Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin] (born October 10, 1873 in Schwerin ; † August 5, 1969 in Eutin ; full name: Adolf Friedrich Albrecht Heinrich ) was a traveler to Africa , governor of the German colony of Togo , was designated as the first head of state of the planned United Baltic Duchy and was the first President of the German Olympic Committee from 1949 to 1951 .

Duke Adolf Friedrich (1905)

Life

Family and education

Adolf Friedrich (before 1910)
Wedding with Princess Viktoria Feodora Reuss on April 24, 1917 at Osterstein Castle in Gera
Adolf Friedrich Duke of Mecklenburg (1910)

Adolf Friedrich was the third child of Friedrich Franz II , Grand Duke of Mecklenburg in the Mecklenburg-Schwerin region , and his third wife, Princess Marie Caroline of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt . He was a half-brother of Grand Duke Friedrich Franz III, who died in 1897 . as well as from Duke Johann Albrecht and uncle of Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV.

After receiving instruction from his private tutors, the young duke attended the public Vitzthumsche Gymnasium in Dresden . After completing his school education, he traveled to the Orient in 1894 . Then Adolf Friedrich did his military service with the rank of lieutenant in the Prussian Guard Cuirassier Regiment . Due to a serious riding accident in Hamburg in the summer of 1898, however, he had to cease active service in the Prussian cavalry for the time being. However, this did not affect his further military career, as later promotions showed. The Duke , who was promoted to Rittmeister , commanded the 2nd and later the 5th Squadron of the regiment. However, his military service did not prevent him from pursuing his passion for travel. In 1902, Adolf Friedrich undertook a five-month journey that took him from Genoa to Africa and Ceylon . In 1904 Adolf Friedrich , who had meanwhile been promoted to major , left the Berlin Guard Cuirassier Regiment and thus ended his active service. In the course of this he was placed in the 2nd Guards Dragoon Regiment "Empress Alexandra of Russia" à la suite . After the end of his active military career, Adolf Friedrich began to prepare for further trips to Africa. In 1905 he went to Africa for the second time for four months, where he visited the countries east of Lake Victoria .

Adolf Friedrich was married twice: on April 24, 1917, he married Princess Viktoria Feodora Reuss in Gera , who died on December 18, 1918 one day after the birth of their daughter Woizlawa-Feodora . On October 15, 1924, he married the widow of his half-brother Johann Albrecht, Elisabeth zu Stolberg-Roßla , who only survived him by a few weeks and also died in 1969. His daughter married Heinrich I, Prince Reuss-Köstritz , on September 15, 1939 .

Trips and expeditions

Orient trip 1894

After passing his Abitur , Adolf Friedrich received a trip as a gift. The journey took him to the Orient in 1894, where he rode from Jerusalem to Damascus on horseback. After overcoming the Taurus Pass , he crossed Turkey and visited Ankara and Constantinople, among others . Afterwards he traveled to Bulgaria and Hungary . The 2500 km long journey on horseback ended in Budapest .

Africa expedition 1907/08

As early as 1904, Adolf Friedrich began planning an extensive scientific exploration of Africa. In 1907 he became head of a scientific research trip, partly financed by him, to the area of ​​the Central African Rift . The expedition led by Adolf Friedrich crossed Africa from east to west, for which he was awarded the golden Eduard Vogel medal of the Geography Association in Leipzig on December 2, 1908 .

The expedition started on June 17, 1907 in Bukoba on the west bank of Lake Victoria and led to Lake Kivu and the Congo area . The area on the Uelle was also the destination of the expedition, which ended in June 1908 and which brought a total of 1,017 skulls to Germany. Most of the time, the human skulls were removed from the graves without the consent of locals or relatives of the dead. The extensive zoological yield of the expedition was given to the Zoological Museum in Berlin . The Botanical Museum in Berlin received most of the biofacts .

Africa expedition 1910/11

On the hunt, Africa expedition 1910/11.

