Ratzeburg Cathedral

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Ratzeburg Cathedral
The Ratzeburg Cathedral in winter
View from the cloister

The Ratzeburg Cathedral is an outstanding example of Romanesque brick architecture in northern Germany .

history

The church, built from 1160 under Bishop Evermod , is located on the highest point of the northern tip of the old town island of Ratzeburg . It houses the bones of St., who was killed in the turning uprising in 1066. Ansverus . The cathedral was donated by Heinrich the Lion as the bishop's church of the Ratzeburg diocese . Therefore it is one of the four so-called lion domes, which also include those in Schwerin , Lübeck and Braunschweig . A replica of the Braunschweig lion has stood in the Ratzeburg cathedral courtyard since 1881.

Interior view to the east

The foundation stone was laid on August 11, 1154; after 1160 construction work on the choir began. The building of the church was completed around 1220 with the south vestibule. In the second half of the 13th century the cloister and the chapter house of the Premonstratensian choirs were added, in 1380 the so-called "Lauenburg Chapel".

After the death of Bishop Georg von Blumenthal in 1550, Duke Franz I von Sachsen-Lauenburg tried in vain to have his nine-year-old son Magnus elected bishop, but Christoph von der Schulenburg was elected. Thereupon the duke called the mercenary leader Vollrad von Mansfeld with his troops into the country, who looted the cathedral on May 23, 1552. Mansfeld stayed two months; for a payment of 4,000 thalers he did not burn the cathedral down.

In 1554, Bishop Christoph von der Schulenburg, who had converted to Protestantism, sold the diocese to Duke Christoph von Mecklenburg for 10,000 thalers . In 1566, Georg Usler, the first Protestant preacher, was appointed to the cathedral. After his death, the pastor's post at the cathedral was initially held by the superintendent of the bishopric , including Konrad Schlüsselburg , Nicolaus Peträus and Hector Mithobius .

Since the secularization of the diocese in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), the bishopric and cathedral courtyard belonged to the principality of Ratzeburg , which fell to Mecklenburg-Strelitz after 1701 , while the city of Ratzeburg belonged to the duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg . For the Mecklenburg Dukes, the manor house of the Dukes of Mecklenburg was built in the direct vicinity of the cathedral . The cathedral courtyard came to the then still Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein in 1937 due to an area swap through the Greater Hamburg Law .

The cathedral and its community, which also includes the Bäk part remained part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg , but after the founding of the GDR was prevented from administration and therefore in 1954 by church law the county Ratzeburg , who is also the parish Ziethen included, created . The administrative office was set up by the state superintendent in Ratzeburg, but was under the supervision of the Schwerin upper church council. In 1972 the Upper Church Council authorized the Lutheran Church Office of the VELKD in Hanover to exercise its rights and to grant protective, welfare and administrative assistance measures. In 1978 the Upper Church Council transferred its duties and rights to the North Elbian Church . On September 23, 1980, a contract between the two churches were closed, the Cathedral parish and the community Ziethen Nordelbische Church assigns without changing their legal status.

After reunification , this assignment was retained with its financial advantages; After years of discussion, the Ziethen parish was completely removed from Mecklenburg in 1998 under canon law and incorporated into the North Elbe Church; in the case of the cathedral and its congregation, on the other hand, the status quo remained until 2012 , which was seen as an expression of the solidarity and cooperation between the two regional churches that had found their common focal point in this cathedral.

When the three North German regional churches were united to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North Germany in 2012, the status of the cathedral without belonging to a church district remained until further notice. The Synod of the North Church passed a church law in September 2016, according to which the Ratzeburg cathedral parish belongs to the Lübeck-Lauenburg parish from 2017.

Because of the “bridging function” of the cathedral, the festival service for the founding of the north church took place here on Pentecost Sunday, May 27, 2012 . Federal President Joachim Gauck was also present .

The real church patronage with responsibility for the building load of the cathedral and associated buildings lies with the state of Schleswig-Holstein; the properties are looked after by the Schleswig-Holstein building management .

architecture

The cathedral seen from the south
Ratzeburg Cathedral from Bäk over the Ratzeburg Lake
The burning cathedral on August 19, 1893

The impressive building is a three-aisled Romanesque basilica in a bound system with a transept , Gothic cloister of the attached Premonstratensian monastery (1251) on the north side and a massive west tower. The westwork of the cathedral is completed by two transept-like additions that are attached to the tower on both sides; Originally the construction of twin towers was planned. On the south side here also divided even lower porch that Süder porch of 1220, which has a magnificent facade with ornate gables.

