Brick romance

Konstantinbasilika in Trier , 311, monumental brick building from late antiquity, but originally plastered

Sant'Apollinare in Classe near Ravenna , 6th century - latest antiquity

Ratzeburg Cathedral , from 1154/60

Brick Romanesque is a term for buildings that were built from brick in the Romanesque architectural style in the Middle Ages . Scientific and popular science presentations tend to concentrate on certain regions, but without restricting the term to the respective region. (see literature)

development

Brick pillar of the Carolingian Einhard basilica

Pomposa Abbey

Martinskirche in Orsbeck , around 1000, with Opus spicatum made of reused old Roman bricks

The ancient Romans had already built large brick buildings north of the Alps, but with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , brick building north of the Alps largely came to a standstill.

A revival of this technique took place among the Carolingians . Examples are the Einhardsbasilika in Michelstadt - Steinbach in the Odenwald , as well as the collegiate church Saint-Martin (PICTURES) in Angers and the Abbey Church of Saint-Philibert (PICTURES) in Saint-Philbert-de-Grand-Lieu on the Loire . Then the brick building north of the Alps was lost again. Where available, bricks from Roman times were often used as building material.

The side walls of the Martinskirche in Orsbeck (zu Wassenberg ) were built from a large number of Roman spolia bricks in a herringbone bond , embedded in several other materials such as field stone , greywacke and Ortstein . Much later, in 1753, new brick was added to raise the walls and erect the barrel vault. The frames of the two walled-up arched windows are not likely to be quite so young .

In Italy, on the one hand, many bricks from Roman ruins were used, but on the other hand, the production and use of masonry bricks were further developed. In the masonry of the Pomposa Abbey on the lower reaches of the Po, both spolia and brick fired during the construction period can be found.

In the middle of the 12th century, the production of brick and the construction of high-quality brick buildings began in various places north of the Alps, shortly after each other or at the same time. The early places include Rheinmünster on the Upper Rhine , Remse Monastery in Saxony, Verden on the Aller near the Middle Weser , Jerichow on the middle Elbe , several places in Holstein , as well as Ringsted and Sorø in Denmark . Both technology and jewelry shapes were adopted from Italy. (see web link) Construction researchers point out that the bricks of the first brick buildings were of a higher and more uniform quality than those of many later buildings.

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  Tempietto Longobardo (IT) in Cividale ( Friuli ), mid-8th century: Brick arches in the church, which was mainly made of stone

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  Technology developed in the 10th century: Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the Basilica of Santo Stefano in Bologna

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  Jerichow Monastery , from 1149, towers 1256–1262 (rather Gothic)

Northern Germany

The Jerichow Monastery plays a key role not only for the brick architecture of the Brandenburg region - with its collegiate church, which began in 1148 and is 55 m long, it is quite monumental. While the foundations had to be set in Jerichow, the construction of the Verden cathedral tower began in 1150 or 1151 in the form of an Italian campanile on a stone plinth 50 years older. The St. John's Church in Oldenburg (Holstein) , which began in 1156, is considered the oldest brick church in Northern Europe . The next monumental church buildings were the Dome of Ratzeburg (70 m, from 1154) and Lübeck (130 m, from 1173) donated by Heinrich the Lion , in between the Danish monastery church Sorø , which, as a basilica without a tower, is particularly close to Italian models. The Lübeck Cathedral was rebuilt into a Gothic hall church from 1266 to 1335. For Scandinavia, the stylistically independent Roskilde Cathedral is particularly important. Construction began in 1170 (86 m long) and serves as the burial place of the Danish kings. The Cistercian monastery Lehnin in the Mark Brandenburg marks a final highlight and at the same time the transition to Gothic styles .

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  San Michele, Nonantola Abbey in Emilia , Italy , from the early 11th century.

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  Sorø Monastery on Zealand , DK , from 1161

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  Lehnin Monastery in Brandenburg

List of Romanesque brick buildings

The numerous Romanesque brick buildings in northern Italy and the area around Toulouse are still missing here.

Further Wiki material:
Where there is no German Wikipedia article, the image collection (“Category”) in the Wikimedia Commons is often linked under (CC) .

Germany

Background information:

• Bavarian Monument Valley - Under "Advanced Search" you can find more information about the building and its surroundings by entering the monument file number .
• Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation - directly linked are descriptions from the Dehio handbook and regional monument inventories.
• State Office for Monument Preservation Bremen - The records of the monument database are directly linked.