In 1910/11, Adolf Friedrich again led an expedition that led to the Lake Chad basin and the northern tributaries of the Congo to the Nile (in what is now Sudan ). Adolf Friedrich and his companions traveled to the still little-known jungle area on the right tributaries of the Congo and the basin of Lake Chad. Individual groups extended their investigations to the Bahr-el-Ghazal in the catchment area of ​​the upper Nile, others to South Cameroon and the islands in the Gulf of Guinea . The two-volume work Vom Kongo zum Niger und Nil , published as a result, is still interesting today due to its large number of illustrations. In recognition of his services, the Duke was made an honorary member of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory .

Adolf Friedrich's expeditions were not without controversy within the ducal family. While Duke Johann Albrecht always supported his half-brother, his nephew Friedrich Franz IV saw the commitment much more critically. In November 1923, the resigned Grand Duke expressed his displeasure in a letter to Cuno von Rantzau that before 1914 he had to award medals to the “Jews and fellow Jews” who financed the expeditions to Africa.

Adolf Friedrich Kegel

In 1907, the participants of the expedition led by Duke Adolf Friedrich went to the area of ​​the Virunga volcanoes in German East Africa . There the expedition members climbed some of the volcanic peaks. Among them was a few kilometers from the Nyamuragira situated volcanic cone , which in 1904 due to volcanic activity had emerged. The geologist Egon Freiherr von Kirschstein and the topographer Max Weiß were the first Europeans to visit the volcanic cone during the expedition. They gave the small volcanic cone the name Adolf-Friedrich-Kegel (Adolf-Friedrich-Vulkan).

Dutch East Indies 1923

In 1923 Adolf Friedrich traveled to the Dutch East Indies . There he visited the islands of Bali and Sumatra, among others . During the ten-month trip he observed the agricultural conditions there with interest and made economic contacts. During the Sumatra crossing, he also devoted himself to his very pronounced passion for hunting.

Governor of Togo

From July 22, 1912 to August 1914, Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg was the last governor of the German colony of Togo. In addition, from February 1913 until the outbreak of World War I, he was consul for the French colony of Dahomey and the British colony on the Gold Coast .

On September 18, 1912, the governor had to deal with the resolution on the admission of mixed marriages introduced in the Reichstag during a meeting of the government council . Those present and the chairman unanimously rejected such plans. Government Councilor Hermans said the following: "The mixed marriage question cannot be answered from an ethical or religious point of view, but above all from a racial point of view". Mixed marriages should be avoided at all costs.

In October 1913, Governor Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg also issued a ban on traditionally adopting the father's name. The ordinance affected children conceived outside of marriage with local women. The governor acted on his own behalf in this matter, as he had a relationship with a local from whom a child was born.

One of the highlights of Adolf Friedrich's tenure was certainly the visit by State Secretary and Head of the Reich Colonial Office Wilhelm Solf in October 1913. The governor had an Askari parade and arranged for an African dance to be staged. In the course of the visit, the tribal representatives handed the State Secretary a petition in which they complained about brutalities and reprisals in their everyday lives. The failure to greet a German colonial official could already result in punishment. Remarkably, the visit was filmed on behalf of the Reich Colonial Office. Today the film is considered an extraordinary document of the colonial times in Togo.

During Adolf Friedrich's tenure, too, forced labor and corporal punishment were part of everyday life for the Togolese population. In the area of ​​responsibility of the Atakpamé district office in May 1913, 55 male locals were punished with 25 beatings each on one day. Their offense consisted only in the fact that they did not fulfill their imposed duty to perform tax work and thus did not obey the instructions of the district office. The governor did not question the punishment itself; he only criticized the district office's written explanation of the punishment, which was too short. Even decades later, members of the Konkomba and Kabiyé tribes remembered the mistreatment and flogging during the German colonial rule.

At the beginning of May 1914, Adolf Friedrich left the Togo colony in order to take a longer vacation home. He arrived in Hamburg on May 16 and went from here to the grand ducal summer residence in Raben Steinfeld . After the First World War began , the colony of Togo was conquered relatively quickly by the neighboring colonial powers. The German police force could not withstand the Allied superiority. After a few retreats, the colony was finally handed over to the British on August 27, 1914. On this day, the term of office of Governor Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg ended.

Even after the end of his tenure, Adolf Friedrich followed developments in the former German colonial area. After the Second World War he advised Togolese students in Germany in the national language Ewe.

