Masterwort

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Masterwort
Masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium)

Masterwort ( Peucedanum ostruthium )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily : Apioideae
Genre : Hair strand ( peucedanum )
Type : Masterwort
Scientific name
Peucedanum ostruthium
( L. ) WDJKoch

Masterwort ( Peucedanum ostruthium ), also called Kaiserwurz and Ostruz, is a type of plant from the genus Haarstrang ( Peucedanum ) within the umbellifers family (Apiaceae). It is particularly widespread in the Alpine region and is known as a medicinal plant .

description

illustration
Habitus. Leaves and inflorescences
Double-gold inflorescence
Infructescence and fruits

Vegetative characteristics

The masterwort is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 100 centimeters. Masterwort gives off a strong, spicy scent of carrots and celery.

The "rhizome" is thick, spindle-shaped, brown and milky. It drives out underground runners . The stem axis stands upright, is rounded and grooved. Inside it is tubular and hollow and bare on the outside, except under the umbels, where it is furrowed with hair.

The leaves are grass-green and glabrous or on the underside of the leaves, especially on the veins, with bristly and downy hairs and bristly ciliate on the edge. The foliage leaf is up to 30 inches long and up to 34 inches wide. The lower, basal leaves are often almost double threefold. The first-order sections are stalked and deep (almost to the bottom) in three parts. The lobes are elliptical to lanceolate, pointed and between 5 and 10 inches long and 4 to 7 inches wide. The edge of the spread is unequally doubly sawn with a coarse spike tip on the teeth. The upper leaves are usually just three-edged, sitting on large, inflated, almost membranous sheaths .

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to August. The inflorescences are large, flat umbels with up to 50 points . The rays are thin, angular, unevenly long and hairy on the inside with fine, lumpy hair. The nodules are profuse. The flower stalks are very thin, almost smooth and significantly longer than the fruits. Bracts are absent or are sometimes single-leaved. The few husk leaves are bristly, herbaceous and almost smooth.

The flowering period extends from June / July to August. The flowers are hermaphroditic. The rim of the chalice is blurred. The petals are white or reddish, about 1 to 1.5 millimeters long and between 0.75 and 1 millimeter wide. They are almost smooth, very weak or bluntly papillary , broadly obovate and lightly nailed at the base. The tip is edged and provided with a folded, pointed lobule. The ovary is upper constant and conically curved, the stylus is between 1 and 1.5 millimeters long. The scar is heady.

The split fruit , called double achane , is white-yellowish with a brownish disc, almost circular, between 4 and 5 millimeters long and just as wide. The tip is a little bit ragged and strongly compressed. The three dorsal ribs of the partial fruits are triangular protruding in cross section, and bluntly separated from each other by large bays. The thin edge wings are very wide, almost as wide as the case diameter at the widest point. The tissue of the pericarp is partially finely spotted, but parenchymal and hardly significantly thickened.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

ecology

The masterwort is a deciduous hemicryptophyte and stem plant. Your rhizome smells aromatic. Vegetative reproduction takes place through the underground foothills .

In terms of flower ecology, it is a question of the former “nectar-bearing disc flowers of the Heracleum type”. They are Andromonoc d. H. male and hermaphrodite flowers appear on the same plant. The flowers are frequently visited by insects that use the inflorescences as a "sun deck". Pollinators are u. a. Male of the horsefly species Tabanus borealis .

The individual fruits spread as glider pilots, in addition there is random spread through ungulates as well as human spread as cultural relics and cultural refugees. Fruit ripens from September to October. The fruits are winter dwellers .

Natural enemies

Masterwort is the only food plant for the larvae of Oreina gloriosa , a species of leaf beetle .

Toxicity

The plant has a photosensitizing effect through furocoumarins .

distribution

Masterwort is originally found in Spain, Andorra, France, Corsica, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Croatia, Poland, Ukraine and Romania. It is a neophyte in Great Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and also in Canada and the United States.

In Germany, the masterwort is only native to the Bavarian Alps at altitudes between 1450 and 2100 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of 2200 meters. Individual occurrences can be found today in the Jeseníky Mountains and the low mountain ranges. Masterwort is widespread throughout Austria. For the isolated occurrences in Northern Europe, including Iceland, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe, it is unclear whether these are natural.

Meisterwurz is on mountain meadows, steep slopes, Kar - and Hochstaudenfluren on wet dumps in avalanche gullies , in warehouses corridors (where cattle outsourced), the green alder scrub and dwarf pine, to slip spots in woods, at the foot of rocks and stream banks within the The Alps and pre-Alps are not uncommon. It prefers limestone and primary rock at altitudes between 1400 and 2700 meters. In the low mountain ranges and in the plains , the masterwort is rare and mostly feral from former cultures . Masterwort is an adenostylion alliariae-association character in Central Europe, a kind of the tall herbaceous corridors . But it also occurs in societies of the Rumicion alpini or Aegopodion associations.

