Angelica archangelica )
Stalked leaves

Appearance and leaves

The medicinal angelica is a deciduous, two to four year old, only one flowering ( Hapaxanthe plant ) perennial and reaches heights of 1.2 to 3 meters, rarely only 50 centimeters. It has a thick, sometimes forked taproot , which in wild plants is often turnip-shaped, in cultivated plants is usually short and has many adventitious roots . The upright stem (stem) is at least stalk-round, weakly grooved, pithy-hollow on the inside, branched at the top and tastes and smells spicy.

The basal leaves are long stalked. The stalks of the upper stem leaves are formed as wide leaf sheaths encompassing buds and have a less strongly divided blade than the lower ones . Most of the leaves are two to three pinnate, their blade is light green and often 60 to 90 centimeters long. The individual pinnate sections are 5 to 8 inches long, egg-shaped as well as roughly and irregularly serrated on the edge. The terminal leaflet at the tip of the leaf is three-pronged - in contrast to the forest angelica ( Angelica sylvestris ). The petioles are round and hollow. The leaf sheaths are almost entirely herbaceous ( Angelica archangelica subsp. Archangelica ) or membranous (subspecies Angelica archangelica subsp. Litoralis ).

Double-gold inflorescence from above with many insects

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The terminal, hemispherical, double-gold inflorescences contain many flowers. The umbel stalks are hairy only in the uppermost areas. There are 20 to 40 umbel rays, they are at least rough and downy on the inside. An umbel envelope is usually not present. The husk leaves are numerous, linear-awl in shape and shorter than or equal to the length of the doelette.

The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five calyx teeth are indistinct. The five greenish-white to yellowish petals are not nailed and with a length of 1 to 1.5 millimeters and a width of 0.75 to 1.25 millimeters are elliptical and narrowed at the top into a curved tip. The styles are short during anthesis . The flowers smell of honey and are pollinated by insects. The flowering period extends from June to August.

The pale yellow split fruit , also known as the Doppelachäne in this family , is 5 to 8 millimeters long and 3.5 to 5 millimeters wide and elliptical. The back main ribs are threadlike to slightly keeled and slightly protruding. The edge ribs are winged and relatively thick. The oil welts are numerous, small and ring-shaped around the nutrient tissue. The stylus are bent back when the fruit is ripe, up to 2 millimeters long, and twice as long as the stylus cushion.

Chromosome number

The chromosome number for both subspecies is 2n = 22.

Occurrence

Coastal angelica ( Angelica archangelica subsp. Litoralis )

The medicinal angelica is widespread in northern and eastern Europe as well as Siberia, in the Himalayas, in southern Greenland and in North America. It originally occurs in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany, the Czech Republic, the Baltic States, Slovakia, European Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Serbia, Croatia, Georgia, in the Caucasus and in Siberia. It occurs rarely in Central Europe and only occurs in damp locations. It is also cultivated.

The medicinal angelica grows in damp meadows on banks. It occurs mainly on wet, occasionally flooded, nutrient-rich clay soils .

Systematics

Angelica archangelica was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 1, pp. 250-251. Synonyms for Angelica archangelica L. are Archangelica norvegica Rupr. and Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.

Within the species Angelica archangelica , two subspecies are distinguished:

  • Angelica archangelica subsp. archangelica , the nominate form , has linear husk leaves that are the same length as the dome. The stem is soft and juicy, tastes and smells spicy. It is grown as a herb and medicinal plant. Her home is Northern and Eastern Europe, the Sudetes and the Carpathians. It is originally found in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, the Netherlands, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, European Russia and the Caucasus, Belarus, Ukraine and Croatia. It is a neophyte in Great Britain, Belgium and France. It is a character species of the Senecion fluviatilis association in Central Europe.
  • Coastal angelica ( Angelica archangelica subsp. Litoralis (Fr.) Thell. , Syn .: Angelica litoralis Fr. ) with subtle sheath-leaves that are about half as long as the döldchen. The stem is hard, tastes and smells sharp and pungent. The subspecies is common on the coasts of Northern Europe, otherwise very rare. It is originally found in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Germany, Estonia, European Russia and the Faroe Islands. On the banks of the Danube downstream to around Vienna it occurs as a neophyte , although the affiliation of the populations to this subspecies has not been fully clarified. It grows on damp banks and in bushes and is salt-bearing ( halophilic or halotolerant). It is a species of the Convolvulo-Archangelicetum litoralis.