First World War

During the First World War , Adolf Friedrich took part in the fighting on the Western Front and the Balkan Front. When the war began in August 1914, the Duke reported to the General Command of the Guard Corps . In the following years he was used on the Western Front, where he served with the rank of colonel in various management staff . In the middle of 1915 he traveled to Constantinople and visited the battlefield on the Gallipoli peninsula in the presence of General Liman von Sanders . In September 1915, Duke Adolf Friedrich returned to the southeastern theater of war, where he and Duke Johann Albrecht were assigned to the Gallwitz Army High Command. Here the duke took part in the conquest of Serbia , in the course of which he was awarded the First Class Iron Cross . He was one of the first German soldiers who crossed the Danube near Orşova on October 23, 1915 and entered the Serbian bank. On October 26, 1915, he was also involved in the strategically important meeting with an advanced Bulgarian patrol near Brza Palanka . This established a connection with the Bulgarian army and a land connection with the Ottoman Empire .

In the spring of 1916, Colonel Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg was appointed leader of the German-Persian military mission . The Duke and his 144-strong troop went to Mosul in early April 1916 . However, the subsequent cooperation with the Turks proved difficult. In addition, the Turkish general and commander of the sixth Ottoman Army, Halil Pasha, mistrusted the former governor of Togo. Halil Pascha suspected that Adolf Friedrich might try to conquer a new German colony with Persia . Due to the political and military imponderables, Adolf Friedrich asked for his recall at the beginning of June 1916.

Heir to the throne

Finland

In the spring of 1918, Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg appeared as a possible candidate for the throne in Finland, which had been shaken by the civil war. He was considered a suitable candidate, probably also because of his experience as governor in Togo. He was also supported by Finnish activists and diplomats. He was also given prominent support. Prince Max von Baden , the Swedish King Gustav V and Sven Hedin supported him and his project . The German general Rüdiger von der Goltz, active in Finland, as well as a large part of the Finnish hunter officers trained in Germany rejected the ambitions of the Mecklenburg duke. The Supreme Army Command, and in particular Erich Ludendorff , were also hostile to the Duke's activities. Ludendorff pursued his own interests, in his opinion a Hohenzollern should become king of Finland . In late May 1918 it became clear that Prince Oscar of Prussia was being considered as King of Finland. This was followed by months of back and forth. A candidacy of the duke became increasingly unlikely because of the dwindling support. The threat of resignation of the Finnish provincial administrator Svinhufvud when the Mecklenburg duke ran for candidacy finally put an end to all hopes for the Finnish throne. Adolf Friedrich's reaction to the failure of the plans was quite unusual, as the press releases he launched showed. On August 28, 1918, he reported that he had been wrongly linked with a candidacy for the Finnish throne. In addition, he would have expressed his negative stance on the Finnish side. Why he distanced himself so clearly from his own candidacy plans remained unclear. Ultimately, in October 1918, the Finnish Parliament elected Friedrich Karl von Hessen as King of Finland.

United Baltic Duchy

On September 22nd, 1918, Wilhelm II recognized the independence of the Baltic countries under German influence. The proclamation of the United Baltic Duchy followed on November 5, 1918 in Riga . Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg was to wear the crown of the new duchy. Until his arrival and assumption of power, he was to be represented by the ten-member "Regency Council" founded on November 9, 1918 under the leadership of the Livonian Land Marshal, Baron Adolf Pilar von Pilchau . However, the outbreak of the November Revolution in Germany prevented Adolf Friedrich from taking office. The decision of the Regency Council on November 28, 1918 to cease activities finally sealed the end of the unrealistic project.

Between the wars and the Nazi regime

After the First World War, Adolf Friedrich became Vice President of the German Colonial Society , where his brother Johann Albrecht held the presidential post from 1895 to 1920. In 1921 he also took over the chairmanship of the Colonial Warrior Thanks, founded in 1909 to support former colonial warriors. In July 1934, Adolf Friedrich acted as patron of the German Colonial Exhibition in Cologne. At his side were the Reichsleiter of the Colonial Political Office of the NSDAP Franz Ritter von Epp and the former governor Heinrich Schnee . In 1935 Adolf Friedrich was accepted into the Masovia Hunting Corps in Berlin .

