Olympic Winter Games 1936

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IV. Olympic Winter Games
Logo of the 1936 Winter Olympics
Venue: Garmisch-Partenkirchen ( German Empire )
Stadion: Olympic ski stadium
Opening ceremony: February 6, 1936
Closing ceremony: February 16, 1936
Opened by: Adolf Hitler (Head of State)
Olympic oath : Wilhelm Bogner (athlete)
Disciplines: 8 (4 sports)
Competitions: 17th
Countries: 28
Athletes: 646, 80 of them women
← Lake Placid 1932
Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1940 →
Medal table
space country G S. B. Ges.
1 NorwayNorway Norway 7th 5 3 15th
2 German Reich NSGerman Reich (Nazi era) German Empire 3 3 - 6th
3 SwedenSweden Sweden 2 2 3 7th
4th FinlandFinland Finland 1 2 3 6th
5 SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 1 2 - 3
6th AustriaAustria Austria 1 1 2 4th
7th United KingdomUnited Kingdom Great Britain 1 1 1 3
8th United States 48United States United States 1 - 3 4th
9 Canada 1921Canada Canada - 1 - 1
10 FranceFrance France - - 1 1
Hungary 1918Hungary Hungary - - 1 1
Complete medal table

The 1936 Winter Olympics (also known as the IV Winter Olympics ) were held from February 6 to 16, 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the German Reich . With participants from 28 countries, there was a new attendance record. The logo showed the Alpspitze and underneath the Olympic rings through which a ski track snaked. The most successful athlete was Ivar Ballangrud , who won three gold and one silver medal for Norway in speed skating .

In addition to her athletic meaning the Winter Games and even more so in were Berlin held Summer Games in 1936 particularly characterized in that they of Hitler and the Nazi party were exploited to the Nazi state to represent abroad positive. In Germany, the Nazi propaganda mainly emphasized the achievements of the German Olympic participants and winners.

Award

The Summer Games for 1936 had already been awarded to the German Reich in 1931 , after Berlin had already been scheduled for the 1916 Summer Games , but these did not take place due to the First World War . Associated with the award was also a privilege for hosting the Winter Games.

At that time there was no suitable winter sports resort in the German Empire. It was not until 1933 that the conditions for the event were created. Other candidate cities were Montreal (Canada) and St. Moritz (Switzerland).

On January 24, 1933, the founding meeting of the German Olympic Organizing Committee (OK) was held. Its patronage was initially taken over by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg on February 9th . After Hindenburg's death, Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler took over the patronage of the Olympic Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Berlin in 1936 on November 13, 1934. On January 16, the Reich Ministry of Propaganda formed an Olympic Propaganda Committee that was responsible for public relations for the Games. In addition to the three German IOC members, Theodor Lewald , Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg and Karl Ritter von Halt , and the heads of the Olympic sports, there were also 20 representatives of the Reich authorities, 8 of them from the Propaganda Ministry, 11 from the military, 3 from the police. 5 higher municipal officials, 6 representatives of the various party branches, 4 functionaries of the Reich Sports Leadership and Reich Sports Commissioner Hans von Tschammer und Osten . The OK was subordinate to both the Ministry of Propaganda and the Ministry of the Interior - the former for the area of ​​public appearance; The latter for the sports department. This dependency of the OK represented a violation of the IOC statutes and was veiled from the outside.

The winter games of 1936 were the occasion to unite the two neighboring Bavarian communities Garmisch and Partenkirchen in 1935 to form the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. This was not without controversy among the population, the Garmisch-based composer Richard Strauss rejected the collection of a new council tax on the grounds that he was not even thinking of “financing this sport nonsense”. The Garmisch municipal council was initially reluctant to merge the municipalities, then Gauleiter Adolf Wagner ordered the mayor and council representative to Munich . There he threatened to be transferred to the Dachau concentration camp and the council had to decide on the merger with Partenkirchen that same evening.

procedure

Advertising poster by Ludwig Hohlwein (here in Danish )

The games seemed endangered by the lack of snow, but it had started to snow in time. On February 3rd, the message went via telex: “Snowfall in Garmisch-Partenkirchen; Winter Olympics secured! ”Until February 4th, the snow cover in the valley was around 20 cm. And after a short break, it began to snow around noon the next day, and the snowfall continued overnight.