For northern Germany, it is discussed which of the two subspecies occur in the area. For Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Lower Saxony it is assumed that the predominant subspecies along rivers and canals Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis , while the nominate form occurs only in a few individual specimens in the area.

The allocation of the populations in southern Germany is also controversial, since the plants convey their characteristics. In 2011, the occurrences in silt reeds and beds of the Danube backwaters were classified as autochthonous and classified as Angelica archangelica subsp. archangelica posed.

Medicinal angelica in the form of the root drug (Angelicae radix)
Fadno , the only traditional Sami wind instrument, cut from the green stem.

Toxicity and Ingredients

The medicinal angelica is considered to be slightly poisonous.

ingredients

The main active ingredient in the fresh rhizome and in the dried roots is 0.1-0.37% 15-oxypentadecene lactone . Other ingredients and active substances: 0.35–1% essential oils, also with 15-oxypentadecene lactone as the main component. Furthermore the coumarins : Angelicin , Bergapten , Imperatorin Osthol , Osthenol , Xanthotoxin , Xanthotoxol and Umbelliprenin .

The rhizome contains 0.35 to 1.3% essential oils , which are mainly composed of monoterpenes . The most important components are β- phellandren (13 to 28%), α-phellandren (2 to 14%) and α- pinene (14 to 31%). In addition, over 60 other components were identified. A small part of the essential oil consists of sesquiterpenes , such as β-bisabolen , (-) - α-bisabolol , β- caryophyllene , and macrocyclic lactones . Other components are 20 photosensitizing furocoumarins including bergapten , imperatorin , xanthotoxin , angelicin , Archangelicin , or the C-prenylated coumarins Osthenol and osthole, umbelliferone. The roots also contain angelica and fumaric acid , chlorogenic and caffeic acid , resins and flavanones .

Effects in humans

Effects on the skin: The fluorescent furocoumarins as phototoxic substances can cause dermatitis on the skin , which can lead to serious disturbances of the general condition. On freshly mown meadows, contact with the sap of the plant can cause so-called "bathing dermatitis", similar to that of the meadow hogweed ( Heracleum sphondylium ). Very sensitive people can be sensitized to sunlight if they come into contact with fresh plant sap (Angelicadermitis) .

Pharmacological effects: Poisoning is known when using larger doses of Radix or Oleum Angelicae for abortion.

use

Culinary use

The oil from roots and seeds is a component of herbal liqueurs and bitter schnapps such as Boonekamp , Bénédictine and Chartreuse . Candied stalks are offered as candy and as a decoration for baked goods. Angelica is also part of the Schneeberger snuff. The fruits are used to flavor vermouth, gin and chartreuse . Madaus also calls a "choleral liqueur". The seeds they eat today, on Greenlanders it was after Rikli almost the only vegetable food.

Use in medicine

Above all, the subterranean parts of the plant are used (as the drug Angelicae radix), which contains bitter substances and essential oils, so it belongs to the Amara drugs. Alcoholic extracts or teas are used against loss of appetite, mild stomach and intestinal cramps, bloating and flatulence. Angelica has a carminative , antimicrobial or antibiotic effect and stimulates gastric juice and pancreatic secretion.

Medicinal angelica can be used for anorexia nervosa (anorexia). In folk medicine , the essential oil (as the drug Angelicae aetheroleum) from the roots is used internally against insomnia and externally against rheumatism and neuralgia . The essential oil is toxic in larger quantities . As an antiseptic for the lower urinary tract, the plant can support the treatment of cystitis (urinary bladder inflammation).