Southern Germany

Old Bavaria

place	Building, Dkm-Az.	Dating	particularities	photo
Gasseltshausen, Aiglsbach , Kelheim district , Lower Bavaria	Our Lady	around 1200	profane upper floor
Großeisenbach, Fahrenzhausen , Freising district , Upper Bavaria	St. Quirinius and St. Leonhard D-1-78-123-9	1st half of the 13th century, baroque extension in 1732	Late Romanesque hall with a slightly drawn-in, straight-closing choir closure, modern roof turrets
Gundelshausen, Schweitenkirchen , district Pfaffenhofen	Filial church St. Valentin and Martin D-1-86-152-20	13./14. Century	putty brick, late Romanesque	Photo see link
Piedendorf, Au in der Hallertau , Freising district , Upper Bavaria	St. Nicholas Church	1228-1253	muddy today , profane upper floor
Piesenkofen, Egglkofen , district of Mühldorf , Upper Bavaria	St. Johann Baptist D-1-83-115-22	End of 12th / beginning 13th century	Romanesque country church with secular upper floor, originally higher, 2nd floor partially removed in 16666.
Landshut , Lower Bavaria	Trausnitz Castle	1150-1503	late Romanesque and Gothic; Later conversions and additions no longer in exposed brick (Renaissance and Neo-Renaissance)
Mühlried , Schrobenhausen	St. Ursula Church (CC) D-1-85-158-101	13./14. Century	Romanesque and Gothic, paved brick building
Wolfersdorf , VWG Zolling , Upper Bavaria	St. Koloman in Thonhausen	13th century	Fortified church with a secular upper floor, today mostly plastered

Bavarian Swabia

place	Building, Dkm-Az.	Dating	particularities	photo
Donauwörth , Bayr. Swabia	city ​​wall		older parts under Friedrich Barbarossa
Günzburg , Bayr. Swabia	Reisensburg Castle	13./14. Century	Romanesque and early Gothic keep

Upper Rhine Plain

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Rheinmünster , district of Rastatt , Baden	Munster Schwarzach	1140-1190	started in red sandstone, then brick
Seligenstadt , district of Offenbach , South Hesse	Romanesque house	1186/87	Gable steps, arbor arches and some window and screen frames made of brick

Thuringia

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Altenburg	Pair of towers of the Augustinian Church	before 1172
	Altenburg Castle		Brick parts largely plastered today
Greiz	Upper lock	12th or 13th century	Hall and hexagonal tower, plastered today

Saxony

Number of structures: 5

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Altzella	Altzella Monastery	before 1175	Cistercian monastery
Borna	St. Kunigunde Collegiate Church	before 1200	late Romanesque
Gruna ( LauWEIS )	Castle tower		Castle tower Romanesque, later Gothic
Lunzenau	Rochsburg Castle	from the beginning 13th century	today mostly renaissance
Remse	Benedictine convent	Brick 3. Dr. 12th century	First floor built into a house ("Red Floor")	Photo is missing

Saxony-Anhalt

Number of structures: 25

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Axien, Annaburg	Axien village church	2nd V. 13th century	Late Romanesque, windows were enlarged later, except in the apse
Anhalt Castle (near Harzgerode )		1123 and 1147	Ascanian hilltop castle , only small remains of the wall
Arendsee (Altmark)	Monastery church	1184–1240, consecrated as early as 1208
Beuster	Collegiate Church of St. Nicholas	12th century (choir finished in 1172)
Mountains near Werben (Elbe)	St. Nicholas village church	1221/22	unusually large village church
Diesdorf	Augustinian Canons and Nunnery Church	1161-1220	late Romanesque
Fischbeck (Elbe)	Village church	around 1220-1250
Giesenslage near Behrendorf (Altmark)	Village church	presumably late 12th century	Carefully executed brick building from the late 12th century is one of the most artistically valuable and best preserved Romanesque buildings in the Altmark
Jessen (magpie)	Jessen Castle	Beginning until the middle of the 13th century	As the basis of today's castle building, the ring wall of the motte , without stylistic features, is now muddy
Jerichow	Collegiate church	1149-1172	former Premonstratensian Foundation; oldest brick building east of the Elbe
Jerichow	Market / town church	1st quarter of the 13th century	late Romanesque
Klietznick	Village church	around 1200
King's Mark	Village church	presumably 12th century	originally a three-aisled basilica
	Wolterslage village church		Romanesque tower, nave rebuilt in Gothic style
Landsberg (Saalekreis)	Double Chapel Sanctae Crucis (Castle Chapel)	until 1185	Apses of the upper chapel and friezes in brick, otherwise built into the house
Mangelsdorf near Jerichow	Village church	around 1200	Hall church with retracted choir and apse, west tower rebuilt after a lightning strike in 1825	no photo in WM-Commons
Melkow, Wust (Wust-Fischbeck)	Village church	around 1200	late Romanesque
Mildensee (to Dessau-Roßlau )	Pötnitzer Church	Consecrated in 1198	three-aisled basilica
Redekin (to Jerichow)	Village church	around 1170
Salzwedel	Lorenz Church	13th Century	three-aisled basilica
Sandau (Elbe)	St. Laurentius and St. Nicholas	around 1200	three-aisled parish church
Schönhausen (Elbe)	Village church	Consecrated in 1212	late Romanesque; Baptistery of Otto von Bismarck
Wulkow	St. Anne's Church in Großwulkow	around 1170
	Kleinwulkow village church	around 1200	Branch church to Großwulkow
Junk	Village church	around 1200	18th century tower

