1994 Winter Olympics

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XVII. winter Olympics
1994 Winter Olympics logo
Venue: Lillehammer ( Norway )
Stadion: Lysgårdsbakken
Opening ceremony: February 12, 1994
Closing ceremony: February 27, 1994
Opened by: King Harald V of Norway
Olympic oath : Vegard Ulvang (athlete)
Kari Kåring ( referee )
Disciplines: 12 (6 sports)
Competitions: 61
Countries: 67
Athletes: 1739, of which 522 women
← Albertville 1992
Nagano 1998 →
Medal table
space country G S. B. Ges.
1 RussiaRussia Russia 11 8th 4th 23
2 NorwayNorway Norway 10 11 5 26th
3 GermanyGermany Germany 9 7th 8th 24
4th ItalyItaly Italy 7th 5 8th 20th
5 United StatesUnited States United States 6th 5 2 13
6th Korea SouthSouth Korea South Korea 4th 1 1 6th
7th CanadaCanada Canada 3 6th 4th 13
8th SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 3 4th 2 9
9 AustriaAustria Austria 2 3 4th 9
10 SwedenSweden Sweden 2 1 - 3
Complete medal table

The 1994 Winter Olympics (also called the XVII Winter Olympics ) were held from February 12 to 27, 1994 in Lillehammer in the Norwegian province of Oppland . This was the second time that Norway had hosted the Winter Olympics after it had been in Oslo in 1952 . Due to the change in the Olympic Charter at the 91st IOC session on October 17, 1986 in Lausanne , the Olympic Winter Games were held again two years after the Games in Albertville .

67 nations set a new record for participating countries. The number of athletes with 1739 athletes, however, could not quite reach the participation record of Albertville. As two years earlier, the most successful athlete was the Russian Lyubow Jegorova . The most successful team was Russia with 11 Olympic victories and a total of 23 medals .

The games in Lillehammer are considered by critics of the Olympic gigantism as a prime example of friendly and moderate games. The pleasant atmosphere during the winter games was remarkable. The aid organization Lillehammer Olympic Aid (now Right To Play ) also showed solidarity with the Olympic city of Sarajevo , the site of the 1984 Winter Olympics . For the city, which was badly damaged by the Bosnian War, 66 million crowns were donated as part of this relief campaign.

canditature

Application logo for the 1994 Winter Olympics

Numerous attempts by Swedish and Finnish cities in the 1970s and 1980s failed again and again, mainly because of the geographical conditions in Scandinavia . This also applied to Falun's application for the 1988 Winter Games in September 1981, when the Alpine competitions were practically outsourced to Åre . At that time it was recognized in Lillehammer that the compact games required by the IOC could only be realized in Norway. The suggestion made by IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch on the occasion of the Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo in 1982 to endorse a candidacy for the Norwegian capital met with little interest there. In contrast to Lillehammer. In the small town in Gudbrandsdalen , 58 percent of the population supported an application for the 1992 Winter Games . A state guarantee of 1.5 billion crowns and an investment of 700 million crowns for infrastructural measures made the candidacy possible in October 1986 in Lausanne , when the Winter Games were finally awarded to Albertville . Internationally, Lillehammer was as good as unknown and one almost inevitably dropped out of the selection procedure after the fourth ballot in a runoff election against Falun with 40 to 41.

In November 1986 a new candidacy for 1994 was considered. At first, Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland was reluctant to support and limited the application budget to 18 million kroner. PR measures attempted to raise awareness of Lillehammer, but this also increased the skepticism among the residents and the games were only supported by 38 percent of the population. The result of the decision on September 15, 1988 in Seoul was ultimately a bigger surprise when Lillehammer prevailed in the 3rd ballot against Östersund with 45 to 39 votes. The Swedish competitor was then rated in IOC circles as more promising.

The logo of the Winter Games was used in a slightly modified form for the two application processes. It symbolizes a representation of the northern lights and was designed by Sarah Rosenbaum .