In wild collections, there is a risk of confusion with other umbelliferae, such as the poisonous spotted hemlock ( Conium maculatum ). The commercial cultivation takes place mainly in Poland, the Netherlands and Germany, to a lesser extent in Belgium, France, Italy, Switzerland and the Czech Republic. Mainly land races are cultivated, which are assigned to the variety sativa of the subspecies archangelica and which is sometimes referred to as a separate species Angelica sativa . The harvest usually takes place in October and November of the second year of cultivation after the onset of dormancy. The yields are between 2.5 and 4 tons per hectare.

Madaus particularly recommends the fresh roots of the plant dug in spring. Sometimes also herbs and seeds. The doctors of the Renaissance praised the help of angelica against the plague , Paracelsus also for internal infections, as a heart remedy and for flatulence. According to Lonicerus , it drives out poison, warms and the like. a. with stomach and chest affections, the smell is said to strengthen the heart. Matthiolus closed fistulas with the root juice. Hufeland prescribed Angelica for states of weakness during typhus , dysentery , peripneumonia and nervous fever, Renner for hydrops , von Schwarz for Febris puerperalis putrida, Clarus as an antiparalytic and stomachic agent. Kneipp reports successes with dysentery and cholera, the powder cleans the stomach and intestines, but also the lungs and has a wound healing effect on colic , pelvic pain, sore throat and larynx. According to Leclerc , infusion or tincture before every meal help with loss of appetite. Folk medicine values ​​angelica as a sweat-inducing, stomach-tonic, catarrh- and antispasmodic agent, in Switzerland as an antidote and for tough mucus. Commission E recommends angelica root for people with poor appetite and indigestion. The daily dose is 4.5 g of the drug or 10–20 drops of essential oil. Contraindications and interactions are not known. The furanocoumarins contained have a UV-sensitizing effect.

The plant is said to dissolve sputum (dissolves) in coughs , bronchitis and pleurisy ( pleurisy ), especially in connection with fever , cold and influenza (flu). Medicinal angelica is suitable for breast compresses .

history

Angelica - Angelica archangelica . Otto Brunfels 1537. Further historical images:

As a plant of the northern latitudes, which was cultivated as a vegetable in Iceland and Scandinavia early on, the medicinal angelica was not known to the ancient authors of the Mediterranean region. It was first mentioned in a herbal book as Angelica in the northern European galangal spice treatise from the 14th century, which was probably wrongly attributed to an "Alexander Hispanus" as the author. This galangal spice treatise gives the following effects for the medicinal angelica:

  • Defense against "magic and poison"
  • Cleansing the breast (hence the name "nipple root")
  • Healing from bites of angry dogs
  • Digestive stimulation.

A printed treatise on angelica first appeared in little Destillierbuch of Hieronymus Brunschwig . Brunschwyg's description shows that he was familiar with this medicinal plant from his practice. He distinguished between the medicinal angelica and the forest angelica , which he called "bůchalter":

“Angelica waſſer from krut keyn alter philo [so] phus ſchriben iſt / darumb ſyn latin name of the sachets in practice iſt angelica. But in tongues called the holy spirit roots of vilen bruſt wurtz / darumb dz it is superfluous the br dert comfortably it / and iſt a lineage of the master wirtz of the latin called oſtrici . But angelica geſchlecht iſt zweyerley / wild vnd zam / krut vnd ​​ſtengel in the leng ii. elbow high. dz wildly called by the sachet bůchalter. [...] "

- Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 20r

With regard to the application of the medicinal angelica - here especially the distillate from the roots - Brunschwig followed the galangal spice treatise.

