Yoik
The joik or jojk ( North Sami juoigan ; verb: joiken , nordsam. Juoigat ) is a monotonous guttural song of the Sami , related to the yodel , in which the music is more important than the words. The Sami (natives of Lapland ) sing about people, animals and natural phenomena . The yoik is traditionally an integral part of their culture, which serves less for entertainment and more as an opportunity to feel closer to what is being sung about.
At the time of the Sámi religion , the joik was used both by the shamans as a ritual chant and profanely by all Sámi.
The joik is cultivated by men and women and contains sung text or meaningless syllables. It used to be the only traditional musical form of the Sami and consisted of a solo song without instrumental accompaniment. The main melody instrument was the reed instrument fadno while the shaman for his meetings, the shaman drum used. Both were occasionally used to accompany the joik.
The Sami joik is only partially formalized and about half improvised . According to the basic understanding, a yoik simply arises in a person through life in nature, so you cannot directly describe it as improvisational singing - it just exists and adapts to the mood and the landscape .
In the case of artistic performances, however, it is adapted a little to the situation. There are rhythmic and melodic changes. Individual vibrati and fast or slow tremoli can be incorporated.
Ritual joik
Until the complete Christianization of the Sami - which was completed by the middle of the 19th century at the latest - the shaman (Noajde) put himself into a ritual ecstasy with the help of the magic drum and the yoik . During the trance one of the assembled women joicts to remind the Noajden of his task and to accompany his soul back to this world.
From the 18th to the 20th century, joiking was forbidden as an expression of the ancient religion. Even afterwards it was called a sin by many pastors and in some cases it was punished.
Topics of joiking
In a mixture of song and poem or ballad , the texts mostly deal with life in the wild, Nordic landscape around the Arctic Circle .
Joiking can be about the past or the future, but most often it “plays” in the present. Its topics extend to the contents of the entire life of the joiker (performer). Some of the joiks tell about people, but most of them tell about animals that are particularly important for the seeds - e.g. B. Reindeer and some wildlife.
Also sacred, special places in nature, feelings and hopes are well-known themes of the joik. The traditional and most popular joiks are those about the wolf and those about the person who describe a person's character.
Whoever wants to understand yoik has to immerse oneself in the deep connection of the seeds with nature. One does not joict about something, one joicts something - i. H. Joiking creates the idea of the presence of people, animals, situations or landscapes in the singer and listener. A yoik is endless. He does not need any words, the interpreter can tell or vary the story through words, gestures , melody, rhythm and other forms of expression. The yoik is a "thing-in-and-for-itself".
Every year at Easter , the “Sámi Grand Prix” is held in Kautokeino (Finnmark province / Northern Norway), a music competition in which the locals perform their own compositions.
Well-known artists
Same Nils-Aslak Valkeapää sang his joiks at the opening ceremony of the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . Before he suffered a serious car accident in 1996, of which he died at the end of 2001, the native Finn, also known as "Áilluhas" or "Áillohaš", was the best-known performer of this genre. For the Norwegian youth adventure film Pathfinder (original title: Ofelaš or Veiviseren ) from 1987 Valkeapää had sung a large part of the film music . In addition, he played the role of Siida-Isit in this first purely Sami film production .
The internationally known Norwegian world music interpreter Mari Boine is often named as the most important representative of the joik. In fact, her spherical-mystical singing style no longer has much in common with the throaty, down-to-earth yoik.
The Finnish Sami singer Wimme or Wimme Saari, on the other hand, is a modern yoik interpreter who performs real yoiks on stage, but often lets them be accompanied by the techno sounds of his band RinneRadio .
Finnish folk metal bands like Korpiklaani and Finntroll have borrowed some songs from the joik with the singing voice, although their music has little in common with the original joik.
The Finn Ulla Pirttijärvi from Utsjoki , who performed a total of 16 appearances in various cities in North Rhine-Westphalia in March 2006 as part of the concert series Klangkosmos - World Music in North Rhine-Westphalia, is also becoming increasingly well known.
Transjoik is a Norwegian band thatcombines jazz music with joiks. Founded in 1992 in Trondheim under the name Frode Fjellheim Jazzjoik Ensemble , it was later assigned to the ambient or trance scene.
The singer Karoliina Kantelinen , who has been part of the Finnish ethno-pop group Värttinä since 2012 , did her doctorate on traditional joik.
At the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv , the Norwegian band KEiiNO performed the song Spirit in the Sky , which contains elements from the joik. Jon Henrik Fjällgren , who has already competed three times in the Swedish ESC preliminary round of Melodifestivalen , is also a representative of the joik and landed at number one on the Swedish album charts in 2015 with his album Goeksegh .
literature
- Rolf Kjellström: Samernas liv. Carlsson Bokförlag, Kristianstad 2003, ISBN 91-7203-562-5 . Pp. 233-238 (Swedish).
- Anna Westman et al. John E. Utsi, translated by Irmtraud Feldbinder: Gievrie-tijje. Saemiej gievriej jih reeligijovonen bijre. - The time of the drums. Drum and religion of the seeds. Ájtte (Jokkmokk), Nordiska museet (Stockholm), 2001, ISBN 91-87636-18-2 . P. 12.
- Sunna Kuoljok, John-Erling Utsi: The Sami - people of the sun and the wind. Ajtte - Svenskt Fjäll- och Samemuseum, Luleå 1995, ISBN 91-87636-10-7 . Pp. 48, 54-55.
Individual evidence
- ↑ swedishcharts.com - Swedish Charts Portal. Retrieved September 20, 2019 .