Choice of the venue for the 94th IOC session in Seoul on September 15, 1988
city NOC 1 round 2nd round 3rd round
Lillehammer NorwayNorway Norway 25th 30th 45
Östersund / Åre SwedenSweden Sweden 19th 33 39
Anchorage United StatesUnited States United States 23 22nd -
Sofia BulgariaBulgaria Bulgaria 17th - -

Immediately after the games were awarded, the LOOC organizing committee began preparing for the event. President Ole Sjetne was later replaced by Gerhard Heiberg , who initiated a reorganization of LOOC in the summer of 1992. King Harald V acted as honorary president .

The costs of the preparatory phase were mainly borne by a budget of seven billion crowns approved by the Norwegian Parliament. A separate construction company, LOA, was responsible for building the systems. Looking ahead, a fund of 130 million crowns was also set up to cover the operating costs of the Olympic facilities such as the bobsleigh and luge facility in Hunderfossen and the Olympic hall in Hamar . In addition, a re-use organization LOV was founded in autumn 1989. All three organizations were coordinated from autumn 1990 by Lillehammer OS '94 AS chaired by Gerhard Heiberg.

During the games, 12,035 people were available to take part in the '94 team. Of these, 9053 volunteers between the ages of eight and 83 participated in the Winter Games.

Medals, pictograms and mascots

Rødøymannen, a 4,000-year-old depiction of a skier

The medals were made from the granite that was blown out when the ski jumping facility at Lysgårdsbakken was built. After being framed with gold-plated silver, silver or bronze, the corresponding pictograms for the respective sport were attached to the back. These symbols are based on one of the oldest known depictions of a skier, which was found in 1932 in the Norwegian municipality of Rødøy . It is about 25 cm wide rock painting, which was applied with red pigment paint next to other figures on a gray rock 4000 years ago.

The mascots were the two royal children, Håkon and Kristin, who were designed by Kari and Werner Grossman . With the two children, human figures were represented for the first time, which, in addition to the happiness and enthusiasm for sports of the Norwegian children, should also point to the tradition of the host country. The background is the first written mention of Lillehammer around Christmas 1206. Håkon , the illegitimate son of King Sverre , was saved from the clerical party of the Bagler by the Birkebeiner on the small mountain slope ( Norwegian Lillehammer ). His half-sister and aunt, Kristin Sveresdatter, was married to the Bagler King Philipp Smonsson and thus enabled an end to the civil war between Bagler and Birkebeiner.

Green games

Lillehammer green.png
Green games

The environmental protection measures were of paramount importance when planning the major event, not least due to the negative experience of the games in Albertville. Negative effects that cannot always be avoided when building Olympic sports facilities should be minimized as far as possible. A total of 25 environmental projects were integrated into the organization of the games. A fine of 50,000 crowns was due for each unlawfully felled tree during the construction of the bobsleigh and toboggan run. Likewise was Mjøsa re-cultivated, which had a strong phosphate load. Forest areas that had to be cleared for the construction of the Olympic facilities were reforested by school children in other parts of the country. The route of the women's run was also planned according to the location of nature reserves. Last but not least, eight girls and boys within the mascot project had the task in the run-up to the games to put environmental considerations at the center of the marketing.

Environmentalists were very concerned about the construction of the toboggan run, the cooling system of which is based on ammonia , just like the ones in La Plagne and Calgary . The system was therefore equipped with its own emergency system, which uses sensors to immediately initiate the necessary measures in the event of a leak. In addition, all supply lines were checked by means of special pressure tests and X-ray examinations in order to be able to rule out weak points in the system at an early stage.

Olympic facilities

Lysgårdsbakkene Olympic ski jumping hills

In contrast to Albertville 1992, an attempt was made to implement all Olympic facilities in the smallest possible space. The main venues for the competitions were, besides Lillehammer, only Hamar and Gjøvik . The alpine competitions were held in Kvitfjell and Hafjell , and the combined bobsleigh and toboggan facility was set up in Hunderfossen.