Adolf Friedrich was still traveling by car in Africa in the 1930s and hunting. The trips to Africa and South America from 1934 to 1939 were made on behalf of the Advertising Council of German Business , in order to improve trade contacts and hold political talks. Behind it stood the Reich Propaganda Ministry and its minister Joseph Goebbels , who in a personal meeting on June 19, 1933 with Friedrich Franz Herzog zu Mecklenburg explained the question of German foreign propaganda in Africa. The Duke accompanied his great-nephew Friedrich Franz, who joined the NSDAP and SS in 1931 and had been an active member of the NSDAP foreign organization since 1934 , on one of the subsequent trips abroad to the former colonial areas. This trip also served political purposes and was started on behalf of the head of the NSDAP's foreign organization, Ernst Wilhelm Bohle . Duke Adolf Friedrich was also personally acquainted with Adolf Hitler and was open to the new political situation.

Villa "Feodora" in Bad Doberan.

After the Second World War

Africa Week 1962 in Bonn.
Grave of Adolf Friedrich and Elisabeth zu Stolberg-Roßla on the south wall of the Ratzeburg Cathedral.

After the Second World War, Adolf Friedrich lived in Eutin Castle in Holstein . He had to vacate the representative Villa Feodora in Bad Doberan , acquired in 1924 , at the end of the war in 1945. Remaining in the Soviet occupation zone was out of the question for him and his family.

Adolf Friedrich remained connected to his homeland Mecklenburg throughout his life. From 1926 to 1945 he belonged to the right-wing conservative Herrengesellschaft Mecklenburg and in June 1951 he took over the patronage of the newly founded Landsmannschaft Mecklenburg .

He traveled to Africa for the last time in 1960 to attend the independence celebrations of Togo .

Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg died on August 5, 1969 in Eutin. The deceased and later his second wife were buried in the cemetery of the Ratzeburg Cathedral .

Working in sport and society

On June 13, 1898, Rittmeister Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg won the great army hunting race in Hoppegarten with his five-year-old bay gelding “Chantry-post” . A few days later, on June 26th, the Duke had an accident during a riding event in Hamburg and suffered a fractured skull caused by hoof kicks . When Kaiser Wilhelm II banned him from hunting races because of their dangerousness, he switched to car racing . He remained loyal to automobile sport for decades. From 1928 to 1934 he was President of the Automobile Club of Germany . In this position he reiterated in March 1933, the affirmative political stance of the club for the takeover of the Nazis in Germany. According to the agreement of October 7, 1933 with the NSKK, he also operated the self-dissolution of the Reich organization of the German Automobile Club.

The passionate hunter headed the Mecklenburg hunters' association and was president of the Reichsjagdbund from 1928 to 1934. As President of the Reich Hunting Association founded in 1928, he also maintained personal contact with the later Reichsjägermeister Hermann Göring . During a meeting on May 9, 1933, the passionate hunters discussed the timely standardization of German hunting.

Adolf Friedrich was also active on the board of the German Shooting Federation. He was also the chairman of the Doberaner racing club from 1923 to 1945 and, from 1925, president of the Heiligendamm Golf Club and the Blau-Weiß tennis club .

Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg had been a member of the organizing committee for the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin since January 1933 . From 1926 to 1956 Adolf Friedrich was a member of the International Olympic Committee and from 1949 to 1951 President of the Olympic Committee for Germany . He made sure that the young German Olympic Committee was recognized internationally again. In recognition of his services to German sport, Federal President Theodor Heuss awarded him the Great Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with a star and shoulder ribbon of the Order of Merit in 1953 . Also International his services were recognized by the sport, he was at the in Melbourne held XVI. Olympic Games elected IOC member for life.