Even Paracelsus repeatedly mentioned the therapeutic qualities of angelica. In recipes with several ingredients he recommended the root - in particular the oil distilled from the root - for the treatment of consumption ( "morbis siccis, seu phthisi" ), as a preventive against contagious diseases ( "infectiones aëreas internas & praeseruatiuum contra pestem" ), as Means for chest pain ( "ad Icteritiam cordis, quo tumor non abit, sed dolor" ) and as part of a "winter wine " ( "consilia medica" ). He interpreted the angelica as a product of a "transplant" from the masterwort :

"... Ostricium is a first Sam / through" a transplant Angelica is born / and also keeps "a semen".

The " fathers of botany " ( Otto Brunfels , Hieronymus Bock and Leonhart Fuchs ) followed up on the remarks from Hieronymus Brunschwig's distilling book and discussed in lengthy terms which medicinal plant of the Materia medica of Dioscurides would go with the medicinal angelica.

Until the middle of the 19th century, the root was used to prepare Theriak and "Spiritus theriacalis":

"Spiritus Angelicae compositus. Compound Angelicaist. Instead of the spiritus theriacalis. Take: Angelica root a pound [approx. 360 g], valerian root , juniper berries , three ounces of each [approx. 90 g]. After they are cut, crushed and placed in the still, add six pounds of rectified alcohol. 2160 g], common water, so much as sufficient. After a maceration of 24 hours, six pounds should distill over, in which one and a half ounces [approx. 45 g] camphor can be dissolved. Filter. It is colorless and clear. "

- Karl Friedrich Mohr : Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia (6th edition) , Braunschweig 1854, Vol. II, p. 289

In the years 1842/43 the Munich pharmacologist discovered Ludwig Andreas Buchner the angelic acid and is by saponification of Angelica balsams the angelicin represents.

In 1990, Commission E of the former Federal Health Office published a (negative) monograph on angelica fruits and herbs and a (positive) monograph on angelica roots.

Sources for analyzing the ingredients of angelica
  • Johann Friedrich John . Chemical tables of plant analyzes . JL Schrag, Nuremberg 1814, p. 17 (Table IV) (digital copy)
  • Christian Friedrich Bucholz and Rudolph Brandes : Analysis of the air-dry angelica root (Angelica Archangelica) . In: Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff . Neues Journal der Pharmacie, Volume I (1817), Piece 2, pp. 138–188 (digitized version )
  • Ludwig Andreas Buchner : New chemical investigations of the Angelica root . In: Repertory for Pharmacy . Nürnberg, Volume LXXVI (1842), pp. 145 –178 (digitized version )
  • Ludwig Andreas Buchner: About a peculiar volatile acid from the angelica root . In: Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy . Heidelberg, Volume XLII (1842), pp. 226-233 (digitized version )
  • H. Meyer and D. Zenner: About the volatile acids in the Angelica officinalis. In: Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy . Heidelberg, Volume LV (1845). P. 317–330 (digitized version )
  • Jonathan Pereira’s : Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig 1846–48, Volume II 1848, pp. 505–507 (digitized version )
  • Leopold Gmelin : Handbook of Chemistry . Heidelberg, Volume V (1852), pp. 496–499: Angelic acid (digitized version)
  • August Husemann and Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 813-815 Angelicic acid, Angelicin and Angelicabitter (digitized version ) ; P. 1130: Angelica oil (digitized version)
  • Theodor Husemann: Handbook of the entire drug theory. 2 volumes, Springer, Berlin 1873–1875. 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin 1883, Volume II, pp. 961–962 (digitized version )