A high roof turret rises above the crossing of the building .

Some elements of the original Romanesque building were adapted accordingly during the Gothic period , so that pointed arches sometimes appear in the windows (e.g. on the tower shaft ). The vault of the central nave has also been redesigned in the Gothic style, with the arcades to the side aisles retaining the Romanesque round arch .

In 1693, the cathedral was only damaged when the city of Ratzeburg was bombarded by the Danish troops of King Christian V , while the city of Ratzeburg sank to rubble. Between 1876 and 1881 the cathedral was extensively restored under the direction of Georg Daniel , during which the Gothic chapel extensions were also removed except for the Lauenburg chapel. After lightning struck during a thunderstorm on August 19, 1893 , parts of the building were destroyed by fire. The restorations that followed were carried out by Georg Daniel and Friedrich Wilhelm J. Rickmann until 1899. During the last major restorations (1953–1966) the original condition was restored. Today the medieval cathedral is one of the oldest church buildings in Schleswig-Holstein . The entire complex with cathedral, cloister and monastery buildings is one of the most fully preserved late Romanesque ensembles in Europe .

Furnishing

The cathedral has a rich interior . Among other things, it houses the oldest choir stalls in northern Germany. The high altar in the early Baroque cartilage style by Gebhard Jürgen Titge (1629, today in the south transept) and the ducal epitaph of August von Sachsen-Lauenburg and his wife Countess Catharina zu Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, the carved winged altar, also created by Titge in 1649 in the same style from the late Gothic with wings from the Lübeck workshop of Hermen Rode (~ 1490), the back of the panels painted by Hinrich van Kroghe (1483), the magnificent Renaissance pulpit from 1576 and a triumphal cross group from the 13th century are just a few examples.

In the Lauenburg chapel on the south aisle there is the tomb of Duke Johann IV of Saxony-Lauenburg and his wife, including the ducal church stalls . The inaccessible hereditary burial of the Lauenburg dukes is located below the crossing. The bones of St. Ansverus are also buried in the Ratzeburg Cathedral.

In the courtyard of the cloister there has been a replica of the sculpture of the beggar by Ernst Barlach since 1978 , one of the sculptures from the community of saints on the westwork of St. Catherine's Church in Lübeck .

Organs

The history of the organs in Ratzeburg Cathedral can be traced back to the year 1230; at that time the cathedral had one of the first instruments in northern Germany. In 1563 the organ builder Jacob Scherer built a new instrument; in 1619 the organ builder Albrecht Lewin built a swallow's nest organ that had a total of 38 registers .

After the renovation of the cathedral at the end of the 19th century, the master organ builder Friedrich Albert Mehmel (Stralsund) built a large cathedral organ on the west gallery. The instrument had 41 stops on three manuals and a pedal. In 1902 this instrument was rebuilt by the organ builder Barnim Grüneberg (Stettin); this in turn was rebuilt in 1954 by the organ building company Kemper und Sohn (Lübeck). In 1966 the Kemper organ building company built a new instrument for the cathedral, which has since been restored.

Rieger organ from 1978

Today the cathedral has three organs , all of which are more recent.

Big cathedral organ

The large organ in front of the west wall of the cathedral was built in 1978 by the organ building company Rieger (Vorarlberg) with 60 registers on four manuals and a pedal . It has two horizontal tongues , a Zimbelstern and a glockenspiel. In 1994 a carillon was added to the swell and the sound of the entire instrument was revised in 2013. The playing and register actions are mechanical. At the suggestion of the cathedral organist Christian Skobowsky, the arrangement of the organ was changed slightly in 2013 (see notes).