Awards

Orders and decorations

(Source: Mecklenburg-Schwerin State Calendar 1916 )

Honorary title

À la suite

Fonts

From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile. Cover illustrations and drawings by Ernst M. Heims (1886–1922).
  • Do sports! A wake-up call to Germany's youth. Grehtlein & Co., Leipzig 1908.
  • Into Inner Africa: Report on the course of the scientific Central Africa Expedition 1907/08. PE Lindner, Leipzig 1909 ( digitized version ).
  • In the hinterland of German East Africa. Herrmann & Ferdinand Schaffstein, Cologne 1910.
  • Across the Congo state. Verlag der Jugendblätter (C. Schnell), Munich 1910.
  • From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile, reports from the German Central Africa Expedition 1910/11. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1912 (digital copies: Volume 1 , Volume 2 ).
  • Scientific results of the German Central Africa Expedition under the leadership of Adolf Friedrichs, Duke of Mecklenburg . Leipzig 1927 ( digitized version )
  • [Participation and Foreword]. In: Heinrich Pfeiffer (Ed.): The day was hot. The colonial book for young Germany. Neufeld & Henius, Berlin 1933.
  • Colonial construction with the whole people. In: The Book of the German Colonies. Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, Leipzig 1937, p. 344 f.

literature

  • Reinhart Bindseil : Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg (1873-1969). A manager of Africa research and traveler to Rwanda in 1907 (Imperial Governor of Togo 1912–1914). Self-published, Bonn 1992.
  • Jan Diebold: High nobility and colonialism in the 20th century. The imperial biography of the "Duke of Africa" ​​Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg. (= Sources and studies from the state archives Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 21) 2018 ISBN 978-3-412-50081-8 ; eBook: ISBN 978-3-412-50082-5
  • Otto Gebhard: Through steppe and jungle. Adventures and experiences of the Africa expedition of Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg. Klinkhardt & Biermann, Munich 1911.
  • Anders Huldén: Finland's German King's Adventure 1918. Ed .: German-Finnish Society eV Traute Warnke Verlag, Reinbek 1997. ISBN 3-9801591-9-1 , p. 80 ff.
  • Rudolf Junack: Adolf Friedrich Duke of Mecklenburg. Live and act. Ed .: Landsmannschaft Mecklenburg. Krüger & Nienstedt, Hamburg 1963.
  • Herrmann Langer: Life under the swastika. Everyday life in Mecklenburg 1932–1945. Edition Temmen, Rostock 1996, ISBN 3-86108-291-8 .
  • Manfred Menger: The failure of the ambitions of Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg on the Finnish royal throne in 1918. In: Finland studies. Volume 3. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, pp. 113-126.
  • Werner Pade: Between science, adventurism and colonial politics: Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg. In: Martin Guntau (Ed.): Mecklenburgers abroad. Historical sketches on the life and work of Mecklenburgers in their homeland and far away. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2001, ISBN 3-86108-772-3 .
  • Andreas Röpcke : Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg (1873–1969), "the old African". In: Association for Mecklenburg history and antiquity (Hrsg.): Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Volume 121, Schwerin 2006, pp. 167-207.
  • Andreas Röpcke: The old duke in young Togo. Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg's last trip to Africa. In: Association for Mecklenburg history and antiquity (Hrsg.): Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher . Volume 122, Schwerin 2007, pp. 313-317.
  • Karin Stöckel: Berlin in the Olympic frenzy. The organization of the Olympic Games in Berlin. Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8366-6938-2 , p. 12.
  • Helmut Strizek: Donated colonies. Rwanda and Burundi under German rule. With an essay on the development up to the present. Ch. Links, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-86153-390-1 , pp. 83-86.
  • Andreas Röpcke : Forests, wilderness, wide world - Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg 1873-1969. A portrait. Donat Verlag, Bremen 2018, ISBN 978-3-943425-76-5 .