Brandenburg

Number of structures: 11

Brandenburg (West)

- Mark Brandenburg since 1150 -

Number of structures: 7

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Brandenburg / Havel	Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul , DT-BB 1.1 p. 50 ff.	Foundation stone 1165	Early Gothic reconstruction from around 1222, but preservation of the Romanesque arcades
	Nikolaikirche	from around 1170	presumably parish church for a not further developed merchant settlement
Lehnin	Kloster Lehnin , DT-PM p. 317 ff.	1185 to 1235	Remodeling work until 1260
Schmetzdorf, Milower Land , between Jerichow u. Premnitz / Havelland	Village church , BLDAM 09150401 , Dehio BB p. 1020	1223	Windows partially re-romanised 1962–64; Bell storey beginning Gothic
Treuenbrietzen	St. Marien , D-BB p. 1112 f.	from 1220	Pillar basilica with transept, choir and apse; chapels similar to a side choir Eastern parts still made of field stone; 15th century west tower
	Stadtkirche St. Nikolai , D-BB p. 1114 f.	Middle of the 13th century	Pillar basilica with transept, choir and apse; Apses on the transept; Vierungsturm (tower 18th century)
	Pechüle village church	1st half of the 13th century	Hall with retracted choir and apse; 14th century tower, vault around 1500

Lausitz

- since the 11th century to the north mark or margraviate of Meißen, in the 12th century independent margraviate of Lausitz -

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Lindena	Lindena village church , D-BB p. 626	Early 13th century	three-aisled basilica
Schönborn (Lower Lusatia)	Dorfkirche , D-BB p. 1023 f.	1st half of the 13th century	Romanesque hall building
Steinkirchen , Luebben	Saint Pancras Church, Dehio BB p. 662	1st half of the 13th century	in the 2nd half of the 13th century, the choir was extended Gothic with stone blocks (but brick windows)

Uckermark

- until 1230 in Pomerania -

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Angermünde	Stolpe Castle , D-BB p. 1078	late 12th century	apart from a tower mostly ground monument

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

Number of structures: 11

Mecklenburg

Number of structures: 7

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Luebow	Village church	1st half of the 13th century	probably residential church of the nearby Mecklenburg Castle
Gadebusch	City Church of St. Jacob and St. Dionysius	around 1220	Romanesque started, Gothic completed or partially replaced, early hall church with groin vault
New monastery	Monastery church	before 1227
Neubukow	Parish church		three-aisled hall church
Rehna	Rehna Monastery		late Romanesque, single-nave
Schlagsdorf	Village church	1st half of the 13th century
Vietlübbe near Dragun	Village church in Vietlübbe	early 13th century	regular cross plan

Ruegen island

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Altenkirchen on Rügen	Parish church	probably from around 1185	in the immediate vicinity of the former Slavic cult site for the god Swantewit (on Cape Arkona )
Mountains on Rügen	St. Mary's Church (Bergen)
Sagard	St. Michael Church	around 1210	Choir replaced around 1400, tower added around 1500
Schaprode	St. John's Church	Early 13th century

Schleswig

Part of Denmark in the Middle Ages, in the 12th / 13th centuries Century often ruled by a younger brother of the Danish king.

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Poppenbüll , Eiderstedt	St. John's Church	Brick since ...	founded in 1113
Neukirchen , North Frisia	Johanniskirche	around 1230
Rieseby	Village church	around 1220/1230
Schleswig	Dom	1134 to around 1200	Granite, tufa and brick, rebuilt into a Gothic hall church from 1275 to 1300, neo-Gothic tower, after 1945 homeland security style, only a few Romanesque remains