I Rückpositiv C – g 3
01. Principal 08th'
02. Reed flute 08th'
03. Quintad 08th'
04th Octav 04 ′
05. Coupling flute 04 ′
06th Sesquialter II 02 23
Fifth (from No. 6.)0 02 23
07th Principal 02 ′
08th. Fifth 01 13
09. Scharff IV 01'
10. Rankett 16 ′
11. Krummhorn 08th'
Tremulant
II Hauptwerk C – g 3
12. Principal 16 ′
13. Principal 08th'
14th Pointed flute 08th'
15th Metal covered0 08th'
16. Octav 04 ′
17th Fifth 02 23
18th Great Octave 02 ′
19th Cornett V 08th'
20th Mixture major VI 02 23
21st Mixture minor IV 0 02 ′
22nd bassoon 16 ′
23. Trumpet 08th'
24. Chip. Trumpet 08th'
25th Chip. Trumpet 04 ′
III Swell C – g 3
26th Drone 16 ′
27. Wooden principal 08th'
28. Lead-covered 08th'
29 Gamba 08th'
30th Beat 08th'
31. Octav 04 ′
32. recorder 04 ′
33. viola 04 ′
34. Nasat 02 23
35. Forest flute 02 ′
36. third 01 35
37. Sifflet 01'
38. Mixture VI 02 23
39. Dulcian 16 ′
40. oboe 08th'
41. French trumpet0 08th'
Tremulant
IV breastwork C – g 3
42. Wooden dacked 08th'
43. Wooden pipe flute 0 04 ′
44. Gemshorn0 02 ′
45. Third Sept IV 01 35
46. Zimbel II 0013
47. shelf 16 ′
48. Vox humana 08th'
Tremulant
Pedal C – f 1
49. Principal 32 ′
50. Principal 16 ′
51. Sub-bass * 16 ′
52. Octav 08th'
53. Dumped * 08th'
54. Octav 04 ′
55. Pipe pipe * 04 ′
56. Rauschpfeife IV0 02 23
57. Contrabassoon 32 ′
58. Bombard 16 ′
59. trombone 08th'
60. Shawm * 04 ′
  • Pair : III / I, I / II, III / II, IV / II, I / P, II / P, III / P, IV / P
  • Secondary register: Zimbelstern V in G (Rückpositiv), Glockenspiel V in C (main work), Carillon (37 bronze bells, swell mechanism)
  • Collective moves for principals, mixtures and reeds (only affect the main work and pedal registers)
  • Stop valve for large pedal, the registers marked with * remain
  • Remarks:
  1. Until 2013 Sesquialter 2 23 ; the register was divided and the fifth 2 23 made individually registrable by means of a preliminary print in order to increase the variety of colors.
  2. Until 2013 in the Brustwerk, swapped with 44th Gemshorn 2 ′.
  3. The uncharacteristic flute 4 ' in the main work was reworked into a metal covered 8' in order to obtain a (really) quiet accompanying register.
  4. Original oboe 8 'replaced in 2013 by a new oboe 8' of the French style.
  5. Until 2013 in 4-foot position; Expanded down by an octave and moved up to the 8-foot register.
  6. Until 2013 in the Rückpositiv, exchanged with 7th principal 2 ′.

Choir organ

Rieger organ from 1972

The choir organ was built in 1972 by the organ builder Rieger (Vorarlberg, Austria) and placed on the southern edge of the choir room. The instrument was expanded in 1977 and 1997. Today it has 13 registers (with some quite amusing register names) on two manuals and pedal.

I Hauptwerk C – g 3
1. Peter's pan flute 8th'
2. Drum beat (from F) 0 8th'
3. Bishop principal 4 ′
4th Buchholz forest flute 2 ′
5. Andean third (from c) 1 35
6th Ulrichs octave 1'
7th Mixture "Uwe and Hille" II
Tremulant
II Swell C – g 3
08th. Cocopula 8th'
09. Foweline 4 ′
10. Chilean principal 2 ′
11. Guillermo's quintessence 1 13
12. French "Du Maire" bible shelf0 8th'
Tremulant
Pedal C – f 1
13. Römnitzer grunt bass 16 ′
14th Prompter "Ludwig Diehn"

Paradise organ

Becker organ from 1985

The small organ in the vestibule of the cathedral, the "Paradise", was built in 1985 by the organ builder Michael Becker . The slider chest instrument has 10 stops on two manuals and pedal.