Opening ceremony

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It was scheduled for 11 a.m. on Friday, February 6, and took place amid biting frost and heavy snowfall. Even beforehand, the motorcades and streams of people were directed by a huge contingent of well-trained and precisely instructed police officers on various well-groomed roads into the huge stadium on Gudiberg. At 10 o'clock the access roads were closed, the crowds were let in by uniformed men calmly exercising their office. Youth organizations of the party and around a thousand boys stood disciplined (barehead and freezing) in the deep snow, which was growing in size. At eleven o'clock the special train with the Chancellor and the government representatives drove up to about 100 m from the stadium. Hitler was greeted with tremendous jubilation when he entered the official gallery, bare head he studied the crowds and the events in the stadium. Accompanied by marching music, the Olympic participants, starting with Greece (two skiers), followed by the troops and troops, in alphabetical order (the German Reich as the implementing country at the end), to the opening ceremony. In those nations that took part in the military patrol run, officers, NCOs and soldiers formed the head of the platoon. What was noticeable about the conventional blue was the Norwegian, how the pure white costume of ice queen Sonja Henie stood out. The Austrians, in red pullovers, with which the white hats and gloves went perfectly, were accompanied with a storm of applause that never stopped. At the end of their long procession there were three groups of ice riflemen in Tyrolean costumes, which made the audience particularly happy. For the Swiss, after the patrol, it was civilian skiers with white “protector vests” and the ice hockey team, which was kept in white from head to toe. Almost at the end the big US contingent (in addition to the ice hockey team there were many bobsledders). The German company was uniformly uniformed.

Now the President of the German OK, Karl Ritter von Halt, entered the speaker's platform and gave his short, concise opening speech, in which he came to the following words towards the end:

"We Germans also want to show the world in this way that we will, true to the orders of our Fuhrer and Chancellor, make the Olympic Games a true celebration of peace and sincere understanding among the peoples."

This sounded like a defense speech, especially against the political background; it seemed as if the Nazi regime had to fight against resistance in the implementation of the Olympic Winter Games.

The further course developed quickly. The games were officially opened with a single sentence by Adolf Hitler . The sounds of music, gun salutes and the hoisting of the Olympic flag with the five rings followed, and the 28 ban-bearers joined forces. Wilhelm Bogner spoke the athlete's oath . Even before it was noon, the ceremony, which had taken place without any particular pomp and sporty simplicity, was over. The stadium emptied relatively quickly, over which a wind storm now partially swept.

Competitions

A total of around 500,000 guests attended the Winter Games. Around 150,000 visitors were counted for the award of the medals on the last day of the events, which proved the effectiveness of the transport companies and represented a new visitor record at the Winter Games.

For the first time, women skiers were allowed to compete for Olympic medals, if only in the alpine combination, which consisted of downhill skiing and slalom. Christl Cranz managed to win the gold, even though she went into the final slalom runs 19 seconds behind after a fall in the downhill.

A star of the Winter Games was the Norwegian Sonja Henie , who won gold in figure skating for the third time in a row. She later hid the fact that she was received later on the Obersalzberg for a coffee at Hitler's and took his signed portrait home with her. Birger Ruud won the gold medal in jumping from the normal hill. During the Second World War , Norway was later occupied by the German Wehrmacht . Ruud did not want to support the occupiers with his popularity and refused to take part in official competitions. He was therefore imprisoned in the Grini concentration camp near Oslo from 1943 .

There were three demonstration competitions in curling and one in military patrol , in which Austria performed by far the best.

There were surprises in the ice hockey competition: Neither the favorite team from Canada nor the team from the United States of America, which is considered to be strong, won the title. It was Great Britain against which the German team scored a respectable 1: 1 - with the commentators depicting what was happening on the ice as if they were reporting from a theater of war.

In the case of the British, ten of their twelve players came from Canada, which is why the ice hockey congress had met before the opening day for their approval. The representatives of the other nations had rejected the qualification of two team members in solidarity.

The French ambassador André François-Poncet reported to Paris: “Everyone is enthusiastic.” Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels noted in his diary: “We did well. It took a lot of work. But it was worth it. "

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony took place in the Olympic Stadium and was connected with the award ceremonies (carried out by Dr. Ritter von Halt) for the last competitions. Chancellor Hitler and his entourage also took part. The standard-bearers of all nations advanced to the sound of a parade march, followed by the competitors (with those of the military patrol first). The flags went up on the masts while gun salutes were fired, the national anthems were played and the torches were lit little by little as darkness fell. Ritter von Halt decorated all banners with an Olympic ribbon. Then IOC President Henri de Baillet-Latour entered the speaker's platform and closed the games with a speech. The Olympic flag was brought down, the fire went out and the participants left the stadium.