The Lysgårdsbakken ski jumping facility , consisting of a K 120 and a K 90 ski jump, was built just one kilometer from Lillehammer city center . Construction began in spring 1990 and was completed in December 1992. In the ski jumping stadium with a spectator capacity of 35,000, several temporary facilities were then added until December 1993 for the opening and closing ceremonies. The almost symmetrical alignment of the jumps on the slope created the best conditions for updrafts and the avoidance of cross winds. By installing additional systems such as a device for snow production along the inrun, a modern ski jumping facility was created, the start of which can be reached via a chairlift on the north side. The cost of building the facility was given as 97.10 million crowns. In addition, expenses totaling 37.95 million crowns were due for the opening and closing ceremonies of the arena.

Only about three kilometers north-west of the Olympic city, the Birkebeineren ski stadium was built for 81.4 million crowns 485 meters above Lake Mjosa. The conception of two separate stadium areas made it possible to hold both the cross-country skiing competitions and the biathlon competitions there. The stadium facility was built in a drained swamp area and protected against the ingress of groundwater by a drainage device. There was space for 31,000 spectators for cross-country skiing decisions in the 200-meter-long cross-country stadium. The biathlon stadium, which is 150 meters long, had a capacity of 13,500.

Håkons Hall in Lillehammer
Rock hall in Gjøvik

Two halls were built for the 46 games of the ice hockey tournament. In Lillehammer, Norway's largest multifunctional arena was created with the Håkons Hall for 10,500 spectators. At 240 million crowns, the hall was the most expensive building at the Winter Games. 45 kilometers south of Lillehammer, the rock hall ( norw. Fjell ) was built 120 meters into the rock in Gjøvik . For this project, 120,000 m² of rock on 29,000 truckloads had to be removed in the eight-month construction period. The hall has a span of 91 meters and a height of 24 meters. For 134.6 million crowns, the world's largest hall was built within a mountain range, which offers 5800 spectators. 16 ice hockey games, including a semi-final, were played in it.

Scandinavia's first and so far only artificial ice rink for tobogganing and bobsleigh was built 15 km north of Lillehammer in a wooded area. The cable car in Hunderfossen offers a difference in altitude of 107 meters. Over a length of 1365 meters, it led to the finish line in the toboggan competitions with an average gradient of 8% in 16 curves. The sports facility cost 204 million crowns and allowed 10,000 spectators to watch the Olympic competitions directly.

“Viking Ship” speed skating hall in Hamar
Olympic Amfi in Hamar

The architectural showpiece of the Winter Games was created for the speed skating competitions in Hamar, which is also 60 km south of Lillehammer on Lake Mjøsa. The roof structure of the hall, which was modeled on an upturned Viking ship , spans the 400-meter artificial ice rink. With an area of ​​22,000 m², the Viking Ship ( Norw. Vikingskipet ) is one of the largest sports halls in the world. With a production cost of 221.5 million crowns, the hall for 10,600 spectators was only surpassed by Håkons Hall.

For figure skating and the decisions in the short track, another hall was needed with the amphitheater, which was also built in Hamar for 87.2 million crowns. The hall with the 60-by-30-meter ice oval was designed for 6,000 spectators and was built adjacent to an existing hall in order to be able to make optimal use of facilities such as changing rooms or technical equipment after the Olympic Games.

60 kilometers north of Lillehammer, Kvitfjell was the venue for alpine competitions, with the exception of the technical disciplines. As in Albertville, the downhill route was planned by Bernhard Russi . The start of the men's downhill run was at an altitude of 1020 meters. The 3035 meter long route had a height difference of 839 meters and was marked out with 39 mandatory gates. The slalom and giant slalom competitions were held in Hafjell . Again almost right in the center of Lillehammer, the freestyle and mogul slope races were held. In the temporary Kanthaugen Freestyleanlegg , 12,000 spectators were able to watch the mogul slope competitions. The capacity for making decisions in jumping was slightly larger at 15,000.

