1912 Summer Olympics

Games of the 5th Olympiad

Venue:	Stockholm ( Sweden )
Stadion:	Stockholm Olympic Stadium
Opening ceremony:	July 6, 1912
Closing ceremony:	July 22, 1912
Opened by:	King Gustav V of Sweden
Olympic oath :	- (only from 1920 )
Disciplines:	18 (14 sports)
Competitions:	102
Countries:	28
Athletes:	2,407 (including 48 women)
← London 1908
Berlin 1916 →

Medal table
space	country	G	S.	B.	Ges.
01	United States	25th	19th	18th	62
02	Sweden	24	24	17th	65
03	Great Britain	10	15th	16	41
04th	Finland	9	8th	9	26th
05	France	7th	4th	3	14th
06th	German Empire	5	13	7th	25th
07th	South Africa	4th	2	-	6th
08th	Norway	4th	1	5	10
09	Hungary	3	2	3	8th
10	Canada	3	2	3	8th
...	...	...	...	...	...
17th	Austria	-	2	2	4th
Complete medal table

Opening of the games in the Stockholm stadium

The 1912 Summer Olympics (officially called the Fifth Olympiad Games ) took place in Stockholm , Sweden , from May 5 to July 27, 1912 . There were no other applicant cities.

After the sometimes chaotic conditions during the Olympic Games of 1900, 1904 and 1908, Stockholm set the standard for future events. For the first time electronic timing and target photography were used. Officially, however, the times stopped by hand were still and for a long time, the electronics were used by v. a. control and security in z. B. Failure of clocks. The target photography, on the other hand, was officially consulted and decided the final outcome in the 1500 meter run .

Choice of venue

After the Olympic Summer Games in 1908 , there were first considerations about hosting it in Stockholm. At the time, two Swedes were members of the IOC: Viktor Balck and Clarence von Rosen . The two approached the Swedish Athletics and Gymnastics Federation to secure the necessary support for an application. The national associations promised their support on April 18, 1909, provided that financial support was available. King Gustaf V also supported the application after a preliminary financing plan was published on May 6, 1909, which put the cost of the games at 415,000 kroner (23,050 pounds or 115,250 dollars).

The government also supported the application after the Swedish king had given his approval. At a meeting of the IOC on May 28th in Berlin, the Swedish delegates assured that the financial framework for the games in Stockholm was secure. An agreement was made with the German IOC members who were trying to award the Games to Berlin that the Games would be awarded to Berlin four years later. At the meeting, IOC President Pierre de Coubertin expressed his concerns about the choice of Sweden, as there had already been problems with the allocation of the Games in 1908, when the Italian capital Rome was withdrawn from the Games for various reasons and transferred to the British capital London had to be awarded. In his address he also emphasized that sport must come to the fore, that it must be more in line with classical and artistic requirements, and that games should be more dignified, and above all not expensive. Stockholm was the only applicant to host the Games.

organization

The news about the award of the 1912 Olympic Games to Stockholm was received very positively in Sweden. The organizing committee took de Coubertin's words to heart and aimed at planning to improve those areas which, apart from the interim games in Athens in 1906, did not lead to success in many areas. The organizing committee was founded in autumn 1909 with Viktor Balck as president. The committee met for the first time on October 7th and on October 11th distributed the exact implementation of the individual disciplines to the committees of the respective national umbrella organizations. Modern pentathlon, shooting and riding were an exception in that these competitions were organized by Prince Carl of Sweden . However, there were some discussions in advance, as the Swedish ideas and the Coubertins were clearly different. Finally, appropriate compromises were agreed. A total of 187 people were involved in the respective committees.

The official invitations to participate in the games were sent to 27 countries on November 18th, either directly or through the respective members of the IOC. In the case of a further 15 nations, the invitation was more difficult for the organization, as there were no IOC representatives in the respective countries. Therefore, inquiries were first sent to the respective sports associations and invitations were also sent to these associations after they expressed their interest. Around 61,800 registration forms were printed and sent to the various countries.