Web links

Commons : Adolf Friedrich von Mecklenburg-Schwerin  - Collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Hofnachrichten . In: Illustrated News . tape 111 , no. 2871 . Berlin July 7, 1898, p. 13 .
  2. ^ Excursus: Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg (1873–1969). In: Helmut Strizek: Donated colonies: Rwanda and Burundi under German rule. With an essay on the development up to the present. Ch.links Verlag, Berlin 2006, p. 83.
  3. ^ Ranking list of the Royal Prussian Army and the XIII. (Royal Württemberg) Army Corps for 1905. Mittler, Berlin 1905, p. 326 (Departures).
  4. ^ Ranking list of the Royal Prussian Army and the XIII. (Royal Württemberg) Army Corps for 1905. Mittler, Berlin 1905, p. 330 f.
  5. ^ Andreas Röpcke: The last princely wedding in the ruling house of Mecklenburg. In: www.kulturwerte-mv.de. September 1, 2007, accessed March 28, 2018 .
  6. ^ Rudolf Junack: Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg. Live and act. Krüger & Nienstedt, Hamburg 1963, p. 4.
  7. ^ Excursus: Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg (1873–1969). In: Helmut Strizek: Donated colonies: Rwanda and Burundi under German rule. With an essay on the development up to the present. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2006, pp. 83–85.
  8. ^ A b Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg: In the interior of Africa. In: Schweriner People's Newspaper. April 9, 2016, accessed December 27, 2016 .
  9. ^ Association for geography in Leipzig (ed.): Communications of the association for geography in Leipzig. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, p. 36.
  10. ↑ Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg: Into the Inner Africa: Report on the course of the scientific Central Africa Expedition 1907/08. Lindner, Leipzig 1909, p. 26 ( online ).
  11. ↑ map here
  12. ↑ see Chapter IV of the book
  13. ↑ Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg: Into the Inner Africa: Report on the course of the scientific Central Africa Expedition 1907/08. Lindner, Leipzig 1909, p. 475.
  14. ↑ Reinhart Kössler, Heiko Wegmann: Colonial history: skull in a closet. The gritty colonial legacy of German race research must finally be cleared up . In: The time . No. 42 , October 13, 2011 ( zeit.de [accessed December 28, 2016]).
  15. ^ Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg: Ins innerste Afrika: Report on the course of the scientific Central Africa Expedition 1907/08. Lindner, Leipzig 1909, p. 474 f.
  16. ↑ Head of the Grand Ducal Asset Management.
  17. ↑ Bernd Kasten: Herren und Knechte: Social and political change in Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1867-1945 . Sources and studies from the state archives of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Edition Temmen, Bremen 2011, ISBN 978-3-8378-4014-8 , p. 285.
  18. ↑ LHAS inventory: (5.2-5) No. 32a, Grand Ducal Asset Management, Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV. To Rantzau, November 21, 1923.
  19. ^ Heinrich Schnee (Ed.): German Colonial Lexicon. Volume 3: P-Z. Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig 1920, p. 627 ff.
  20. ^ Heinrich Schnee (Ed.): German Colonial Lexicon. 1st volume: A – G. Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig 1920, p. 16.
  21. ^ Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg: Ins innerste Afrika: Report on the course of the scientific Central Africa Expedition 1907/08. Lindner, Leipzig 1909, p. 286 f (digitized version)
  22. ^ Rudolf Junack: Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg. Live and act. Krüger & Nienstedt, Hamburg 1963, p. 25.
  23. ↑ Steffi Milius: Mecklenburg Duke as Governor in Togo. In: svz.de. September 24, 2016, accessed December 15, 2016 .
  24. ^ Personal details : Exequatur Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg. In: Reichs-Kolonialamt (Ed.): Deutsches Kolonialblatt. Official journal for the protected areas in Africa and the South Seas. No. 5, March 1, 1913, ES Mittler & Sohn, p. 220.
  25. ↑ a b Documentation on the statut des métis de pères allemands au Togo entre 1905 et 1914. Présentation de documents allemands avec traductions ou résumés en français. Minutes of the meeting of the governorate of Lome on Sept. 18, 1912. In: Memoire Online. Retrieved on December 29, 2016 (French, and German).
  26. ^ A b Wilfried Wagner: Racial Discrimination, Colonial Policy and Ethnic-National Identity: Papers of the 2nd International Colonial History Symposium. Lit, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-89473-117-6 , p. 116.
