Sonnenkamp Monastery
The Sonnenkamp monastery in Neukloster was founded as a nunnery in Parchow by Heinrich Borwin I and the Schwerin Bishop Brunward in 1219 , but after eight years it moved to Kuszin , the later new monastery .
history
As early as 1171, Bishop Berno von Schwerin had to undertake to build a nunnery in his diocese of Schwerin , founded in 1160 . As a result of the unrest that broke out around 1178, the attempt to set up a foundation in Bützow failed . Bishop Berno died in 1191.
Founding of a monastery in Parkow
As a capable and active man, the new Bishop Brunward tried to found the first nunnery in the country together with Prince Borwin I in Parkow, today's Parchow near Westerbrugge, not very far from Doberan Monastery, around 1210 . Consecrated in 1211 to the Mother of God and the Evangelist Johannes, it was called Sonnenfeld or Sonnenkamp . However, the foundation did not prove to be fruitful and so the monastery was relocated to the protective vicinity of the Slavic castle Kutschin (Kuczin, Cuszin) with the somewhat calmer hinterland. The Wendish village of Cuszin took over the name Campus Solis , Sonnenkamp, which, however, was replaced by the name Neukloster , which can be traced back to the resettlement, after 1250 .
Foundation of the St. Maria im Sonnenkamp monastery
According to the princely founding deed with a seal, Prince Borwin I, his second wife Adelheid and Bishop Brunward and his cathedral chapter completed the founding act of the new St. Maria im Sonnenkamp monastery in 1219. In addition to Abbot Johannes von Lübeck, the new Doberan Abbot Mattheus was named as a witness. After a second episcopal document with a seal, Bishop Brunward confirmed the foundation of the monastery in Sonnenkamp in 1219 according to the rules of St. Benedict. After Prince Borwin I and Bishop Brunward were back in the country from August 1219, the first Christian prince of Mecklenburg, Pribislav II, was buried on October 1, 1219 in the Cistercian Abbey of Doberan. It can be assumed that during this meeting in front of high-ranking guests and eminent witnesses the first women's monastery was founded there as the NEW MONASTERY. Historical forms of the name are Sunnevelt (1219), nunc Campus soli Vocatur (1219), Novum Claustrum (1243), Nyghencloster (1291), Nyencloster (1398) and Nyenkloostere (1399).
The nunnery that had moved into Sonnenkamp came from the Parkow branch. The Marienkloster in Bergen on Rügen was also intended as a mother monastery, but the Benedictine monastery in Arendsee in the Altmark was more likely, because Adelheid, Prince Borwin I's second wife, was a Brandenburg princess who had good connections with the Arendsee monastery brought the first Benedictine women to Mecklenburg. After 1245, the convent adopted the rules of the Cistercians, presumably due to the influence of the powerful Doberan Cistercian Abbey. In a letter of protection from Pope Clement IV of May 26, 1267, a Cistercian monastery was first reported as Cysterciensis ordinis and the monastery was ruled by a prioress and followed the rules of St. Benedict according to the customs of the Cistercian brothers … .
The actual monastery
Soon after the re-establishment of the building, construction began with great energy, because in a disproportionately short period of time in three construction periods (1219–1227–1240) the large house of God was essentially built and in 1236 it was consecrated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint John Evangelista become. Builders of the Ratzeburg Cathedral, completed in 1220, were probably involved in its construction.
In the 13th and 14th centuries the monastery acquired extensive areas through donations, purchases and exchanges. Between 1319 and 1320 alone, seven prince visits took place. In 1362 he owned 37 villages and estates. It also had lower, and later even higher, jurisdiction for these cultivation tasks.
The entire monastic life of the community followed a strict order. From the beginning, the convent was headed by a prioress , not an abbess. Depending on the responsible diocesan bishop of Schwerin, she was not only the god-appointed authority for the nuns, but also the legal representative of the monastery together with the provost. The provost was also archdeacon for the very widely separated patronage churches in Brunshaupten , Kessin , Below , Techentin , Dabel, Nakensdorf, Bäbelin and Nakenstorf . The administration of the economic affairs and internal needs in the monastery were the responsibility of the Celleraria, the external tasks of an economic nature were carried out by the provost. The nuns ran a convent school, also for singing students in the vicinity. They provided nursing care and provided accommodation to travelers passing through.
After 1400 the house furthest away from the church was rebuilt from donations from the pilgrims of relics. Due to the worship of relics and the associated large number of pilgrims, the previous building had become too small. Bishop Detlev von Ratzeburg and Bishop Rudolph von Schwerin granted indulgences on August 8, 1399 and July 30, 1400 to all those who would visit and venerate relics exhibited in the High Chore with repentant sentiments. Alms were asked for a necessary building.
The monastery after the Reformation
In a document dated March 28, 1460, Duke Heinrich mentions an internal church reformation in the Sonnenkamp monastery and it is said to have been reformed on December 25, 1520. There is no revocation protocol.
A few years after the Reformation was introduced in Mecklenburg in 1549 in the state parliament at the Sagsdorfer Bridge near Sternberg , the Sonnenkamp monastery was also secularized in 1555.
In 1552, Duke Ulrich I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin sent the first Lutheran preacher Joachim Reimers from Rostock to Neukloster as administrator. He was not allowed into the monastery church and lived in the fisherman's house due to the lack of a rectory. In 1581 nuns still lived in the monastery under the papist Anna von der Lühe, who, 25 years after the decree had been repealed, resolutely opposed the demanded surrender of the church month, while in 1592 reports were made of the demolition of individual monastery buildings and the incipient decline of the monastery complex.