Ski jumping
Four-man bobsleigh
Speed ​​skating

Political background

Soldiers with carbines hold back the spectators. Hitler greetings are presented on Hitler's way to the opening ceremony.
Hitler opens the winter games
Four guns of the Wehrmacht shoot a salute in front of the ski jump on Gudiberg, hoist the Olympic flag, opening ceremony.

Like the Summer Olympics in Berlin in August of that year, the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen were abused by Nazi propaganda in order to present the Nazi regime as positive at home and abroad. In the German Reich, political opponents of the Nazi regime were murdered or crammed into concentration camps; the Nuremberg Laws had been passed five months earlier. The anti-Semitic mood in the area has previously been of international concern. A boycott movement had already emerged in the USA, which also endangered the upcoming Summer Olympics in Berlin. NSDAP Gauleiter Adolf Wagner had the signs that were affixed all over the place with the inscription “Jews not allowed” removed for the time of the games.

Karl Ritter von Halt , who was appointed President of the German Organizing Committee of the Winter Games in 1936, saw in May 1935 "with growing concern" - as he reported in a letter to Oberregierungsrat Hans Ritter von Lex and the Reich Ministry of the Interior in the run-up to the veils - "... in Garmisch- Partenkirchen and the surrounding area a planned anti-Semitic propaganda ”and“ ... especially on the highway from Munich to Garmisch-Partenkirchen ”. In conclusion he wrote in a nutshell: "Dear Lex, ..., you also know very well that I am not telling you these worries of mine in order to help the Jews, it is only about the Olympic idea." According to a later judgment of the Office of Military Government for Germany (US) , Ritter von Halt was deeply involved in the machinations of the NSDAP. He belonged to Heinrich Himmler's circle of friends Reichsführer SS and used the political economic influences to stage the winter spectacle for the Nazi regime.

Makeshift buildings for the German Organizing Committee were erected on the property of the emigrated Jew Friediger. The committee illegally evaded leases.

The acute danger of violent attacks - just days before the opening of the Winter Games - on the Jewish population in the German Reich due to the attack by David Frankfurter on the NSDAP regional group leader Wilhelm Gustloff on February 4 in Switzerland was countered. His murder had a political dimension comparable to that of Ernst Eduard vom Rath's later (see November pogrome 1938 ). Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick issued the following directive the following day:

"Re: Prevention of riots on the occasion of the murder of the group leader Switzerland of the NSDAP Gustloff:
... I order in agreement with the deputy of the leader Rudolf Hess that individual actions against Jews on the occasion of the murder of the leader of the national group Switzerland of the NSDAP Wilhelm Gustloff in Davos absolutely have to be avoided. I ask to take action against any actions and to maintain public safety and order. "

At the same time, Nazi propaganda elevated Gustloff to the " martyrdom of the movement " and had his coffin brought to the German Reich by special train. Hitler, too, limited himself to “relatively reserved” and “moderate for his terms” formulations in his funeral speech.

The American correspondent William L. Shirer noted in his diary on the subject of the 1936 Winter Games:

“At noon Tess turned on the radio for the news, just in time for us to hear a violent personal attack against me. It was said that I was a filthy Jew and would try to torpedo the Winter Olympics in Garmisch with false stories about Jews and Nazi officials there. In fact, some time ago I wrote in a series of articles that the Nazis in Garmisch had removed all signs 'Jews undesirable' (which can be found all over Germany) so that the visitors to the Olympics would not find any signs of the treatment that the Jews were receiving in this Experience land. "

There was no broad boycott front by state governments against the Nazi dictatorship in the German Reich for moral reasons in 1936. In Europe, the military and autocrats often ruled. England, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Portugal were colonial powers of large parts of Africa and Asia. China and Japan formed isolated states. Josef Stalin's boycotting Soviet Union was politically isolated and stigmatized in the sports world.

At the opening ceremony of the 1936 Winter Games, the spectators cheered the Olympic teams entering the stadium as the athletes raised their right arm and stretched out in greeting. What hardly anyone knew at the time, however, was that the Nazi salute was visually extremely similar to the Olympic salute .