Holstein

Number of structures: 7

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Elderly brim	basilica	between 1190 and 1240
Eutin	St. Michaelis
Lübeck	Dom	Begun in 1173	Towers and nave of the nave are Romanesque, choir and side aisles are Gothic
Mölln	St. Nicolai	Beginning 13th century	basilica
Oldenburg in Holstein	St. John's Church	1156-1160	oldest brick church in Northern Europe
Ratzeburg	Dom	1160-1220
Bad Segeberg	Marienkirche	1156 Laying of the foundation stone / completion around 1216	Start of construction of this late Romanesque vaulted basilica a little before Ringsted (1169), but clearly after Lund (1104)

Lower Saxony and Bremen

Number of structures: 41

Frisian areas

- West of the Weser Ostfriesland , Östringen , Wangerland , Rüstringen , east of the Weser the land of Wursten -

Number of structures: 27

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Bagband ( Großefehn , East Frisia)	Bagbander Church	Middle of the 13th century
Bingum (to Leer , East Frisia)	Matthäikirche	1st quarter of the 13th century
Blexen ( Weser estuary)	St. Hippolytus	Choir from around 1150, composition of sandstone blocks (base and corner pilasters) with wall surfaces made of alternating layers of tuff and brick. Then ship made of tuff; 13th century tower subsequent repairs; Choir gable repaired with gray brick after Christmas flood in 1717 .
Bunde (East Frisia)	Reformed Church (Bunde)	around 1200	Romansh started
Canum ( Krummhörn , East Frisia)	Canum Church	3rd quarter of the 13th century
Ditzum ( Rheiderland )	Ditzum Church	Early or mid-13th century
Dunum ( Esens , East Frisia)	Dunum Church	1200-1220
Eilsum , Krummhörn , district Aurich	Eilsumer Church , D-ND p. 425	1230-1260	Romano-Gothic : windows and panels with partly round, partly slightly pointed arches staggered in height on the longitudinal facades, inside pointed arched rib vaults , the only choir tower in East Frisia
Emden	Big church	around 1200	Romanesque, later Gothic extended, new building 1948/49 after being destroyed in the war in 1943, old church building 1995 library
Engerhafe	Johanneskirche	Romanesque around 1240	western parts Gothic 1260–1270, vaults collapsed in 1775, apse and westernmost yoke demolished in 1806, eastern yoke removed 1908–1910, east and south walls of the last Roman. Yoke new
Fedderwarden ( Wilhelmshaven )	St. Stephen Church	around 1250	Romano-Gothic , tower added in 1875
Freepsum ( Krummhörn )	Freepsumer Church	around 1260
Golzwarden ( Stadland )	St. Bartholomew Church	1263	North wall mixed with field stones, ship window partly Gothic changed, new choir
Hage (East Frisia)	St. Ansgari Church	1220
Rear (East Frisia)	Bell house of the rear church	13th century
Holtgaste ( Rheiderland )	Liudgeri Church	1st half of the 13th century
Holtrop ( Großefehn , East Frisia)	Holtrop Church	Middle of the 13th century
Midlum , Rheiderland	Midlum Church	Early or mid-13th century	Ship changed significantly around 1840
Misselwarden , Land Wursten , district of Cuxhaven	Katharinenkirche (CC) , D-NDS p. 949 | 950	13th century	Choir around 1500, Gothic
North (East Frisia)	Ludgeri Church	1200-1220 or 1230-1250	Nave Romanesque core, but west gable probably renewed Gothic in 1300, window in 1840 neo-Gothic; Transept and choir Gothic extension
Pilsum ( Krummhörn )	Pilsum Kreuzkirche	13th century
Sengwarden ( Wilhelmshaven )	St. George's Church	around 1250	Gothicized in the 15th century
Strackholt ( Großefehn , East Frisia)	Barbara Church	around 1240
Suurhusen ( Hinte , East Frisia)	Suurhuser Church	Ship in the middle of the 13th century, later somewhat modified, (leaning) tower around 1450 but in Romanesque style
Varel ( district of Friesland )	" Castle Church "	Brick from around 1200	several extensions of a simple field stone building; partly double-shell , granite outside, brick inside; Vaults from the middle of the 13th century ogival; strongly divergent dates of the eastern extension of the transept and choir (late 13th century or late 15th century)
Victorbur ( Südbrookmerland , East Frisia)	St. Victor village church	1st half of the 13th century	Hall church
Wiegboldsbur ( Südbrookmerland , East Frisia)	Wibadi Church	around 1250