Two Olympic villages were built to accommodate the athletes. In Lillehammer, a 230,000 m² village complex was built in Skarsetilia for 2500 athletes and their supervisors. The houses were partially dismantled after the games and reused elsewhere in Norway. Another Olympic village with a total of 500 beds was built for the athletes in Hamar. The television center was located at the University of Lillehammer just five kilometers outside the city. The buildings that were erected could therefore continue to be used by the facility after the Winter Games.

Torch relay

One of the special features of the torch relay was the organizers' planning to organize a second, national torch relay parallel to the flame that was ignited in the Olympia grove . This should start in Morgedal , the cradle of skiing, and be combined with the Greek flame in Oslo . The idea was based on the 1952 Winter Games , when the Olympic flame was lit in the birthplace of the Norwegian ski pioneer Sondre Norheim . The American organizers for Squaw Valley also chose this starting point in 1960 , at a time when the lighting of the Olympic flame was still uncommon for the Winter Olympics. Numerous Greek protests wanted to prevent this form of torch relay and caused anger among the Norwegian hosts in the run-up to the games. The national torch relay was carried out as planned with great enthusiasm among the population through Norway, but the flame from Telemark ultimately went out unused in Oslo.

The international torch relay began on January 16, 1994 in Olympia. The flame was then transferred to Stuttgart by plane . Further stations were Düsseldorf , Winterberg and Dortmund . After further stages, there was a transfer from Hamburg to Copenhagen by rail on January 29th . The flame reached Norway for the first time on February 5th in Oslo via Helsinki and Stockholm . After another flight transfer to the ski area of Sjusjøen , 2000 skiers carried the flame over 170 kilometers to the Olympic city, where it arrived on the day of the opening ceremony. The torch used was designed by Paul Kahr . With a length of 1.5 meters and a weight of 1.2 kilograms, it was extremely thin. It was made with a metal shank made of Norwegian birch. Based on the poem Peer Gynt written by Henrik Ibsen , it was named Peer in order to establish a reference to the Oppland region and its history.

The national torch relay ran over 12,000 kilometers and 75 days across Norway. After the flame was ignited on November 27, 1991 in Morgedal, a total of 800 locations in Norway were involved in the torch relay. The fire from Morgedal went out in Oslo on February 5, after attempts by the Norwegian royal family to mediate the conflict had also failed.

Ceremonies

Opening ceremony

The games were officially opened by the Norwegian King Harald V in the presence of Queen Sonja in the Lysgårdsbakkene Stadium. The last torchbearer was the Norwegian Crown Prince Haakon Magnus . The Nordic skier Vegard Ulvang and the figure skating referee Kari Karing from Norway took the Olympic oath . Guests of honor were the kings of Sweden, Carl XVI. Gustaf , and Spain, Juan Carlos I , and the Vice President of the United States of America, Dan Quayle . The Olympic anthem was sung by Sissel Kyrkjebø .

Closing ceremony

Lysgårdsbakkene Stadium was also the site of this celebration, which began at 8 p.m. on February 27 and was attended by IOC President Samaranch. The Olympic flag was presented by Audun Tron , the mayor of Lillehammer, to Tasuku Tsukada , the mayor of Nagano.

media

In addition to the broadcasting rights for the Superbowl, the US TV giant CBS acquired the “bonus” for around CHF 3.75 billion for the Olympic Games in question. 40 cameras were used for the men's downhill, but the race was shown with a time delay in the United States. It was said that advertising in the Superbowl would generate four times as much revenue for the broadcaster.

Attendees

After five union republics of the former Soviet Union and the designation " United Team " had competed in Albertville, the way was clear for an independent Olympic team of the respective nations in 1993 after the individual NOKs were accepted into the IOC. For the first time since the Summer Olympics in Stockholm in 1912, Russia was able to take part in the Olympic Games under this name and was the second largest delegation after the United States with 113 athletes.

The political changes in Eastern Europe also led to further changes in the composition of the individual nations. After the split of Czechoslovakia on January 1, 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia competed in Lillehammer as their own teams at the Games. A team from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the former republic of Yugoslavia , also started alongside Moldova in Lillehammer for the first time.