Common names

For medicinal angelica there are, in some cases only regionally, among others the common names Angelika, Norwegian Angelik, Zam Angelik, Angilje, Angolkenwörtel ( Altmark ), Argelkleinwurzel ( Rendsburg pharmacy), Artelkleewurzel (Rendsburg pharmacy), breast root, nipple root, accountant , Cholera root, Trinity root, Engelwurtz ( Middle High German ), Gartenangelik ( Switzerland ), Geilwurzel (Rendsburg pharmacy), Spirit root ( Silesia ), poison spice (Switzerland), Gölk (Altmark), Glückenwurzel (Rendsburger Apotheke), Healing Root (Rendsigburgerge Apotheke), Heilbronn root (Rendsigburgerge Apotheke) Heiligenwurzel, Heiligengeistwurzel ( St. Gallen ), Ledepipenkrawt, Lidtpfeiffenkraut, Luftwurzel (Silesia) and Theriakroot.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 (section description).
  • Johannes Gottfried Mayer . The first printed herbal books and the Angelika water of the Donaueschingen Tauler manuscript. In: Gundolf Keil (Hrsg.): Würzburger Fachprosastudien (Festschrift Michael Holler) . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995, pp. 156–177.
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001. ISBN 3-494-01327-6 CD-ROM (sections description and occurrence)
  • Erich Fürchtegott Heeger: Handbook of medicinal and aromatic plant cultivation. 2nd Edition. VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-331-00191-0 .
  • Paul Seitz: The garden pharmacy. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-440-06175-2 .
  • Rainer Schunk: Healing power from medicinal plants. Kaulfuss, Abtswind 1994, ISBN 3-922019-04-8 .