Systematics

The first publication took place in 1753 under the name (Basionym) Imperatoria ostruthium by Carl von Linné . The new combination to Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) WDJKoch was published in 1824 by Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch in Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum , 12, 1, p. 95. Another synonym for Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) WDJKoch is Imperatoria major Gray .

Of Peucedanum ostruthium there are three varieties:

  • Peucedanum ostruthium var. Angustifolium (Bell.) Alef.
  • Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) WDJKoch var. Ostruthium
  • Peucedanum ostruthium var. Vulgare Aleph.

Use

Japanese herb book from the 17th century

Masterwort is traditionally used as a medicinal plant - but was apparently unknown in ancient times. Hildegard von Bingen knew a medicinal plant that she calls Astrencia , but it could just as easily be the great star umbel ( Astrantia major ). In the 16th century, at least, the masterwort was called Astrenz , whereas the large star umbel was called Schwartz Astrenz . With "Astränze", "Astrantia", "Stränze", "Strenze" and "Strenzel", Alfred Helfenstein also referred to other plants such as Sanikel , Bibernelle , five- leaf herb and mountain parsley .

It is clear that Conrad Gessner recommended the cultivation of the masterwort in 1560, and that the masterwort was often found in gardens until the 19th century.

The "rhizome" contains between 0.18 and 0.78% (in extreme cases up to 1.4%) essential oils , the largest part of which (around 35.2%) is Sabinen . Other ingredients are 1.3% oxypeucedanine (C 13 H 12 O 2 ), 0.5% ostruthin (C 18 H 20 O 8 ), 0.3% ostruthol (C 24 H 24 O 8 ) and 0.1% ostruthol (C 12 H 18 O 2 ). In 2003 laboratory experiments ( in vitro ) showed that the isolated coumarin ostruthin had inhibitory properties against various mycobacteria .

Pills, powders, decoctions , infusions or ointments were made from the roots , which were used as universal remedies for bronchial catarrh, asthma , delirium tremens , epilepsy , infectious diseases, dermatophytoses , for treating wounds, for stomach problems, as an antidote, for dropsy or toothache. Masterwort was also part of the Spiritus carminativus Sylvii . It was also found in orvietan , a panacea made from fifty-four different herbs. It is used to make schnapps and herbal cheese, especially in mountainous areas. In Tyrol, the room with the "roots" was fumigated at Christmas time. The "root" served to 'drive out witches '.

literature

  • Gustav Hegi: Peucedanum ostruthium . In: Illustrated flora of Central Europe . 5, 2nd part. JF Lehmanns Verlag, Munich 1926, p. 1396-1401 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Orientating investigations on the adoption of masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium) / Preliminary investigations on the introduction of masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium) (L.) W. Cook. EM. Walle, Journal of Medicinal & Spice Plants , 2, 2010, pp. 86-94.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  720-721 .
  2. ↑ Susanne Dobler , Patrick Mardulyn, Jacques M. Pasteels, Martine Rowell-Rahier : Host-Plant Switches and the Evolution of Chemical Defense and Life History in the Leaf Beetle Genus Oreina . In: evolution . tape  50 , no. 6 , December 1996, pp. 2373-2386 , JSTOR : 2410706 .
  3. ↑ a b R. Hand (2011): Apiaceae : Datasheet Peucedanum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  4. ^ Peucedanum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 282.
  6. ↑ Alfred Helfenstein: The Namengut Pilate territory. Keller, Luzern 1982, ISBN 3-85766-004-X , p. 43.
  7. ↑ Wojciech Cisowskia, Urszula Sawickaa, Marek Mardarowicz, Monika Asztemborska, Maria Luczkiewicz: Essential Oil from Herb and rhizomes of Peucedanum ostruthium (L. Koch.) Ex DC .. In: Journal of Nature Research C . 56, 2001, pp. 930-932 ( PDF , free full text).
  8. ↑ Andreas Schinkovitz, Simon Gibbons, Michael Stavri, Michael J. Cocksedge, Franz Bucar: Ostruthin: At Antimycobacterial coumarin from the Roots of Peucedanum ostruthium . In: Planta Med . tape 69 , no. 4 , 2003, p. 369-371 , doi : 10.1055 / s-2003-38876 .
  9. ↑ a b Masterwort at Pflanzenfreunde.com .

Web links

Commons : Masterwort ( Imperatoria ostruthium )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files