Fadno

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Two fadnos

The fadno ( Northern Sami ) is a simple reed instrument that is cut out of a green stem of the medicinal angelica ( Angelica archangelica ) and in traditional music the seed was the only melody instrument. Its lifespan is a few days.

Design

Medicinal angelica is an herbaceous plant with upright stems that grows in Lapland in meadows on river banks or in springs in the mountains near the tree line. Its roots and seeds are used as folk medicine in Central and Northern Europe - including the seeds. The seeds used medicinal angelica in the past (and occasionally still today), along with other wild plants, to coagulate reindeer milk. For the wind instrument, cut a 15 to 30 centimeter long section out of the almost straight stem containing the medullary and notch a row of three to six finger holes. The lower end remains open. The top is cut off at a knot that branches off. Since it blows against the direction of growth, the diameter of the conical tube at the mouth is slightly larger. The blowing opening is a two to three centimeter long longitudinal cut that is made from the knot in the middle of the stem. This creates an idioglottes reed (made of the same material). The slit can hardly be seen with the naked eye; the elastic side edges only reveal an opening when the player blows into it and swing back immediately. The periodic vibrations of the slot edges cause the air in the tube to vibrate. In English, such longitudinal cuts at the upper end that create a standing wave inside a blade of grass or a plant stem are called dilating reeds . In Geist und Werden der Musikinstrumenten (1929), Curt Sachs referred to such wind instruments as "Broken pipe" and "Blow cannon" and assigned them to the "Melanesian-South American" and "Indonesian-Melanesian" strata in his geographical-cultural classification . However, there they are incorrectly placed next to the "flutes". After the Hornbostel-Sachs system was expanded in 2011 by the MIMO project, the dilating reeds are assigned to the subgroup (422.4) within the category of the actual wind instruments, while a separate group (424) is assigned to another, newly classified type of sound generation, Membranopipes , was created. Common to both are sound-generating lamellae or membranes, which close an air passage when not in use.

The sound of the fadno is soft and the range corresponds to the middle range of a clarinet . The tone intervals of the individual specimens are different, because they cannot be precisely determined in advance with such a simple wind instrument made with little care.

distribution

Fadno is a loan word from the North Germanic languages and describes both the musical instrument and the annual plant. The biennial plant is called påskå in Sami , a word taken from the Uralic languages . In Lule Sami spoken in Central Norway, påskit means "to collect". The same root language of the verb and the biennial plant collected for processing as food is a reference to a very old tradition of food gathering. The word fadno , borrowed from the Nordic peoples, is probably related to the processing of milk into cheese, which the seeds have also taken over from their neighbors. In Lapland, Iceland and some remote regions of Northern Asia , the pulp of the stems provides a vitamin C-containing food component. Dry stems of the medicinal angelica are called rasi (“grass”) in Sami , as Carl von Linné reported in 1732.

The fadno was first mentioned in 1913 by the Danish ethnographer Emilie Demant-Hatt (1873–1958), who spoke of a "flute". It was described in 1942 by the Swedish folk music researcher Karl Tirén, who was traveling in the far north of Europe from 1909 to 1916 ( The Lappish folk music: Recordings of Juoiko's melodies by the Swedish Lappers ), but without giving a clear indication of the type of sound generation. The only monographic contribution to fadno comes from Ernst Emsheimer in 1947, who bases his investigation on four copies made for him.

According to Emsheimer, the fadno could not come from the older Sami culture, but rather be a later takeover by the neighbors. It belongs to the traditional Sami music called juoi'gat or juoigos (known as joik ) and generally consists of an unaccompanied singing voice sung on a specific occasion, with or without lyrics. Solo singing is the only original musical form of the Sami. The shaman drum used to be used by the shaman to accompany his singing and dance movements in order to achieve a state of trance. Otherwise there was no dances or instrumental music. In addition to the shaman's drums , rattles or buzzing devices were occasionally used in the rituals . By the Finns the seeds later, the box zither kantele and jew's harp taken and by the Swedes Eintonflöten and the natural trumpet näverlur from birch bark .

Outside the region (in the 1960s) there were reports of a similar wind instrument with a sound produced by a longitudinal slot in the Turkish province of Eastern Thrace , which is called baldıran düdüğü ("water fennel pipe", düdüğü from duduk ) and is used as a children's toy. It consists of a green section, separated in May or early June from a stem of water fennel ( Oenanthe L.) or spotted hemlock ( Conium maculatum L.) with an internode at one end and an open end cut off in front of the internode. The two centimeter long longitudinal incision is pierced one centimeter from the internode with a knife point. Some of these rare and short-lived pipes have a finger hole. While Ernst Emsheimer assigns the fadno to the single- reed instruments , Laurence Picken categorizes the Turkish equivalent under the instruments with counter-hammer , but does not rule out an assignment to the double-reed instruments with cylindrical bore.

literature

  • Ernst Emsheimer : A Lapp musical instrument . In: Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology , Volume 12, Issue 1-2, 1947, pp. 86-92; taken in: Studiae ethnomusicologicae eurasiatica, Musikhistoriska museets Skrifter I . Stockholm 1964, pp. 62-67

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Arthur Spencer: The Lapps. Crane, Russak & Co, New York 1978, p. 128, ISBN 978-0-8448-1263-2
  2. ↑ Emsheimer, p. 64
  3. ^ Phebe Fjellström: Nordic and Eurasian Elements in Lapp Culture. In: Anthropos , volume. 66, Issue 3/4, 1971, pp. 535-549, here p. 541
  4. ↑ Madeleine Kylin: Angelica archangelica L. (PDF; 745 kB) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. The Faculty of landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agriculture Science, Alnarp 2010, p. 23
  5. ^ Andreas Lüderwaldt: Sámi Music. In: Stanley Sadie (Ed.): The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Volume 22. Macmillan Publishers, London 2001, p. 206
  6. ↑ Laurence Picken : Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey. Oxford University Press, London 1975, pp. 347f