The transport of the equipment was free of charge for the invited countries, athletes and delegates received a 50% discount on state railroad tickets. An Olympic newspaper was published in English and Swedish during the Games. Other activities during the Olympic Games were a pleasure garden in the north of the Olympic Stadium; some covered tennis courts have been converted into restaurants.

Preparation of the Swedish team

At the Olympic Games in their own country, Sweden wanted to look as good as possible in order to shine above all against neighbors Norway and Finland and to demonstrate the superiority of Swedish gymnastics over sport. With the involvement of American President Theodore Roosevelt in the 1908 Olympic Games, the Games were so politicized that it became important to win. Sweden bypassed the amateur conditions of the time by drawing the men's team (if the men were interested) for six months of military service, thus inventing the state amateur .

Opening ceremony

The fifth games opened on July 6, 1912. The Swedish royal family left their palace at 10:40 am and were greeted by IOC members upon arrival at the Olympic Stadium. The athletes had already gathered in an open area near the stadium. They marched in in order of the Swedish alphabet, the Swedish team last. Contrary to today's tradition, the Greeks did not lead the invasion of the nation.

A hymn was sung, traditional chant was performed, and prayers were performed in English and Swedish. King Gustav V officially opened the games, then a fanfare sounded and the crown prince cheered the king. The athletes left the stadium sorted by nationality and thus ended the celebrations.

Venues

At the Olympic Games in 1912, twelve sports facilities were used. This was the first time more than one venue was used for the soccer tournament.

Venue	sport
Barkarby	Modern Pentathlon (Riding)
Djurgårdsbrunnsviken	Diving , modern pentathlon (swimming) , rowing , swimming , water polo
Falsehood clubs	horse riding
Kaknäs	Modern pentathlon (shooting)
Liljeholmen	Cycling , horse riding
Linda ranks	horse riding
Mälaren	Cycling
Nynashamn	sailing
Östermalm sports field	Modern pentathlon (fencing) , equestrian sports , fencing , tennis
Råsunda Idrottsplats	Football , shooting
Stockholm Olympic Stadium	Modern pentathlon (running) , horse riding, soccer, athletics , gymnastics , tug of war , wrestling
Tranebergs Idrottsplats	Soccer

Attendees

Number of athletes

28 teams took part in the games. Austria protested against the equal participation of a Bohemian team, as did Russia against Finland. As a compromise, a smaller Bohemian or Finnish flag was shown next to the Austrian or Russian flag.

Europe (2,130 athletes from 21 nations)
Belgium  (36)  Bohemia  (39)  Denmark  (152)  German Empire  (187)  Finland  (164)  France  (112)  Greece  (22)	Great Britain  (279) Iceland *  (2)  Italy  (68)  Luxembourg  (21)  Netherlands  (33)  Norway  (191)  Ottoman Empire  (2)	Austria  (85)  Portugal *  (6)  Russian Empire  (159)  Sweden  (444)  Switzerland  (7)  Serbia *  (2)  Hungary  (119)
America (224 athletes from 3 nations)
Chile  (14)	Canada  (36)	United States  (174)
Oceania (26 athletes from 1 nation)
Australasia  (26)
Africa (22 athletes from 2 nations)
Egypt *  (1)	South African Union  (21)
Asia (2 athletes from 1 nation)
Japan *  (2)
(Number of athletes) * first time participation in games

Competition program

102 competitions (91 for men, 5 for women, 2 mixed competitions and 4 open competitions) in 14 sports / 18 disciplines were held. That was 7 competitions and 8 sports / 6 disciplines less than in London in 1908 . The changes are detailed below:

