Hans von Tschammer and Osten
Hans von Tschammer und Osten (born October 25, 1887 in Dresden , † March 25, 1943 in Berlin ) was a German sports official during the National Socialist era . From 1933 he officiated as Reich Sports Leader and Commissioner in the German Reich as well as chairman of the “ German Reich Association for Physical Exercise” (DRL) and the “ National Socialist Reich Association for Physical Exercise ” (NSRL).
biography
Hans von Tschammer und Osten took part in the First World War as an officer . He was wounded in 1914 and has suffered from right hand paralysis ever since. After the war, through his marriage to Sophie Margarethe von Zimmermann, he became the owner of a manor in Kleindehsa in Oberlausitz . From 1923 to 1926 Tschammer was leader of the Young German Order in Saxony.
In 1929 he joined the NSDAP and became a member of the SA . In March 1932, as SA group leader, he took over the leadership of the SA group center. After the Reichstag election in July 1932 , von Tschammer und Osten was a member of the German Reichstag , but appeared primarily as an SA leader and was involved in the Eisleber Blutsonntag , among other things .
The sports associations of National Socialist ideology subordinate and - after the seizure of power by the Nazis in 1933 were - like all social organizations into line . Von Tschammer und Osten was appointed Reich Sports Commissioner on April 28, 1933 and Reich Sports Leader on July 19, 1933. On May 5, 1933, the German Reich Committee for Physical Exercise (DRA), which had existed since 1917, dissolved itself in violation of the statutes and was replaced on July 27, 1934 by the Reich Association for Physical Exercise (DRL), which was headed according to the Führer principle and divided into specialist committees for the individual sports. It was managed by von Tschammer und Osten, who was inexperienced in the field of sport. In 1934 he became a member of the German Olympic Committee and took over the ideological preparation for the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.
In 1938 he was appointed State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of the Interior and SA Obergruppenführer. In 1939 he took over the management of the fighting games department in the SA main office and became head of the sports section within the National Socialist leisure organization Kraft durch Freude .
On March 25, 1943, Hans von Tschammer und Osten, who had already been to Hohenlychen for a cure in 1936 , died of the consequences of pneumonia.
Sports policy activities
It was von Tschammer and Ost's task to enforce the National Socialists' sports policy down to the local club level. So he initially ensured that the National Socialist leader principle was introduced in the entire sport instead of the previous democratic principles. In order to maximize the number of memberships in his organization, he was also prepared to include the nudist movement, which had been brought into line by the Nazis, in his association. He called on the Foreign Office to arrange for the German embassies abroad to ensure that German athletes appear impeccably, to supervise and advise them. In July 1934 he reached an agreement with the Hitler Youth for the complete integration of the sports youth. On December 12, 1936, he introduced the salutation “Comrade”, the cry “Sieg Heil” at events and the official greeting “Heil Hitler” in all sports organizations ( Hitler salute ).
Reich Sports Commissioner Hans von Tschammer und Osten declared in May 1933 when the Nazi apparatus transferred their racial policy to the sports associations:
“Physical exercises on German people, if they are to gain cultural value at all, serve to preserve and promote our race and its individuality. In principle, German sport is determined by Aryan people and German youth education is determined by Germans and not Jews. "
After Germany won the bid for the 1936 Olympic Games, he ensured that German sport appeared in a favorable light compared to other countries. To this end, he ordered, among other things, that the Nuremberg Racial Laws of 1935 were moderately implemented in the clubs . Until 1936 there was no general ban on Jews and the municipalities were instructed to make competition facilities available to Jewish sports clubs. He also ensured that there was no government interference in the association's activities until further notice. From 1936 on he planned and organized all national sporting events. His main administrative manager was his former press officer Guido von Mengden . This ensured that the influence of the Hitler Youth , the SA and von Kraft durch Freude remained limited to their respective areas of influence and that the sports movement was preserved according to the circumstances.
In the field of football, von Tschammer und Osten suppressed all efforts to introduce professional football. In 1935 he quickly dissolved the West German Sports Association, which was very active in this regard. In the same year, based on the English model, he launched the competition for the German soccer cup, named after its initiator " Tschammerpokal ". The competition was held until 1943, the actual cup was used by the German Football Association for its DFB Cup competition until 1964 after the Second World War . After the annexation of Austria , von Tschammer und Osten instructed Reich trainer Sepp Herberger to take into account either six German and five Austrian players or five Reich German and six Austrian players when preparing for the 1938 World Cup . In November 1939, von Tschammer und Osten officially appointed Herberger as the Reich soccer coach.