  27. ↑ Peter Sebald : Togo 1884–1914: a history of the German “model colony” based on official sources. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-05-000248-4 , p. 268.
  28. ↑ Horst founder: ... found a young Germany here and there: racism, colonies and colonial ideas from the 16th to the 20th century. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-423-30713-7 , p, 142 ff.
  29. ^ Institute for Youth Film Television Munich (ed.): Central Filmography Political Education. Volume II: 1982. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-322-97155-4 , p. 48.
  30. ↑ Wolfgang Struck: The Conquest of Fantasy: Colonialism, Literature and Film between the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-89971-769-3 , p. 51.
  31. ↑ a b Martin Schröder: Corporal punishment and the right to punishment in the German protected areas of Black Africa. Lit, Münster 1997, ISBN 3-8258-2880-8 , p. 60 (see also footnote no. 23).
  32. ↑ Martin Schröder: Corporal punishment and the right to punishment in the German protected areas of Black Africa. Lit, Münster 1997, p. 61.
  33. ^ New annals of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1914. In: Grand Ducal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Grossherzoglich Mecklenburg-Schwerinscher Staatskalender 1915. Verlag der Bärensprungschen Hofbuchdruckerei, Schwerin 1915, p. 564.
  34. ↑ Peter Sebald: Togo 1884–1914: a history of the German “model colony” based on official sources. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1988, pp. 585-606.
  35. ^ Adolf Friedrich Duke of Mecklenburg . In: Der Spiegel . 29, 1961, accessed December 28, 2016.
  36. ^ A b Rudolf Junack: Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg. Live and act. Krüger & Nienstedt, Hamburg 1963, p. 21.
  37. ^ New annals of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1915. In: Grand Ducal Statistical Office (ed.): Grossherzoglich Mecklenburg-Schwerinscher Staatskalender 1916. Verlag der Bärensprungschen Hofbuchdruckerei, Schwerin 1916, p. 579.
  38. ↑ a b The journey of his SH of Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg through Serbia to Sofia . In: Allgemeine Automobil-Zeitung. Volume 17, parts 1-4. Delius-Klasing, Berlin 1916, pp. 4-7, pp. 7-9.
  39. ^ Carl Mühlmann: The German-Turkish arms alliance in the world wars. Köhler & Amelang, Leipzig 1940, p. 77.
  40. ^ Georg Tzschirner: Force field Arabia and Europe's war. Heyne, Dresden 1939, p. 252.
  41. ↑ a b Gerold von Gleich: From the Balkans to Baghdad: military-political memories of the Orient by Gerold von Gleich. August Scherl, Berlin 1921, p. 126.
  42. ^ Werner Pade: Journey around the Mecklenburg globe. Ingo Koch Verlag, Rostock 2000, ISBN 3-929544-72-5 , p. 310.
  43. ↑ Manfred Menger: The failure of the ambitions of Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg on the Finnish royal throne in 1918. In: Finland studies. Volume 3, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-447-04715-1 , p. 114.
  44. ↑ Manfred Menger: The failure of the ambitions of Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg on the Finnish royal throne in 1918. In: Finland studies. Volume 3, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, pp. 114, 119.
  45. ↑ a b Manfred Menger: The failure of the ambitions of Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg to the Finnish royal throne in 1918. In: Finland studies. Volume 3, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 116.
  46. ↑ Manfred Menger: The failure of the ambitions of Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg on the Finnish royal throne in 1918. In: Finland studies. Volume 3, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 117.
  47. ↑ a b Manfred Menger: The failure of the ambitions of Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg to the Finnish royal throne in 1918. In: Finland studies. Volume 3, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 125.
  48. ^ A b c Jonathan D. Smele: Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars 1916–1926. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham 2015, ISBN 978-1-4422-5281-3 , p. 1245.
  49. ^ Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg, the new chairman of the Colonial Warrior Thanks . In: The Colonial German. Edition from June 1, 1921, Kolonialkriegerdank e. V. (Ed.), Berlin 1921.
  50. ↑ Ulrich van der Heyden, Joachim Zeller: Colonialism in this country: A search for traces in Germany. Sutton, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-269-8 , p. 15.
  51. ↑ a b c Herrmann Langer: Life under the swastika: Everyday life in Mecklenburg 1932-1945 . Edition Temmen, Rostock 1996, ISBN 3-86108-291-8 , p. 65 .