The organizers were able to gain knowledge from the winter games at the beginning of 1936: The Reich Labor Service was used to deal with the masses of snow . As always, he was in uniform. For American journalists (e.g. Westbrook Pegler) these were soldiers . During the Winter Games, uniforms of the Wehrmacht , SA and SS dominated the scenery in the host cities. The military impression should therefore be avoided at the summer games , so that spectators should also leave their SA or SS uniforms at home.

“Führerbalkon” (1st row from left): Rudolf Heß , Baillet-Latour, Hitler

The ice hockey player and according to the Nazi doctrine " half-Jew " Rudi Ball , who no longer played for a German club, became part of the German team in order to satisfy the public abroad. The boycott movement was particularly active in the USA. The Berlin ice hockey striker , who played for the Red Devils in Italy , was only allowed to play for the German national ice hockey team after IOC President Henri de Baillet-Latour intervened personally with Hitler.

Information board at the Olympic ski stadium (Garmisch-Partenkirchen)

The International Olympic Committee was so satisfied with the implementation of the Games that it decided to host the Winter Olympics in 1940 after the cancellation of Sapporo (July 1938) and St. Moritz (June 1939) - despite the breach of the Munich Agreement by smashing the rest -Czech Republic in March 1939 - unanimously again awarded to Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The IOC believed that a state that received a pledge from it to host the 1940 Winter Games would not go to war. And this despite the fact that German troops occupied the demilitarized Rhineland just three weeks after the 1936 Winter Games .

In his address to the Reichstag on the occupation of the Rhineland, Hitler tried to exploit the Olympic Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen as evidence of the German population's love for peace and understanding, which was evident to the French guests at the time.

Worth mentioning

Alpine ski races were held for the first time in 1936. This led to a dispute with the International Ski Federation because the IOC - contrary to the FIS rules - classified ski instructors as professionals and did not allow them to participate. For this reason, the Austrian (as well as the Swiss) ski association decided to boycott the men's ski races . For Austria Heinrich Harrer should have participated in the only alpine discipline, the alpine combination, consisting of downhill and slalom. A prominent Swiss victim of this regulation was Elvira Osirnig from Graubünden , who had acquired a ski instructor's license but had never worked in this profession until then.

On the opening day, a dedicated Olympic channel, which had been built within four months, went into operation, and about 35 programs were broadcast around the world every day. Reporters from 19 nations were present; Six different programs could be broadcast at the same time.

Sports facilities

Large Olympic hill in 1936

All competitions took place in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

Participating countries

  • Countries with participating teams
  • Countries took part in winter games for the first time
    • Elis Wiklund won the gold medal over 50 kilometers.
    Downhill women, Jeanette Kessler (Great Britain)

    With 28 participating nations, a new record was set in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The states of Australia, Bulgaria, Greece, Liechtenstein, Spain and Turkey celebrated their premieres at the Olympic Winter Games.

    Europe (530 athletes from 24 nations)
    America (84 athletes from 2 nations)
    Asia (31 athletes from 1 nation)
    • Japanese EmpireJapanese Empire Japan  (31)
    Oceania (1 athlete from 1 nation)
    (Number of athletes)
    * first participation in winter games

    Competition program

    17 competitions (14 for men, 2 for women and 1 mixed competition) in 4 sports / 8 disciplines were held. That was 3 more competitions and 1 discipline than in Lake Placid in 1932 - the number of sports remained the same. The changes are detailed below:

    • The Alpine skiing was included with a combination of downhill and slalom competition for men and women into the Olympic program.
    • The men's 4 × 10 km relay has been added to cross-country skiing .

    Olympic sports / disciplines

    Number of competitions in brackets

    Time schedule

    Badge of the 1936 Olympic Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (dimensions in cm)
    Time schedule
    discipline Thursday
    06.     		Friday
    07.     		Sat
    08.     		Sun.
    09.     		Mon.
    10.     		Tuesday
    11th     		Wed.
    12.     		Thursday
    13.     		Fri.
    14.     		Sat.
    15.     		Sun
    16.     		Decision-
    disk-
    applications
    February
    Olympic rings without rims.svg Opening ceremony
    Bobsleigh pictogram.svg bob 1 1 2
    Ice hockey pictogram.svg ice Hockey 1 1
    Ice skating Figure skating pictogram.svg figure skating 1 1 1 3
    Speed ​​skating pictogram.svg Speed ​​skating 1 1 1 1 4th
    Skiing Alpine skiing pictogram.svg Alpine skiing 1 1 2