When, after the Olympic Games, foreigners no longer had to be taken into account, von Tschammer und Osten tightened the enforcement of the National Socialist ideology in German sports, and the moderate stance towards Jewish athletes and sports clubs was abandoned. Although himself a member of the SA, in 1938 he rejected the organization's attempts to interfere increasingly in the interests of sport. From 1939 National Socialist Germany tried harder to bring the international sports organizations under their influence. From Tschammer and east driving force, which was International Olympic Committee (IOC) and international sports federations in terms of Germany the same switch and bring German representatives in the top functions. However, he achieved only partial success, and the expansion of the Second World War prevented further activities. At the beginning of the war, von Tschammer und Osten described this as an indispensable factor for strengthening military strength and the will to fight.
The outbreak of the Second World War also had another task for von Tschammer und Osten. In 1939, Germany was asked to host the 1940 Winter Olympics after they had been withdrawn from St. Moritz. Von Tschammer und Osten was commissioned with Karl Ritter von Halt to prepare plans for the organization, but then had to explain to the IOC in 1940 that the German organizing committee had to return the order to host the Games, “because the German proposals aimed at bringing about one World peace, which should lead out of the current conflict, were rejected by the English and French governments and the war must therefore be continued. "
After Germany expanded the war by attacking the Soviet Union in 1941 , von Tschammer und Osten ceased international sports traffic from March onwards. However, since numerous specialist offices had already agreed to international competitions, the implementation of the project dragged on for several months. On November 22, 1942, the German national soccer team played an international match against Slovakia . Since the Reichssportführer had no influence on professional sport, z. B. in Hanover in autumn 1944 an international track bike race took place in front of over 20,000 spectators.
The sports official attached great importance to having prominent top athletes sent to the front as soldiers of the Wehrmacht , so that the Nazi propaganda could highlight them as “shining examples” for all conscripts.
From 1943 to 1945 a street in Hanover was named after him.
literature
- Dieter Steinhöfer: Hans von Tschammer and east. Reich Sports Leader in the Third Reich . Bartels & Wernitz, Berlin et al. 1973, ISBN 3-87039-945-7 , ( gymnastics and sports guide in the Third Reich 2).
- Nils Havemann : Football under the swastika . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main et al. 2005, ISBN 3-593-37906-6 .
- Joachim Lilla , Martin Döring, Andreas Schulz: extras in uniform: the members of the Reichstag 1933–1945. A biographical manual. Including the Volkish and National Socialist members of the Reichstag from May 1924 . Droste, Düsseldorf 2004, ISBN 3-7700-5254-4 .
- Erich Stockhorst: 5000 people. Who was what in the 3rd Reich . Arndt, Kiel 2000, ISBN 3-88741-116-1 (unchanged reprint of the first edition from 1967).
- Robert Wistrich : Who was who in the Third Reich? A biographical lexicon. Supporters, followers, opponents from politics, business, military, art and science . Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1987, ISBN 3-596-24373-4 , ( Fischer 4373).
- Hajo Bernett: Sports Policy in the Third Reich. From the files of the Reich Chancellery. Hofmann, Schorndorf 1971.
Web links
- Literature by and about Hans von Tschammer und Osten in the catalog of the German National Library
- Newspaper article about Hans von Tschammer and Osten in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
- Hans von Tschammer and Osten in the database of members of the Reichstag
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bernett, Hajo (ed.): National Socialist Physical Education. Documentation of their theory and organization. Revised and expanded by Hans Joachim Teichler and Berno Bahro (= texts - sources - documents on sports science; 1), 2nd revised edition Schorndorf 2008. p. 19.
- ^ Arnd Krüger , Felix Krüger, Sybille Treptau: Nudism in Nazi Germany: Indecent Behavior or Physical Culture for the Well-Being of the Nation, in: Int. Journal History of Sport 19 (2002), 4, 33-54.
- ↑ Otto Langels: Festival of Peace - Festival of Nations - Festival of Deception - 75 years ago: The Summer Olympics in Berlin , Deutschlandfunk - " Background " from August 1, 2011
- ↑ Arnd Krüger : "Physical exercise now more than ever!" Sport in World War II, in: Arnd Krüger & Hans Langenfeld (eds.): Sport in Hanover - from the founding of the city until today. Göttingen: The workshop 1991, 185 - 188.
- ↑ quoted from: Fritz Walter : 11 red hunters. National player in war. Munich 1959, p. 17.
- ^ Helmut Zimmermann: The street names of the state capital Hanover . Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hanover 1992, ISBN 3-7752-6120-6
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Tschammer and Osten, Hans von |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German politician (NSDAP), Reich Sports Leader, MdR |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 25, 1887 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Dresden |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 25, 1943 |
| Place of death | Berlin |