  52. ↑ Bernd Kasten: Herren und Knechte: Social and political change in Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1867-1945 . Sources and studies from the state archives of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Edition Temmen, Bremen 2011, ISBN 978-3-8378-4014-8 , p. 427 f.
  53. ^ Herrmann Langer: Life under the swastika: Everyday life in Mecklenburg 1932-1945 . Edition Temmen, Rostock 1996, p. 70 .
  54. ^ The "Herrengesellschaft Mecklenburg". In: Herrmann Langer: Life under the swastika: Everyday life in Mecklenburg 1932-1945. Edition Temmen, Rostock 1996, pp. 69-70.
  55. ↑ Stephan Malinowski : From the king to the leader. Social decline and political radicalization in the German nobility between the German Empire and the Nazi state. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2004, p. 441.
  56. ^ Adolf Friedrich Duke of Mecklenburg . In: Der Spiegel. 17, 1960, accessed December 28, 2016.
  57. ^ A b Rudolf Junack: Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg. Live and act. Krüger & Nienstedt, Hamburg 1963, p. 7.
  58. ↑ A gentleman of the sport. For the 90th birthday of Duke Friedrich Adolf von Mecklenburg. In: zeit.de. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  59. ^ Dorothee Hochstetter: Motorization and "Volksgemeinschaft". The National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) 1931–1945. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-59630-6 , p. 195.
  60. ^ Dorothee Hochstetter: Motorization and "Volksgemeinschaft". The National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) 1931–1945. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2005, p. 210.
  61. ^ German Forester: Weekly for the interests of the forest rangers. Volume 15, Steub & Bernhard, Berlin 1933, p. 270.
  62. ^ Karin Stöckel: Berlin in the Olympic frenzy. The organization of the Olympic Games in Berlin . Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8366-6938-2 , p. 5 f., P. 9.
  63. ^ The German IOC members since 1895. In: www.dosb.de. Retrieved December 22, 2016 .
  64. ^ Arnd Krüger : Germany and the Olympic Movement (1945–1980). In: Horst Ueberhorst (Ed.): History of physical exercises. 3: Physical exercise and sport in Germany. 2: From the First World War to the present. Bartels & Wernitz, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-87039-054-9 , pp. 1069-1070.
  65. ↑ Karin Stöckel: Berlin in the Olympic frenzy: The organization of the Olympic Games in Berlin . Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg 2009, p. 12.
  66. ^ Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg. In: Grand Ducal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Grossherzoglich Mecklenburg-Schwerinscher Staatskalender 1916. Verlag der Bärensprungschen Hofbuchdruckerei, Schwerin 1916, p. 5 f.
  67. ^ Grand Ducal Statistical Office (ed.): Grossherzoglich Mecklenburg-Schwerinscher Staatskalender 1904. Verlag der Bärensprungschen Hofbuchdruckerei, Schwerin 1904, p. 23.
  68. ↑ Award from Duke Adolf Friedrich . In: Hamburger Nachrichten . No. 69 . Hamburg February 10, 1912 (awarded on February 3, 1912).
  69. ^ Duke Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg 90 years (1873 - October 10 - 1963). In: Institute for Foreign Relations (Hrsg.): Journal for cultural exchange . Volume 13, Stuttgart 1963, p. 342.
  70. ↑ Gustav Herbig, Hermann Reincke-Bloch: The five hundredth anniversary of the University of Rostock 1419-1919. Self-published by the university, Rostock 1920, p. 138.
  71. Jump up ↑ Small Notes University News. In: J. Schwalbe (Ed.): German Medical Weekly . No. 49, December 4, 1919, published by Georg Thieme, p. 23.
  72. ↑ Martin Buchsteiner, Antje Strahl: Between Monarchy and Modernity. The 500th anniversary of the University of Rostock in 1919. Rostock Studies on University History Volume 4. Rostock University Printing House , Rostock 2008, ISBN 978-3-86009-028-2 , p. 48, p. 57, p. 68.
  73. ^ A b Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg. In: Grand Ducal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Grossherzoglich Mecklenburg-Schwerinscher Staatskalender 1896. Verlag der Bärensprungschen Hofbuchdruckerei, Schwerin 1896, p. 5.
  74. ^ Volume I: Guard rider of Sultan Mai-Buka of Kusseri ; Volume II: Okapi in the Angu jungle.
personal data
SURNAME Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg; Adolf Friedrich Albrecht Heinrich (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German traveler to Africa, colonial politician and President of the German Olympic Committee
DATE OF BIRTH October 10, 1873
PLACE OF BIRTH Schwerin
DATE OF DEATH 5th August 1969
Place of death Eutin