    Nordic skiing    		 Nordic combined pictogram.svg Nordic combination 1 1
    Cross country skiing pictogram.svg Cross-country skiing 1 1 1 3
    Ski jumping pictogram.svg Special jumping 1 1
    Olympic rings without rims.svg Closing ceremony
    Demonstration competitions
    Ice stock sport 1 2
    Military patrol 1
    decisions 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 18th
    Thursday
    06.     		Friday
    07.     		Sat
    08.     		Sun.
    09.     		Mon.
    10.     		Tuesday
    11th     		Wed.
    12.     		Thursday
    13.     		Fri.
    14.     		Sat.
    15.     		Sun
    16.
    February

    Color legend

  • Opening ceremony
  • Competition day (no decisions)
  • Competition day (x decisions)
  • Closing ceremony

    • Outstanding athletes and achievements

    • Sonja Henie from Norway won the gold medal in figure skating for the third time in a row . After the games she switched to the professional camp and went to the USA, where she made films in Hollywood and was successful with ice revues .
    • Ivar Ballangrud from Norway won gold over 500, 5000 and 10,000 meters and silver over 1500 meters in speed skating.
    • Ernst Baier from Berlin won the silver medal in individual figure skating and gold in pair skating with Maxi Herber . So he took part in two competitions at the same time.

    Positive criticism of the applications

    In a review of "Sport Zürich" in its issue No. 24 of February 17, 1936 on page 1, the organization couldn't be done better than here in Doppelort, Upper Bavaria, which also promises a lot for the summer games in Berlin .

    The focus was on the ski competitions, but the ice disciplines were not inferior to them, especially the art skating of the women and couples had the whole rest of the world, which was kept up to date by record-like reports, under its spell. But the other competitions should not be placed on a lower level either. Of the demonstration competitions, the military patrol run was of course given a far greater sporting importance than ice shooting, which had more local flavor. Norway was the big winner with 7 gold medals, Switzerland did not do as well as expected. The early departure of the ice hockey team had already caused an irritable mood in the home country, and in the ski competitions, too, not everything turned out as desired. It was thanks to the bobsleigh riders that it was still eighth in the medal balance.

    aftermath

    For the planned Winter Games in 1940 in the German Reich, which did not take place later, the Nazi organizers had expropriated several landowners in Garmisch. The matter came into the focus of critics again in the dispute over the Munich 2018 Olympic bid. Lawyer Ludwig Seitz represented 63 clients who did not want to provide their properties for the 2018 Winter Olympics:

    "My clients include landowners who were expropriated after 1936 with a view to the subsequent Olympics [ sic ] (1940), and who, incidentally, after the Second World War, despite pleading [ sic ] requests, did not get anything back from their land."

    literature

    • Olympia Newspaper. Official organ of the Organizing Committee for the IV Olympic Winter Games and the Propaganda Committee for the Olympic Games 1936. Berlin 1936. 207 pages.
    • Arnd Krüger : The Olympic Games 1936 and world opinion. Its importance in foreign policy, with particular reference to the USA . Sports science work, Vol. 7. Bartels & Wernitz, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-87039-925-2 .
    • Arnd Krüger: Fair Play for American Athletes . A study in anti-semitism. In: Canadian Journal of the History of Sport and Physical Education 9 (1978), 1, pp. 42-57.
    • Iris Vogeltanz: “A Bavarian thing”. The IV Winter Olympics in 1936 and the role of the municipalities of Munich and Garmisch-Partenkirchen . In: Margit Szöllösi-Jantze (ed.): Munich in National Socialism. Image policy of the “Capital of Movement”, Göttingen: Wallstein 2017, pp. 196–216 ISBN 978-3-8353-3090-0 .