Inland

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Barnstorf ( district of Diepholz )	St. Vitus Church	1264	single-nave, groined vault
Bassum	Collegiate church	13th century	Romanesque started, Gothic completed hall church
	Village church to Nordwohlde	13th century	Hall church, western part of the nave in field stone, eastern part in brick
Bremen blockland	Tower of the Wasserhorster Church , BLD 00001200	13th century	Romanesque and Gothic
Stooping (Weser)	Collegiate Church of St. Materniani et St. Nicolai	Stone building from the 11th century expanded in brick in the 13th century
Mandelsloh (to Neustadt am Rübenberge )	St. Osdag Church	1180	Brick basilica with a stone tower
Hassel (Weser)	St. Cosmae et Damiani	Brick 13th century	Groin vault hall; 1. Chorjoch Bruchstein 11./12. Century
Heiligenfelde ( Syke )	Michael's Church	Early 13th century
Kirchweyhe	Felicianuskirche	Tower around 1250	The ship was replaced by a neo-Gothic one in 1906
Neuenkirchen (SG Schwaförden , near Bassum )	St. Catherine Church	Middle of the 12th century	Tower only in 1788/90
Verden (Aller)	Tower of the cathedral	Brick from 1150	small brick format (as developed shortly before in Italy), window distribution based on an Italian model (e.g. Pomposa ), west side faced with sandstone in 1583
	St. John's Church	Beginning in the middle of the 12th century.	Between 1370 and 1408 the nave was extended to include Gothic aisles, and small “Italian” bricks on the east wall of the central nave
	St. Andrew's Church	Brick from 1205 or from 1220	Replacement of a previous stone building
Wittingen	St. Stephen Church	around 1250	Romanesque nave, tower and choir Gothic
Wildeshausen ( district of Oldenburg )	Alexander Church	13th century	Nave initially late Romanesque, already with Gothic vaults, later windows partly changed Gothic; 14th century tower, Gothic, top “Romanesque” biforias
Bad Zwischenahn ( Ammerland )	St. John's Church	Begun in field stone in the 12th century, then granite blocks, then Romanesque brick building, then Gothic has a west tower and a free-standing bell tower

North Rhine-Westphalia

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Harsewinkel , Gütersloh district	Marienfeld Monastery Dehio NRW II, p. 399 f.	from 1185	Romanesque parts of the monastery church made of brick, but at least today plastered
Kaiserswerth (now part of Düsseldorf )	Imperial Palace	1193	Humpback cuboid and brick
Rheda (on the Ems )	Rheda Dehio Castle NRW II, pp. 905–908	Chapel tower 1223	three sides with sandstone facing, courtyard side in brick

Netherlands

Number of structures: 36

Background information:

• RCE = database of the Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (Reich Service for Cultural Heritage)
• M-GR, M-FR,… = Monuments in Nederland, volume about the respective province

Groningen Province

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Bierum ( Delfzijl )	Sebastiaankerk (CC)	12./13. Century	Westwork partly demolished, Gothic choir, inside pointed arched cross ribbed vaults, vaulted shells with brick patterns
Doezum ( Grootegast )	Sint-Vituskerk (CC)	reduced Westwork 12th century in tuff, choir at the beginning of 13th century in brick, tower in 16th century raised with tuff from the nave, nave replaced in 1808; always covered flat
Eenum ( Loppersum )	Reformed Church (CC)	1st half of the 13th century	uh round apse demolished, pointed arch. Entrance portal (younger?), Walled up
Haren	Nicolaaskerk (CC)	Early 13th century	partly later enlarged windows in broad arched panels
Kantens ( Eemsmond )	Reformed Church (CC)	around 1200	western part of the nave Romanesque with masked stones, eastern part initially Romano-Gothic; today's windows are partly late Gothic, partly modern
Leens ( De Marne )	Petruskerk (CC)	Ship around 1100 tuff stone, transept u. Choir around 1200 tufa and brick
Empty men	Donatuskerk (CC)		"Romano-Gothic" here with completely round-arched windows and panels; Choir vault with painted brick patterns (with a simpler real masonry structure)
Marsum ( Appingedam )	Mauritiuskerk (CC)	12th or early 14th century	early ogival south portal; at times many windows enlarged; re-romanized after the Second World War (photos 1949 and 1965)
Midwolde ( Leek )	Reformed Church (CC)	12th century	Windows from the south and East gable extended Gothic, tower also Gothic
Noordlaren (Haren)	Bartholomeüskerk (CC)	13th century, renovations 15th century	only tower still Romanesque
Oldenzijl ( Eemsmond )	Nicolaaskerk Nicolaaskerk (CC)	1st half of the 13th century	Rhenish style choir (panel structure with narrow half-columns)
Oosterwijtwerd ( Loppersum )	Mariakerk (CC)	around 1200	most of the ship's windows later enlarged; no trim
Siddeburen ( Midden-Groningen )	Ref. Church (CC) RCE 33822	13th century	Banding of brick and tuff ; Round arches dominate both outside and inside
Ten Boer	Monastery Church (CC)	13th century	"Romano-Gothic" with ogival Gothic openings throughout and the like. Aperture; only backgrounds of circular apertures with brick patterns
Werdenum (Groningen)	Reformed Church (CC)	Beginning 13th century	several major changes