Web links

Commons : Medicinal Engelwurz ( Angelica archangelica )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Medicinal angelica. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 718 .
  3. ^ Angelica archangelica at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ Angelica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  5. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ^ Angelica archangelica at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 17, 2013.
  7. ↑ a b c R. Hand (2011): Apiaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Angelica
  8. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  9. ↑ Eckhard Garve: Distribution atlas of the fern and flowering plants in Lower Saxony and Bremen. In: Landscape maintenance and nature conservation in Lower Saxony. 43, 2007, p. 35, ISSN  0933-1247
  10. ↑ H. Henker, H. Kiesewetter: First records of critical plant species for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In: Botanical circular for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 41, 2006, pp. 5-20 (cited in Garve 2007).
  11. ↑ Martin Scheuerer, Wolfgang Diewald, Wolfgang Ahlmer, Franz Leibl & Carsten Rüther: List of vascular plants in the district of Straubing-Bogen . In: The Bavarian Forest , Volume 23 (New Series) Issue 1 + 2 / February 2011
  12. ↑ a b c d Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons. Occurrence, effect, therapy, allergic and phototoxic reactions. With a special section about poisonous animals. 6th, revised edition, special edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  13. ↑ a b c d Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants. Special edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6 . Andreas Alberts, Peter Mullen: Poisonous plants in nature and the garden. Determination, toxic effects, first aid. Extra: Poisonous houseplants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09550-9 .
  14. ↑ a b c Max Wichtl (Ed.): Tea drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. 4th edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2002 ISBN 3-8047-1854-X , pp. 38–41.
  15. ↑ . Angelica archangelica. In: awl.ch. (accessed July 29, 2008).
  16. ^ Walther Kern, Paul Heinz List, Ludwig Hörhammer: Chemicals and Drugs (AM-CH). 4th edition. Springer 1972 ( Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. Volume 3)
  17. ^ A b c Klaus-Ulrich Heyland, Herbert Hanus, Ernst Robert Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2006 ISBN 978-3-8001-3203-4 ( Handbuch des Pflanzenbau. Volume 4), pp. 595-599.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g David Hoffmann : Naturally healthy - herbal medicine . Over 200 herbs and medicinal plants and their effects on health. Ed .: Element Books . 1st edition. Element Books, Shaftesbury , England , UK 1996, Part Three: The Plant Directory, pp.  60 (256 pp., English: The Complete Illustrated Holistic Herbal . Shaftesbury, England 1996. Translated by Mosaik Verlag).
  19. ^ Franz Mauermann: Angelica archangelica L. A little noticed antibiotic medicinal plant from Paracelsian times. In: Sepp Domandl (ed.): Paracelsus work and effect. Festschrift for Kurt Goldammer. Vienna 1975, pp. 133-142; here: p. 140 f.
  20. ↑ Hans-Peter Dörfler, Gerhard Roselt: Medicinal plants. Urania Verlag, Leipzig, September 1984, ISBN 3-432-94291-5 (Enke), ISBN 3-423-03269-3 (dtv)
  21. ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume I. Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05890-1 , pp. 526-533 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition).
  22. ↑ Heinz Schilcher (Ed.): Guide to Phytotherapy. 5th edition. Urban & Fischer, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-437-55344-8 , pp. 53–54.
  23. ↑ Vitus Auslasser 1479. Angelica ( picture link )
  24. ^ Leonhart Fuchs 1543 Zam Angelik - Angelica archangelica . ( Image link )
  25. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs 1543 Wild Angelik - Angelica sylvestris . ( Image link )
  26. ↑ Hieronymus Bock 1546. Angelica - Angelica archangelica. ( Image link )
  27. ↑ Hieronymus Bock 1546 Wild Angelik - Angelica sylvestris. ( Image link )
  28. ↑ Ute Mauch: A medieval herbal book from the 14th century, a new version of the Latin Macer? In: Gesnerus. Volume 63, 2006, pp. 181-208, here: p. 190.
  29. ↑ Galangal spice treatise in German (Alemannic) translation: Heidelberg. Cpg 620.Southwest Germany, 15th century Sheet 92v-93r (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Small distilling book. Strasbourg 1500, sheet 20r-20v Bayerische Staatsbibliothek digitized
  31. ^ Franz Mauermann: Angelica archangelica L. A little noticed antibiotic medicinal plant from Paracelsian times. In: Sepp Domandl (ed.): Paracelsus work and effect. Festschrift for Kurt Goldammer. Vienna 1975, pp. 133–142 (Mauermann correctly writes about the geographical distribution of Angelica archangelica. However, he attributes the first mention of angelica as a medicinal plant to Paracelsus and Leonhart Fuchs .)
  32. ^ Huser edition, Volume III, p. 348: "Pro cordis Icteritia: Ea descriptione tumor non abit sed dolor. Olei angelicae: Si Angelica per Balneum maris distillatur, postea tundatur radix, eius tum Angelica in ea decoquitur cum vino albo, net a handkerchief / put it on / donec albescit corpus ”. (Digitized version)
  33. ^ Huser edition, Volume III, p. 385 Paragraphorum liber quintus. De morbis siccis, seu phthisi. ... Cura ... (digitized version)
  34. ^ Huser edition, Volume VII, p. 380 Alia scholia in librum secvndvm de gradibus. Caput primum (digitized version)
  35. ^ Huser edition, Volume III, pp. 347–348 De Icteritiis liber (digitized version )
  36. ^ Huser edition, Volume V, p. 124 Consilia medica (digitized version)
  37. ↑ Huser edition of Chirurgische Bücher, Basel 1605, p. 267 (digitized version) , p. 633 ... (digitized version)
  38. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Contrafeyt Kreueterbuch. Strasbourg 1532, p. 318, text (digitized)
  39. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Another part of the Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs. Strasbourg 1537, p. 120, illustration (digitized)
  40. ↑ Hieronymus Bock. New Kreütter book. Strasbourg 1539, book I, cap. 140 (digitized version)
  41. ^ Leonhardt Fuchs. New Kreütterbuch. Strasbourg 1543, Cap. 43 (digitized version)
  42. ↑ KF Mohr 1854, Volume II, p. 289 (digitized version)
  43. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 38, online.
  44. ^ Johannes G. Mayer: The first printed herbal books and the Angelika water of the Donaueschingen Tauler manuscript. In: Würzburg specialist prose studies. Contributions to medieval medicine, pharmacy and class history from the Würzburg Medical History Institute. Würzburg 1995 (= Würzburg medical historical research , 38), pp. 156–177; here: p. 157.