After the South African NOK was re-admitted, South Africa was able to take part in winter games for the first time in Lillehammer. The participation of the figure skater Michael Shmerkin also means the first participation for Israel .

Europe (1280 athletes from 42 nations)
America (277 athletes from 11 nations)
Asia (144 athletes from 8 nations)
Oceania (35 athletes from 4 nations)
Africa (3 athletes from 2 nations)
(Number of athletes) * Participation in winter games for the first time

Competition program

61 competitions (34 for men, 25 for women and 2 mixed competitions) in 6 sports / 12 disciplines were held. That was 4 more competitions than in Albertville in 1992 - the number of sports / disciplines stayed the same. The changes are detailed below:

  • In biathlon , the 3 × 7.5 km relay for women was replaced by a 4 × 7.5 km relay.
  • Including short track speed skating were the 500 meters for men and 1,000 meters for women added.
  • In freestyle skiing , jumping expanded the program for both men and women.

Olympic sports / disciplines

Number of competitions in brackets

Time schedule

Time schedule
discipline Sat.
12.		 Sun.
13.		 Mon.
14.		 Tuesday
15th		 Wed
16.		 Thursday
17.		 Fri.
18.		 Sat
19.		 Sun.
20.		 Mon.
21.		 Tuesday
22nd		 Wed.
23.		 Thursday
24.		 Fr.
25.		 Sat.
26.		 Sun.
27.		 Decision-
disk-
applications		 spectator
February
Olympic rings without rims.svg Opening ceremony 26,568
Biathlon pictogram.svg biathlon 1 1 2 1 1 6th 54,297
Bobsleigh pictogram.svg bob 1 1 2 23,381
Ice hockey pictogram.svg ice Hockey 1 1 299.094
Ice skating Figure skating pictogram.svg figure skating 1 1 1 1 4th 42.007
Speed ​​skating pictogram.svg Speed ​​skating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 74,686
Short track speed skating pictogram.svg Short track 2 1 3 6th 13,362
Luge pictogram.svg Luge 1 1 1 3 14,597
Skiing Freestyle skiing pictogram.svg Freestyle skiing 2 2 4th 45.211
Alpine skiing pictogram.svg Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 216,348

Nordic skiing		 Nordic combined pictogram.svg Nordic combination 1 1 2 386.625
Cross country skiing pictogram.svg Cross-country skiing 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 10
Ski jumping pictogram.svg Ski jumping 1 1 1 3
Olympic rings without rims.svg Closing ceremony 15,397
decisions 3 4th 3 4th 4th 3 5 4th 4th 4th 4th 6th 5 5 3 61 1,211,572
Sat.
12.		 Sun.
13.		 Mon.
14.		 Tuesday
15th		 Wed
16.		 Thursday
17.		 Fri.
18.		 Sat
19.		 Sun.
20.		 Mon.
21.		 Tuesday
22nd		 Wed.
23.		 Thursday
24.		 Fr.
25.		 Sat.
26.		 Sun.
27.
February

Color legend

  • Opening ceremony
  • Competition day (no decisions)
  • Competition day (x decisions)
  • Exhibition running (figure skating gala)
  • Closing ceremony