• Archery (3 competitions), boxing (5 competitions), figure skating (4 competitions), hockey (1 competition), polo (1 competition) and rugby union (1 competition) were absent from the Olympic program in Stockholm 1912.
• In fencing , individual foil for men was reintroduced.
• Jeu de Paume (1 competition), lacrosse (1 competition), motor boating (3 competitions) and rackets (2 competitions) have been removed from the Olympic program.
• In athletics , the 10,000 m, 4 × 100 m relay, 4 × 400 m relay, decathlon, cross-country running, cross-country team, shot put (two-handed), discus throw (two-handed), javelin throw (two-handed) and pentathlon for men extended that Program - in addition, the 5000 m replaced the 5 miles, the 3000 m team run replaced the 3-mile team run. The 400 m hurdles, 3200 m obstacle, Olympic relay, 3500 m walk, 10 mile walk, discus throw (ancient style) and javelin throw (freestyle) for men were eliminated.
• The modern pentathlon , invented by Pierre de Coubertin , was included in the Olympic program.
• The cycling was with the discipline road cycling (individual time trial and team driving) in the program. The track cycling (7 matches) was missing.
• The horse riding was back in the Olympic program. The disciplines show jumping with the team, dressage with the individual and eventing with the individual and the team - the individual scoring was reintroduced in show jumping.
• When rings the featherweight was in the discipline Greco-Roman added - the discipline freestyle (5 matches) lacked in Stockholm 1912th
• In rowing , the program was expanded to include the four-man with a helmsman (Dollengigs) for men - the four-man with a helmsman replaced the four-man without a helmsman for men - but the two-man without a helmsman was missing.
• In shooting , the army rifle extended any position 600 m, small caliber rifle 50 m lying down, small caliber rifle moving target team and the army pistol 30 m team the men's program - the army rifle 4 distance team replaced the army rifle 6 distance team - rapid fire pistol and individual and team competitions In Army rifle three position fight 300 m were added again - however, free rifle three position fight 300 m, free rifle three position fight 300 m team, free rifle 1000 yards, small caliber rifle fixed target, small caliber rifle movable target.
• Women's swimming debut with 100m freestyle and 4 × 100m freestyle relay - the men's 400m chest has been added.
• Of women in the debut Diving with diving 10m - the diving was simply taken for the men in the program.
• In sailing , the open boat class 10 m added to the program - the 7 m class was missing in Stockholm in 1912.
• In tennis , the mixed doubles in the hall expanded the program.
• In apparatus gymnastics , the all-around gymnastics competitions Free System and Swedish System for men came into the program.

Olympic sports / disciplines

• Fencing total (5) = men (5)
• Football total (1) = men (1)
• Athletics total (30) = men (30)
• Modern pentathlon total (1) = men (1)
• Cycling total (2) = men (2)
• horse riding
  • Dressage total (1) = men (1)
  • Jumping total (2) = men (2)
  • Versatility Overall (2) = Men (2)
• Wrestling total (5) = men (5)
• Rowing total (4) = men (4)
• Shooting total (18) = men (18)
• Swimming
  • Swimming total (9) = men (7) / women (2)
  • Water polo total (1) = men (1)
  • Diving total (4) = men (3) / women (1)
• Sailing total (4) = Open (4)
• Tug of war total (1) = men (1)
• Tennis total (8) = men (4) / women (2) / mixed (2)
• Gymnastics total (4) = men (4)

Number of competitions in brackets

fencing

After foil fencing had already appeared as a demonstration sport in 1908, it now became an official part of the Olympic Games. Nedo Nadi and Pietro Speciale from Italy won the gold and silver medals, respectively, Richard Verderber from Austria took third place.

Individual and team competitions were held in both epee and saber fencing. In epee fencing, Belgium took the gold medal, while Great Britain took second place and the Netherlands took third place. With Paul Anspach , a Belgian also made it to the Olympic champion. Ivan Osiier from Denmark won the silver medal and Philippe Le Hardy de Beaulieu was another Belgian who made it onto the podium, although he did not take part in the team competition.

The team competition in saber fencing was dominated by Hungary . Second place went to Austria and the bronze medal was won by the Netherlands . In the individual competition, the athletes from Hungary were also the dominant nation. Olympic champion was Jenő Fuchs , followed by Béla Békessy and Ervin Mészáros .