Friesland Province

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Aalsum , Dongeradeel	Reformed Church (CC)	12th century brick
Bozum , Littenseradeel	Martinuskerk (CC)	Brick from the 2nd half of the 13th century	Tufa choir raised in brick
Eestrum , Tietjerksteradeel	Petruskerk (CC)	early 13th century
Exmorra , Southwest Fryslân	Johanneskirche (CC)	Early 13th century	Windows partially reconstructed
Finkum / Feinsum , Leeuwarderadeel	Sint-Vituskerk (CC)	1st half of the 13th century	Transition to Gothic
Hantumhuizen, Ferwerderadiel	St-Annekerk (CC) M-FR p. 149	Tower around 1200, nave 1st half of the 13th century	Romanesque tower, Romano-Gothic nave, late Gothic south portal, choir 1939–1942
Janum / Jannum , Ferwerderadiel	Village church (CC)	Apse around 1200	Choir Romanesque, nave Romano-Gothic, south portal Gothic
Murmerwoude , Dantumadeel	Village church (CC)	around 1200	Transition to Gothic
Veenwouden / Feanwålden , Dantumadeel	(CC) RCE 11700, M-FR p.300	13th century	outside and inside stepped round arches, 3rd floor probably added around 1300; younger windows removed again today
Westergeest , Noardeast-Fryslân	Village church (CC)	around 1200	partly revised Gothic changes

Drenthe Province

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Anloo ( Aa en Hunze )	Magnuskerk (CC) , M-DR p. 61/62	Tuff around 1100, brick 12th century.	Stepped gable 19th century
Emmen	Grote of Pancratiuskerk (CC) , M-DR p. 113		only tower still Romanesque, only original on its north side outer skin
Norg ( Noordenveld )	Margaretakerk (CC) , M-DR p. 159	Middle of the 13th century	first tower, then nave and choir with buttresses, biforias on the tower and all windows of the nave reconstructed in the 20th century
Vries ( Tynaarlo )	Bonifatiuskerk (CC) , M-DR p. 198	2nd half of the 12th century	Romanesque parts started in tuff, but tower above Romanesque in brick; 15th century Gothic hall choir made of brick

Gelderland Province

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Ubbergen ( municipality of Berg en Dal ), left of the Waal near Nijmegen	Little Bartholomeüskerk, RCE 35806	mentioned in 1286	Longhouse according to the Wall Association not before 1350, so it was Gothic; Modifications in 1782, 1826, 1905/1906; Window shapes today Romanesque

Holland

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
The hague	Rolzaal (role room) (CC) , RCE 17475	Middle of the 13th century	Erected as the residence of the Counts of Holland , from 1551 courtroom, where laws and court orders were hung in rolls of parchment, hence the name
Naaldwijk , Gem. Westland , north of Hoek van Holland	Oude Kerk (CC) , RCE 30168	13th century tower	one of the oldest brick buildings in Zuid-Holland, ship rebuilt higher after fire in 1472
Oosterland, Hollands Kroon , Noord-Holland	Tower of ref. Church (CC)	13th century (?)	Brick tower except basement, tufa nave

Utrecht Province

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Bunnik , on the Kromme Rijn north of the Houten	Oude Dorpskerk, RCE 11274	Tower 12./13. Century	Ship plastered nowadays
Utrecht	Cloister of the Mariakerk RCE 36352 u. 36353	11th century Tuff and sandstone, restored or completed in stone from the middle of the 12th century, from the 14th century stone was partially replaced by brick

North Brabant

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
's-Hertogenbosch	Romanesque first building of the Sint-Janskerk (today cathedral) of the St-Jans-Cathedral	First half of the 13th century	Only the tower of the first building has been preserved, lower floors in transition from Romanesque to Gothic, heightened in the late Gothic in the 16th century, outer skin Romanesque and Gothic floors renewed 1961–1984; Remaining church from 1350 late Gothic made of sandstone, partly renewed several times
Vijmen , Heusden	Tower of the Reformed Church	12th and 15th centuries