    • Outstanding athletes and achievements

    Most successful athlete at the 1994 Winter Olympics
    athlete team Sports gold silver bronze total
    Lyubov Egorova RussiaRussia Russia Nordic skiing 3 1 0 4th
    Johann Olav Koss NorwayNorway Norway Speed ​​skating 3 0 0 3
    Manuela Di Centa ItalyItaly Italy Nordic skiing 2 2 1 5
    Bjørn Dæhlie NorwayNorway Norway Nordic skiing 2 2 0 4th
    Markus Wasmeier GermanyGermany Germany Alpine skiing 2 0 0 2
    Jens Weißflog GermanyGermany Germany Nordic skiing 2 0 0 2
    Myriam Bédard CanadaCanada Canada biathlon 2 0 0 2
    Bonnie Blair United StatesUnited States United States Speed ​​skating 2 0 0 2
    Chun Lee-kyung Korea SouthSouth Korea South Korea Short track 2 0 0 2
    Vladimir Smirnov KazakhstanKazakhstan Kazakhstan Nordic skiing 1 2 0 3
    • Johann Olav Koss from Norway won three speed skating competitions with three world records
    • The most successful athletes were the cross-country skiers Lyubow Jegorowa from Russia and Manuela Di Centa from Italy. Egorova won three gold medals and one silver medal. Di Centa won two gold medals, two silver medals and one bronze medal.
    • The alpine ski stars were the Swiss Vreni Schneider with one gold, one silver and one bronze medal and Markus Wasmeier with two gold medals.
    • Sweden won the Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the first time in history.
    Age records from the 1994 Winter Olympics
    athlete team sport Age
    oldest participant Dino Crescentini San MarinoSan Marino San Marino Bobsleigh 46 years 151 days
    oldest medalist Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi FinlandFinland Finland Nordic skiing 38 years 167 days
    youngest Olympic champion Kim Yoon-mi Korea SouthSouth Korea South Korea Short track 13 years 083 days
    youngest Olympic champion Maurizio Carnino ItalyItaly Italy Short track 18 years 356 days
    oldest Olympic champion Cathie Turner United StatesUnited States United States Short track 31 years 320 days
    oldest Olympic champion Maurilio De Zolt ItalyItaly Italy Nordic skiing 43 years 150 days

    Competitions

    Changes in the Olympic program compared to the previous year

    Changes in terms of discipline
    discipline competition gender status change
    biathlon 4 × 7.5 km relay Women added 0
    3 × 7.5 km relay Women not applicable
    Short track 500 m Men added +2
    1000 m Women added
    Freestyle skiing Leap Men added +2
    Women added

    biathlon

    Bobsleigh

    ice Hockey

    figure skating

    German postage stamp for the Olympic Games
    • With the opening of the Olympic Games for professional athletes, the ice skating legends and former Olympic champion Katarina Witt and the British ice dance couple Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean returned to the Olympic Games in the figure skating competitions .
    • A month before the Games began, Jeff Gillooly, the ex-husband of figure skater Tonya Harding , hired an assassin to smash the knee of Harding's competitor Nancy Kerrigan with an iron bar. So Kerrigan could not take part in the US championships, which were taking place shortly before the Olympics, and Tonya Harding won. The investigators were quickly on the right track, but since investigations were ongoing during the Games, Harding was able to enforce her participation in the Winter Olympics against the opposition of the US NOK . The recovered Nancy Kerrigan sensationally won silver. Tonya Harding, on the other hand, “only” took eighth place. Harding was convicted after the games only for obstructing the investigation. The sentence was three years probation, 500 hours of community service, and a fine of $ 160,000. Tonya Harding was also banned for life from all figure skating championships. Her ex-husband received a two-year prison sentence, the perpetrator Shane Stant and his accomplices Shawn Eckhardt and Derrick Smith were each sentenced to four years in prison.

    Speed ​​skating

    • Gunda Niemann , who was highly favored in speed skating on three routes , had a hard fall in the 3000 meter race, her parade route, and still won bronze over 1500 and silver over 5000 meters.

    Freestyle skiing

    Luge

    Georg Hackl from Berchtesgaden , after winning the silver medal in 1988 and the gold medal in 1992, again secured the Olympic victory in the single-seater on the luge track in Hunderfossen, which is highly praised by luge drivers. The competition was extremely dramatic. As in Albertville, his fiercest opponent was the Austrian Markus Prock . After two runs he was only a hundredth of a second behind Georg Hackl and with an outstanding running time in the third run was able to pull out a lead of 57 hundredths of a second. As an almost certain winner, he made a serious mistake in the last run and finished second behind the Olympic champion with 13 thousandths of a second. The South Tyrolean Armin Zöggeler secured his first Olympic medal with third place.