Time schedule

Time schedule
discipline		Sun. 5.	Mon. 6.	Tuesday 7th	Wed. 8.	Thursday 9	Fr. 10.	Sat 11.	Sun. 12.	...	Fr. 28.	Sat. 29.	Sun. 30.	Mon. 1.	Tues. 2.	Wed. 3.	Thursday 4.	Fr. 5.	Sat. 6.	Sun 7.	Mon. 8.	Tuesday 9	Wed. 10.	Thursday 11.	Fri. 12.	Sat. 13.	Sun. 14.	Mon. 15.	Tuesday 16	Wed. 17.	Thursday 18.	Fri. 19.	Sat. 20.	Sun. 21.	Mon. 22.	Decision- disk- applications
		May									June			July
Opening ceremony
fencing																					1		1			1		1			1					5
Soccer																	1																			1
athletics																				2	4th	2	3	4th	3	4th	3	5								30th
Modern pentathlon																									1											1
Cycling																				2																2
Equestrian sport	dressage																											1								1
	Leap																												1	1						2
	versatility																													2						2
Wrestling																											1	4th								5
rowing																															1	3				4th
shoot												2		4th	3	3	4th	2																		18th
sailing																																			4th	4th
Tug of war																					1															1
tennis								2	2								1	3																		8th
do gymnastics																					1		1	1	1											4th
Water sports	swim																						2		3	1	1	2								9
	Water polo 1																									1			S / B							1
	Diving																					1		1		1		1								4th
Closing ceremony
Demonstration competitions
baseball
Glíma
decisions								2	2			2		4th	3	3	6th	5		4th	7th	3	7th	6th	8th	8th	5	14th	1	3	2	3			4th	102
		Sun. 5.	Mon. 6.	Tuesday 7th	Wed. 8.	Thursday 9	Fr. 10.	Sat 11.	Sun. 12.	...	Fr. 28.	Sat. 29.	Sun. 30.	Mon. 1.	Tues. 2.	Wed. 3.	Thursday 4.	Fr. 5.	Sat. 6.	Sun 7.	Mon. 8.	Tuesday 9	Wed. 10.	Thursday 11.	Fri. 12.	Sat. 13.	Sun. 14.	Mon. 15.	Tuesday 16	Wed. 17.	Thursday 18.	Fri. 19.	Sat. 20.	Sun. 21.	Mon. 22.
		May									June			July

¹In water polo, the Olympic champion was initially determined in a tournament. Then the losers played in a "consolation round" for the silver and bronze medals.

Color legend

Opening ceremony

Competition day (no decisions)

Competition day (x decisions)

Competition day ("consolation round" (see Bergvall system ))

Closing ceremony

Art competitions

Walter Winans, who won medals at the 1912 Games in both sports and art

→ Main articles : Art Competitions in 1912  and Art Competitions at the Olympic Games

From 1912 to 1948, medals were also awarded for artistic achievements in 18 areas at seven Olympic Games. In 1912 there were the following award-winning art competitions: urban planning designs, sculpture / sculptures, painting and graphics, literature / poetry of all kinds and music (with the subdivisions into music of all kinds, vocal compositions, compositions for one instrument and compositions for orchestra). Although the Swedish organizers were initially hostile to this idea, they eventually gave in. The art gold medal in literature (poetry of all kinds) was awarded to the poets Georg Hohrod and M. Eschbach for the "Ode to Sport". It later emerged that these names were pseudonyms. The real writer was Baron Pierre de Coubertin , the founder of the modern Olympic Games.

In 1912, the US-American Walter Winans, who lives in England, won both a silver medal in the shooting sport discipline " Running deer (team)" and a gold medal for his sculpture "An American Trotter". So far he is the only one who has won a medal at the same Olympic Games in both a sporting and an artistic competition.

Demonstration sports

• baseball
• Glíma

Outstanding athletes

The youngest participant to take part in the Games was Greta Carlsson from Sweden , who just before the Games started celebrating her fourteenth birthday and taking part in swimming. The oldest athlete was the 64-year-old marksman Oscar Swahn , who won a gold and a bronze medal.