Poland

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Wroclaw	St. Aegidius Church	1220s	probably before the battle of Liegnitz (1241) ; small hall church
Inowrocław	St. Mary's Church (PL)	Ship 12th century in stone, west building 13th century in brick
Kamień Pomorski	Camminer Cathedral of St. John	after 1175 to around 1250
Kołbacz	Cistercian monastery	shortly after 1200
Mogilno	Benedictine monastery (Klasztor Benedyktynów w Mogilnie)	founded in the 11th century	Massive Gothic and Baroque changes, only the presbytery largely preserved in Romanesque style
Lublin	Residential tower of the Lublin Castle		Tower started in stone and finished in brick; other castle buildings neo-Gothic
Oliva	Cistercian monastery	after 1178
Poznań	St. John of Jerusalem Outside the Walls ( PL / EN )	around 1187
Sandomierz	Saint Jacob's Church
Strzelno	Trinity and Marienkirche	1216	later modifications
Święta Katarzyna (Kattern) ( EN / PL ) , Siechnice municipality	Katharinenkirche

Denmark

Background information:

• NM (→ PDF) = National Museum - Danmarks Kirker - Most of the time, the PDF with the actual information has to be retrieved from the linked page. It can rarely be linked directly
• Trap = Jens Peter Trap et al., Statistisk-topografisk Beskrivelse af Kongeriget Danmark, digitized by the non-commercial Runeberg project

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Dalum, suburb of Odense Funen	Dalum Kirke NM (→ PDF) (CC)	from 1st half of the 13th century	1st construction phase purely Romanesque, 2nd construction phase transition style, later Gothicization, 20th century re-Romanization
Kalundborg , Sjælland / Great Belt	Vor Frue Kirke ( Church of Our Lady )	about 1170-1200	Central church on a Greek cross with a central tower and four almost equally high fial towers
Ledøje , Egedal Municipality , Capital Region	Residenzkirche NM (→ PDF)	around 1225	Ship 2-storey 4-column hall with open central yoke, Gothic tower with lime bands, choir u. Ship re-jacketed later
Nyborg , Funen / Great Belt	Nyborg Castle	around 1170	Headquarters of the Danish kings from the middle of the 13th century to 1416
Øster Ulslev , Lolland , Guldborgsund K.	Lillerød Kirke (CC) , NM (→ PDF)	gum 1200	white geschlämmter brick
Ringsted , Zealand	Sankt Bendts Kirke (St. Benedict Church)	1163-1170	One of the first sacral buildings made of brick in Northern Europe, Gothic central nave vault and crossing tower, burial place of several Danish kings
Rudkøbing , Langeland	Rudkøbing Kirke	1st half of the 13th century	partly field stone base
Roskilde , Zealand	Roskilde Cathedral	1170-1280	started in Romanesque style, finished in Gothic style; Burial place of several Danish kings; UNESCO world heritage
Sneum, Esbjerg Municipality of Southern Jutland	Sneum Kirke	no official dating	Romanesque tuff stone building, western part of the north wall with brick layers (such stratification also in other churches, here photo during renovation); Gothic tower, neo-Gothic choir
Sorø , Zealand	Cistercian monastery	after 1161	basilica
Tårs , Lolland Island, Guldborgsund K.	Tårs Kirke (CC) , NM (→ PDF)		all brick: roman. Choir and nave, Gothic entrance building; Windows, among other things, greatly changed in 1860

Sweden

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Gumlösa, Hässleholm municipality	Parish church	Consecrated in 1192	oldest brick building in southern Sweden (then part of Denmark)
Linkoping	Dom		only a few Romanesque bricks survive

Switzerland

Switzerland was never one of the core areas of brick construction, but here too, in the Romanesque period, brick buildings were erected or adorned with brick ornaments.

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Burgdorf BE	Burgdorf Castle	Extension in brick in the 12th century	externally plastered
Saint-Pierre-de-Clages VS	St-Pierre Church	Lower floor of the tower (12th century)	Ship (11th century), hall church

Middle Danube region

All of the buildings shown here were in the Kingdom of Hungary during the Romanesque period

Slovakia

Slovakia was the Slavic north of Hungary from the beginning of the 11th century until the end of the First World War . Before that, the Slovak part of the Pannonian Basin was a core area of ​​the Moravian Empire , which was in the sphere of influence of the Byzantine Empire ( Cyrillic script ).

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Dražovce , to Nitra	Michaelskirche	Middle of the 11th century	Upper part of the apse (with frieze) made of brick, gallery 12th century (brick, today plastered), roof turret in the middle of the 13th century (brick, pointed arched window)

Hungary

place	building	Dating	particularities	photo
Árpás , left bank of the lower Raab	St. Jacob Church	1251	Premonstratensian Abbey Church
Türje , Zala county , west of Lake Balaton	Türje Premonstratensian Monastery	Start of construction between 1230 and 1230 1240	Romanesque-Gothic transition style, re-Romanized around 1700, re-Romanized around 1900