    Web links

    Commons : 1936 Winter Olympics  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Ernst Piper: Olympia 1936: The boycotted boycott. In: Spiegel Online . March 17, 2008, accessed December 30, 2016 .
    2. ^ The IV. Olympic Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , German Historical Museum
    3. ↑ Horst Ueberhorst : Games under the swastika: the Olympic Games of Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Berlin 1936 and their political implications. In: From Politics and Contemporary History, year 1986 (1986), Volume 31, pp. 4–5.
    4. ↑ Reinhard Rürup: 1936. The Olympic Games and National Socialism. A documentation, Berlin 1996, p. 79.
    5. ^ Hans Joachim Teichler: 1936 - an Olympic trauma. When the games lost their innocence , In: Manfred Blödorn (Ed.): Sport and Olympic Games , Reinbek bei Hamburg 1984, p. 54.
    6. ^ Hans Joachim Teichler: 1936 - an Olympic trauma. When the Games lost their innocence , in: Manfred Blödorn (Ed.): Sport und Olympische Spiele, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1984 , p. 55.
    7. ^ Arnd Krüger: The Olympic Games 1936 and the world opinion. Its importance in foreign policy, with particular reference to the USA. P. 76.
    8. ^ A b Hitler in Garmisch-Partenkirchen: When Olympia lost its innocence. In: tagesspiegel.de . February 8, 2011, accessed December 30, 2016 .
    9. ^ IV. Olympic Winter Games 1936 Official report , publisher of the Organizing Committee for the IV. Olympic Winter Games 1936, Garmisch-Partenkirchen EV, Reichssportverlag Berlin, SW 68: PDF
    10. ↑ a b c d Gerd Michalek: 75 years ago: Winter Games under the Hakenkreuz , deutschlandfunk.de, February 6, 2011, accessed on July 17, 2016.
    11. ↑ Federal Archives - Olympic Winter Games 1936. In: bundesarchiv.de. February 6, 1936, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on December 30, 2016 .
    12. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de
    13. ^ “The closing ceremony” in “Sport Zürich”, No. 24 of February 17, 1936, from page 5, column 4 below
    14. ↑ Federal Archives - Olympic Winter Games 1936. In: bundesarchiv.de. February 16, 1936, archived from the original on February 19, 2015 ; accessed on December 30, 2016 . Federal Archives - Olympic Winter Games 1936. In: bundesarchiv.de. February 16, 1936, archived from the original on February 19, 2015 ; accessed on December 30, 2016 .
    15. ↑ Andreas Meyhoff, Gerhard Arrow: Olympia: The Hidden Games. January 18, 2010, accessed December 30, 2016 .
    16. ^ Matthias Koch: The games played. In: tagesspiegel.de . February 8, 2006, accessed December 30, 2016 .
    17. ↑ a b Olympiad 1936: Used by the Nazis. In: zeit.de . February 7, 1986, accessed December 30, 2016 .
    18. ↑ Ian Kershaw: Hitler - 1889-1936 ; Stuttgart 1982; ISBN 3-421-05131-3 .
    19. ^ The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945 , Volume 1: German Reich 1933–1937 ; Munich 2008; ISBN 978-3-486-58480-6 ; P. 558 (Document 225).
    20. ↑ Ian Kershaw : Hitler - 1889-1936 ; Stuttgart 1982; ISBN 3-421-05131-3 ; P. 720.
    21. ↑ Saul Friedländer: The Third Reich and the Jews ; Munich 2007; ISBN 978-3-406-56681-3 ; P. 199.
    22. ↑ Max Domarus : Hitler. Speeches and Proclamations , Vol. 1; Würzburg 1962; P. 573.
    23. ^ Martin Hartwig: Trial run for the 1936 Summer Olympics. In: deutschlandfunk.de. February 6, 2011, accessed December 30, 2016 .
    24. ↑ a b How Olympia lost its innocence , Die Weltwoche, edition 32/2008, Berlin 1936, accessed on January 23, 2015.
    25. ^ Arnd Krüger : The Olympic Games 1936 and the world opinion. Its importance in foreign policy, with particular reference to the USA. Sports science work, Vol. 7 Berlin: Bartels & Wernitz 1972.
    26. ↑ Volker Kluge : Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle . Berlin: Sportverlag, 1999, p. 145.
    27. ↑ Tim Tolsdorff: Garmisch's Olympic plans 1940: 10,000 downhill runners for Hitler. In: Spiegel Online . February 4, 2011, accessed December 30, 2016 .
    28. ^ Walter Amstutz : The Olympic Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen February 7 to February 16, 1936. In: The snow hare. Yearbook of the Swiss Academic Ski Club, No. 10 (1936), p. 357. Online , accessed on March 30, 2019.
    29. ↑ Eva Michaelis: A life for sport . In: Slow Motion - For people with life experience. Volume 66, Issue 6 (December 1988 / January 1989), pp. 82-86. PDF download , accessed March 30, 2019.