The most successful participants
space	athlete	country	sport	gold	silver	bronze	total
1	Vilhelm Carlberg	SWE	shoot	3	2	-	5
2	Hannes Kolehmainen	FIN	athletics	3	1	-	4th
3	Eric Carlberg	SWE	shoot	2	2	-	4th
4th	Johan Hübner from Holst	SWE	shoot	2	1	1	4th
5	Åke Lundeberg	SWE	shoot	2	1	-	3

The Swedish marksman Vilhelm Carlberg was the most successful participant. He won gold three times (small caliber 25 m - disappearing target, small caliber 25 m - disappearing target team, military revolver 30 m team) and twice silver (small caliber 50 m - team, pistol 50 m team).

The Indian Wa Tho Huck (also known as Jim Thorpe ) superiorly won both the decathlon and the pentathlon . However, he had to surrender his gold medals a year later because he had lost his amateur status by participating in a baseball match where he had earned $ 60 . After his death in 1953, Wa Tho Huck was re-awarded his gold medals in 1982.

Others

• The Japanese Shisō Kanaguri passed a house during the marathon, which took place in extreme heat. The residents offered him a drink and a short rest. When he quenched his thirst and lay down, he fell asleep instantly so that no one knew where he was until the next day. 54 years later he was invited to Sweden and ended his run from where he left off.
• The future US General George S. Patton took fifth place in the modern pentathlon .
• The gold medal in the road race around Lake Mälaren went to the South African Rudolph Lewis , who was the second Olympic champion from Africa.
• The German soccer player Gottfried Fuchs scored ten goals in one game and thus holds the German record to this day.
• The team from the USA traveled to Stockholm on board the Red Star Line's Finland liner .

Web links

Commons : 1912 Summer Olympics  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

• Side of the IOC for the Olympic Games of 1912 (English)
• The fifth Olympiad: the official report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} page of the IOC on the 1912 Summer Olympics (English), accessed on September 28, 2012
2. ↑ ^{a b} International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the 1912 Olympic Games. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 7 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
3. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 8 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ ^{a b} International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the 1912 Olympic Games. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 9 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 10 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
6. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 11 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
7. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 12 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
8. ↑ Sandra Heck: From playing soldiers and fighting athletes. The genesis of the modern pentathlon. V & R Unipress, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8471-0201-4 .
9. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 13 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
10. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 23 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
11. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 25 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
12. ↑ ^{a b} International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the 1912 Olympic Games. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 26 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
13. ↑ ^{a b} International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the 1912 Olympic Games. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 27 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
14. ↑ Leif Yttergren, Hans Bolling (ed.). The 1912 Stockholm Olympics: Essays on the Competitions, the People, the City. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 2012. ISBN 978-0-7864-7131-7 .
15. ^ Arnd Krüger : Buying victories is positively degrading. The European origins of Government Pursuit of National Prestige through Sports. International Journal of the History of Sport 12 (1995), 2, pp. 201-218
16. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 307 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
17. ↑ ^{a b} International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the 1912 Olympic Games. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 308 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
18. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 310 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
19. ↑ International Olympic Committee: Official Report of the Olympic Games 1912. (No longer available online.) In: library.la84.org. P. 311 , archived from the original on February 7, 2014 ; accessed on May 16, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
20. ^ Official report of the 1912 Olympic Games. In: LA84 Foundation Digital Library Collections. Pp. 82, 85 , accessed October 5, 2010 (English). 
21. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. pp. 211-17, 221-2 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
22. ↑ ^{a b} Official report of the 1912 Olympic Games. P. 221 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
23. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. pp. 222–224 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
24. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. pp. 439, 584 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
25. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. p. 605 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
26. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. p. 224 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
27. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. pp. 224–225 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
28. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. pp. 218–220 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
29. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. pp. 221-23 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
30. ^ Official report of the Olympic Games 1912. pp. 168–211 , accessed on October 5, 2010 (English). 
31. ↑ Volker Kluge : Olympic Summer Games. The Chronicle I. Athens 1896 - Berlin 1936. Sportverlag Berlin, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-328-00715-6 , p. 297.
32. ^ Official report of the 1912 Olympic Games. Accessed December 15, 2018 . 
33. ^ 1912 Stockholm Summer Games. (No longer available online.) In: sports-reference.com. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com, archived from the original on July 7, 2008 ; Retrieved May 17, 2014 .