Slovenia

place	Building	Dating	Remarks	photo
Domanjševci, Šalovci , Prekmurje	Cerkev Sv. Martina (Martinskirche) (CC)	1230-1240	The core is Romanesque, but the first floor has Gothic windows that are now walled up, originally apparently muddy
Selo , Moravske Toplice , Prekmurje	Cerkev Sveti Nikolaja (Nicolaikirche) (CC)	1st half of the 13th century	Round church made of slurry brick

Serbia

place	Building	Dating	Remarks	photo
Arača, Novo Miloševo , Gem. Novi Bečej , Vojvodina	Monastery Church (CC)	12./13. Century	Romanesque Benedictine church, restored in the 14th century after being destroyed and extended with a Gothic tower, abandoned in 1720

literature

• Wolf Karge: Romanesque churches in the Baltic Sea region. Rostock, Hinstorff 1996, ISBN 3-356-00689-4 .
• Claudia Trummer: Early brick building in Saxony and southern Brandenburg (= culture and forms of life in the Middle Ages and modern times ; Vol. 4), scripvaz, Berlin 2011. ISBN 978-3-931278-57-1
• Johannes Cramer and Dorothée Sack (eds.): Technology of brick construction in Europe in the Middle Ages (volume of the results of a conference at the TU Berlin from November 13-15 , 2003), Michael Imhof Verlag, 2004/2005, ISBN 3-937251-99- 5

Web links

• Bavarian Monument Atlas - after the start you can also enter the monument number under the advanced search (binocular logo), or “file number” for individual buildings.
• RDK-Labor: digitized text from Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte (1937), brick building by Otto Stiehl (Chapters I – III) and Hans Wentzel (Chapters IV – VI)
• Side streets of the Romanesque style in Altmark and Havelwinkel
• Landschaftsverband Weser-Hunte: Brochure medieval village churches in the districts of Diepholz and Nienburg / Weser , 2nd edition 2013, as PDF

Individual evidence

1. ↑ local ring Orsbeck-Luchtenberg: parish Orsbeck - Church Orsbeck
2. ↑ Paola Geppi, various works as PDF (Italian)
3. ↑ Claudia Trummer: Bricks on the periphery? - Romanesque brick buildings in Saxony and southern Brandenburg , see Johannes Cramer and Dorothée Sack (eds.): Technique of brick building ...
4. ^ Schweitenkirchen: Photo Sankt Martin in Gundelshausen
5. ↑ Brick towers from the 12th and 13th centuries on castles in Upper Saxony and Thuringia
6. ↑ City Church Jerichow
7. ↑ http://www.osterburg.de/ortschaften/koenigsmark/ot-koenigsmark.html
8. ^ City of Jerichow, Mangelsdorf - village church
9. ^ Damian Kaufmann: The Romanesque brick village churches in the Altmark and in the Jerichower Land. Verlag Ludwig, Kiel 2010, ISBN 978-3-86935-018-9 , p. 361.
10. ↑ Genthin Tourist Information Office, Redekin (district of the city of Jerichow) - Redekin village church
11. ↑ Kulturportal MV: St. Johannes Kirche Schaprode ( Memento from January 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
12. ^ Dehio-Handbuch Bremen-Niedersachsen (1992), pp. 229/230
    and information from the pastor
13. ↑ http://www.ewetel.net/~ev.luth.kirchengem.fedderwarden/foto.htm
14. ^ Inquiries about the church in Ubbergen from the Dutch building researcher Karel Emmens
15. ↑ divorced van Den Haag, Binnenhof: het grafelijk kasteel
16. ^ Monuments in Nederland. Utrecht, p.227, Kloostergang van St.-Marie (PDF, download from http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/sten009monu00_01/ )
17. ^ HM Haverkate en CJ van der Peet: Mariakerk in Utrecht, publicaties, een kerk van paper - detailed history and description
18. ↑ Bossche Encyclopedia: De toren van de Sint-Jan
19. ↑ Stenvers et al. a .: Monuments in Nederland - Noord-Brabant , p. 207, PDF for free download from the digital library voor de Nederlandse letteren
20. ↑ www.szlakikulturowe.dolnyslask.pl, Aegidia Church and House of the Cathedral Chapter
21. ↑ apsida.sk, Dražovce - sv. Michala archanjela
22. ↑ Občina Šalovci - kulturne znamenitosti: Cerkve in zvoniki (Šalovci municipality - cultural monuments: churches and bell towers), bottom entry
23. ↑ Kraji - Sllovenia: Selo in Prekmurje - Rotunda (English version with description, German without)
24. ↑ Novo Milosevo: Araca
25. ↑ Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture Zrenjanin: Srednjevekovna crkva - Arača (Monument protection Zrenjanin: Medieval Church Arača )