2018 Renovation and re-intonation of the organ by Jörg Bente .

I main work C–
1. Reed flute 8th'
2. Principal 4 ′
3. Pommer 4 ′
4th Forest flute 2 ′
5. Mixture III
II breastwork C–
6th Dumped 4 ′
7th Principal 2 ′
8th. Sesquialter II 0
9. shelf 8th'
Tremulant
Pedal C–
10. Sub bass 16 ′
  • Coupling: II / I, I / P, II / P

Church music director Neithard Bethke was one of the cathedral's well-known organists . His successor since 2007 and current church musician at the cathedral is Christian Skobowsky, who previously worked at Freiberg Cathedral .

Bells

When the cathedral burned in 1893, the cathedral's four historic bells were destroyed. They were all cast in Lübeck, namely by Albert Benningk in 1678 , by Lorenz Strahlborn in 1727 and by Johann Hinrich Armowitz in 1752 . The subsequently re-cast bells were used for armament purposes in the First World War in 1917. In 1927 the cathedral received iron bells from the foundry Schilling & Lattermann as replacements. They were hung in a wooden belfry that was several hundred years old. The bells were hung on strong cranked yokes because the bells had no crown. Four bells from the Bochum Association were planned in the disposition a ', es', dis' and b °. But for economic reasons nothing came of it. So you named what you were most economical. The three bells from Schilling & Lattermann from Apolda were in the disposition e ', d', h ° low. But at the end of the 20th century. The damage and rust got bigger and bigger, and everyone realized that it would be pointless to restore these bells. So they started thinking about a new bronze bell. At the end of 1999 a fundraising campaign began. In spring the damage was so great that the bells had to be shut down, but by the end of the year enough donations had been collected. In 2001, for example, six bronze bells with the disposition h ', g sharp', f sharp ', dis', c sharp' and ais ° were cast in Sinn by the Rincker bell and art foundry . The old chilled cast iron bells were lifted out of the tower, the tower opening had to be enlarged for the largest. The heavy clappers were also lifted out. A few days later the six new bells were lifted into the tower, but first the belfry had to be expanded. The four small bells had already installed the wooden yoke, the two large bells still had to be installed. This was done in the belfry. On Sundays from 9:45 a.m. to 10:55 a.m., a partial ringing of the g sharp ', f sharp', d sharp and c sharp 'bells sounds.

No.
 
Surname
 
Casting year
 
Foundry, casting location
 
Mass
(kg)
Diameter
(mm)
Percussive
( HT - 1 / 16 )
1 Death bell 2001 Bell and art foundry Rincker, Sinn 2947 1677 b 0
2 Prayer bell 1886 1431 of the 1st
3 Communion bell 1292 1267 it 1
4th Baptismal bell 857 857 ges 1 -3
5 Church service bell 648 995 as 1
6th Peace bell 443 860 ces 2

Clergy

For the bishops, see the list of the bishops of Ratzeburg .

The following people worked as clergymen with changing official titles at Ratzeburg Cathedral after the introduction of the Reformation:

  • 1566–1597: Georg Usler, pastor
  • 1589–1593: Henricus Berndes, deacon
  • 1593–1624: Josau Huxterus (Hückstedt), deacon
  • 1625–1639: Jeremias Schrey, deacon
  • 1639–1645: Zacharias Vogel, deacon
  • 1646–1654: Johann Daniel von Engeln, deacon
  • 1654–1660: Johannes Beverinus, deacon
  • 1660–1663: Gottlieb Schwarz (Theophilus Nigrinus), deacon

vacancy

literature

  • W. Schulz-Demmin: The painted crucifixion relief in the Ratzeburg cathedral. In: Der Wagen , 1963, pp. 31–33.
  • Karl Heinz Göttert and Eckard Isenberg: Organ Guide Germany Volume 1 Bärenreiter-Verlag, ISBN 3-7618-1347-3 , pp. 29–32.
  • Heinz-Dietrich Gross: Ratzeburg Cathedral and Domhof. Recordings by Hans-Jürgen Wohlfahrt. 5th edition. Langewiesche, Königstein im Taunus 1996, ISBN 3-7845-3183-0 (The blue books).
  • Carl Jacob: The restoration of the Ratzeburg cathedral. In: Der Wagen , 1965, pp. 55–59.
  • Georg Krüger: The pastors in the Principality of Ratzeburg since the Reformation , Schönberg 1899 ( digitized version )
  • Georg Krüger (edit.): Art and history monuments of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . Volume II: The Land of Ratzeburg , Neubrandenburg 1934; Reprint Stock & Stein, Schwerin 1994, ISBN 3-910179-28-2 , pp. 41-180.
  • Hans-Jürgen Müller: The Ratzeburg Cathedral. Recordings: Jutta Brüdern. 4. completely rework. Edition. German Kunstverlag, Munich – Berlin 2002, ( DKV art guide . No. 283).
  • Horst Otto Müller: Ratzeburg Cathedral. Photographic facets. 1st edition. Bookstore Weber, Ratzeburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-00-054102-5 .
  • Th. G .: The cathedral of Ratzeburg . In: The Gazebo . Issue 39, 1893, pp. 668 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).