    Gerda Weißensteiner from Italy won the gold medal in her third Olympic participation in the women's competition with the fastest times in all four rounds ahead of Susi Erdmann from Germany and the Austrian Andrea Tagwerker . The victory of Kurt Brugger and Wilfried Huber in the doubles underlined the strong team performance of the Italian luge riders, especially since second place with Hansjörg Raffl and Norbert Huber also went to Italy. The reigning Olympic champions Stefan Krauße and Jan Behrendt had to be content with bronze in Lillehammer.

    Short track

    As in Albertville, the competitions on the short course were dominated by the athletes from South Korea and North America. The South Korean Kim Ki-hoon successfully defended his title in the men's decision over 1000 meters . The bronze medal was secured with the Canadian Marc Gagnon, the winner of the B final even with a better time than the later Olympic champion. In the A run of the competition, Kim Ki-hoon won ahead of his compatriot Chae Ji-hoon , while the other runners fell or were disqualified. Four days later, Chae Ji-hoon was able to secure the gold medal in the first ever competition over 500 meters. With the victory in the 5000 meter relay in front of the USA and Australia, a real sensation was achieved in Hamar Italy. The gold medal is so far the only one on the short track for a European country at winter games.

    South Korean Chun Lee-kyung was the most successful athlete in the women's short track. With her victories over the 1000 meters and the 3000 meter relay competition, she recorded a total of two gold medals. Like two years earlier, the winner of the 500 meters was the American Cathie Turner . At the award ceremony, the silver medalist Zhang Yanmei from China caused a scandal when she left the podium while playing the hymn and threw away her bouquet out of anger. She felt handicapped by Cathie Turner and claimed that the American held her leg while overtaking. She later apologized to the IOC for the behavior and the incident had no further consequences.

    Alpine skiing

    Nordic skiing

    literature

    Web links

    Commons : 1994 Winter Olympics  - collection of images, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Winter Games, The Chronicle . Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, p. 771
    2. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Winter Games, The Chronicle . Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, p. 770
    3. ^ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Book 1 . (PDF; 14.3 MB) p. 82
    4. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Winter Games, The Chronicle . Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, p. 773
    5. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Winter Games, The Chronicle . Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, p. 828
    6. ↑ Description of the mascots
    7. ↑ historical background of Haakon and Kristin (PDF; 278 kB)
    8. ^ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Book 1 . (PDF; 14.3 MB) p. 132
    9. ^ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Book 3 . (PDF; 47.5 MB) p. 37
    10. ^ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Book 3 . (PDF; 47.5 MB) p. 21
    11. ^ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Book 3 . (PDF; 47.5 MB) p. 33
    12. ^ Internet portal of the rock hall in Gjøvik
    13. ^ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Book 3 . (PDF; 47.5 MB) p. 63
    14. ↑ http://fibt.pixabit.de/index.php?id=161&L=1 (link not available)
    15. ^ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Book 3 . (PDF; 47.5 MB) p. 54
    16. ^ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Book 3 . (PDF; 47.5 MB) p. 59
    17. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Winter Games, The Chronicle . Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, p. 783
    18. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Winter Games, The Chronicle . Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, p. 801
    19. ↑ Article about the Olympic Village ( Memento from July 8, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) on Business Publications from August 1996
    20. ^ New York Times with description of the Olympic torches
    21. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Winter Games, The Chronicle . Sportverlag, Berlin 1999, p. 827
    22. ^ Article in "Kronenzeitung" from February 6, 1994, supplement "Olympia extra", page 6; POS .: box 2, below
    23. ↑ "Only the cable car camera remains a utopia" in "Kronenzeitung" of February 5, 1994, supplement "Olympia extra", page 6
    24. ^ Rupert Kaiser: Olympic Almanac Winter Games . Agon Verlag, Kassel 2002, p. 320
    25. ^ Rupert Kaiser: Olympic Almanac Winter Games . Agon Verlag, Kassel 2002, p. 318