Web links

Commons : Ratzeburger Dom  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. See the documentation by Klaus Blaschke: Documentation: Allocation of the cathedral parish of Ratzeburg and the parish of Ziethen to the North Elbian Church. Allocation of the parish of Lassahn to the Evangelical Lutheran Regional Church of Mecklenburg. In: Kurt Jürgensen (ed.): The Church in the Duchy of Lauenburg: Contributions to its past and present. (Lauenburg Academy for Science and Culture: Colloquium 5), Neumünster: Wachholtz 1994, ISBN 978-3-529-02005-6 , pp. 152-164
  2. Contract on the assignment of the Ratzeburg cathedral parish, which belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Regional Church of Mecklenburg, and the Ziethen parish to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church ( Memento of the original from August 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and ecclesiastical law on the approval of the contract regarding the assignment of the cathedral parish of Ratzeburg and the parish of Ziethen to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church ( memento of the original from May 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated November 29, 1980. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kirchenrecht-nordkirche.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kirchenrecht-nordkirche.de
  3. Cathedral jumble . In: Die Zeit , No. 11/1996
  4. Allocation Act Repeal Ordinance ( Memento of the original of 23 May 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kirchenrecht-nordkirche.de
  5. See After the Diocese (website of the Ratzeburg Cathedral, accessed on February 10, 2009)
  6. The Introductory Act to the Constitution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany said in Section 8: “Domkirchgemeinde Ratzeburg. Until a different church law regulation, the practice will be continued according to the previous legal relationships. ” Introductory Act to the Constitution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany ( Memento of the original from March 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 949 kB), 3rd session of the Constituent Synod January 7, 2012, resolution - Printed matter 5 / III, accessed on March 5, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kirche-im-norden.de
  7. Dombote 3 (PDF, p. 4), 2016; Resolution draft church law on the reorganization of the legal relationships of the Ev.-Luth. Cathedral parish of Ratzeburg and the legal adjustment regarding the legal relationships of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Parishes of Ziethen and Lassahn (PDF); Cathedral parish Ratzeburg from 2017 in the parish of Lübeck-Lauenburg.
  8. ^ Oskar Epha : The Ratzeburg Cathedral and the Church Patronage of the State of Schleswig-Holstein. In: Writings of the Association for Schleswig-Holstein Church History 39-40 (1983-84), pp. 89-108.
  9. Information on the history of the organs (PDF) in the 2013 commemorative publication
  10. Disposition see Urania: Music magazine for organ building, organ and harmonium playing. 39 (1881), p. 66 f ( books.google.com digitized version).
  11. More information about the organs on the website of the Ratzeburg Cathedral
  12. More information about the organs in the Ratzeburg Cathedral
  13. The following overview after an information board in the cathedral. According to other statements, the strike tone sequence is a sharp 0 - c sharp 1 - dis 1 - f sharp 1 - g sharp 1 - h 1
  14. In the historical sources both is provost and provost needed; The current official title is Domprobst ( contract on the assignment of the Ratzeburg cathedral parish, which belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Regional Church of Mecklenburg, and the Ziethen parish to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church ( memento of the original from August 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. Article 4: The pastor continues to use the service designation "Domprobst". ) - with b to differentiate between provost (with p ) as head of a provost or of a parish district. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kirchenrecht-nordkirche.de
  15. ^ Up to 1899 according to Georg Krüger : The Pastors in the Principality of Ratzeburg. 1899
  16. Entry in the Rostock matriculation portal
  17. Entry in the Rostock matriculation portal

Coordinates: 53 ° 42 ′ 14 "  N , 10 ° 46 ′ 30"  E