After the Fahrholz partition contract in 1621, Duke Johann Albrecht II became the owner and the new monastery became the royal seat. After the Thirty Years War , the monastery property with the city of Wismar and parts of the island of Poel fell to Sweden in 1648 . Under King Gustav IV, Duke Friedrich Franz I managed to redeem these areas for a sum of 1.25 million thalers in the Malmö pledge agreement of 1803 and to bind them to Mecklenburg for 100 years. In 1903 Sweden waived the redemption.
Between 2006 and 2008 the old monastery garden south of the provost's office was restored as a meadow orchard. In the course of the work, the foundation walls of a late medieval building also came to light. According to the location, it seems to be the former water art of the monastery complex, which distributed the water from a spring on the Sonnenberg to the monastery buildings such as the brewery and bakery. The outline of the water art was traced in the garden with brick and field stones.
The monastery complex
Only a small part of the monastery building has survived to the present day. In addition to the church, this also includes the bell tower and the provost house with the rest of the building called Braunshaupt . The exam with the convent buildings is missing.
Monastery church
The monastery church of S. Maria is one of the oldest preserved stone buildings in Mecklenburg. While the lower half of the enclosing walls of the choir and transept comes from a late Romanesque, glaze-free construction phase in the mid-1230s, the upper part of the wall was built around 1240 from the sill height of the transept window with a different brick format and dark glazed stones. In the middle of 1244 the dendrochronologically dated roof was erected and immediately afterwards the gables were bricked up. This was followed by the third, more elaborate construction phase. The shell was completed around 1251.
Today the church is a single-nave, cross-shaped building without apses . The length is 51 m, the width of the nave 10.9 m. Of particular importance is the largely completely preserved roof structure from 1244 and 1251, one of the largest Romanesque in northern Germany. As an early form of the so-called cross-strut roof, a form of construction that responded to the new requirements of arched buildings, independent roof structures have been preserved over the choir, transept and the nave.
The west gable was renewed in the 19th century and designed accordingly. The nave was planned to be arched, but it was made with a flat ceiling. The cloister was originally attached to the south, and the traces of attachment can be seen on the outer wall. The carved altar with a Madonna with a halo in the shrine dates from the beginning of the 16th century. In the transept and in the choir there are grave slabs with incised drawings.
The monastery church today serves as a place of worship for the Evangelical Lutheran parish Neukloster in the Wismar provost in the Mecklenburg parish of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany .
Stained glass
The most valuable treasure of the monastery church are the stained glass from around 1250, which were reassembled in the three window group of the east wall in 1950/51 after the expansion during the Second World War. The late Romanesque stained glass cycle in the choir was originally in the windows of the nave. It shows five figures: Saints Catherine, Magdalena, Elisabeth and the apostles Matthias and Matthew. These are the earliest preserved stained glass in Mecklenburg.
organ
An organ is mentioned in documents as early as 1430 and 1511 . Today's organ is the work of the Schwerin organ builder Friedrich Friese from 1864, has two manuals with 18 registers and is one of his largest organ structures. The organ prospectus reflects the structure of a baroque organ. Repaired in 1920 by the organ builder Christian Börger from Gehlsdorf , it was restored by the Apolda organ building company Bahr in 1970 and the sound changed . In 2004, the master organ builder Andreas Arnold from Plau began with the technical restoration to restore the original sound from 1864. It was professionally completed in 2010.
Bells
A fire in the bell tower in February 1989 seriously damaged the two bells hanging there .
The medieval bell from 1461 could be repaired in Nördlingen and is ringing again. The larger bell, cast in 1752 by Otto Gerhard Meyer from Rostock, was so badly damaged that it was not possible to repair it. Today it stands in silence as a donation bell in the entrance area of the church in the north transept.
In 1996, a second bell weighing 2.8 tonnes, cast in Karlsruhe and decorated with the old monastery seal, was added. A new bell was purchased in 2002 for the bell that was handed in during the Second World War and never returned in 1635 and cast by Jürgen Wulf in Wismar. The turkey depicted on the bell, based on a design by Peter Glasbrenner from Schwäbisch Hall, refers to the legend of the golden cradle that is said to be hidden in the cellars of the monastery.
Cloister building
Since there are no cloister buildings, these buildings can only be reconstructed from existing traces of the monastery church, the previous archaeological excavations in 1935/36 and from 2007 to 2009 as well as the few inventory sources.
The cloister with the cloisters was directly to the south of the monastery church, as can still be seen today from the remains of the shield arch of the south transept and the heavily renovated south wall of the nave, which also contains the entrances to the nuns' gallery. Accordingly, the cloister in this area was two-story. The wing with the chapter house and dormitory probably followed on the west side , from where the nuns could enter the church directly via the upper cloister. The refectory followed on the south side . Remains of the pillars, which indicate a two-aisled vaulted complex, were found in the course of the excavations of 1935. According to these findings, only the cloister was present in the east.
Bell tower
The bell tower south of the church is one of the curiosities of the former monastery. Its meticulously bricked ground floor dates back to around 1280. Only after the secularization of the monastery was the tower raised to a height of twelve meters in 1586 and finished off with the peculiar spire. Created on an eight-sided polygonal floor plan, it hides another octagonal structure inside, which in turn hides a small square room. Arched double windows as paired sound openings are located in the upper area of the tower under the eaves. The eight-sided roof ends in a four-sided steep pyramid.
Two terracotta coats of arms of Duke Ulrich von Mecklenburg (1527–1603) and his wife Elisabeth, Princess of Denmark (1524–1586), which provided the means for adding heights to the tower, are placed close to the south windows.
What this tower may have been used for when it was built remains a mystery. Was this already a bell tower with the rope for the bell hanging in the square central shaft? Or was it an ossuary similar to that of Doberan Monastery .
During the fire in the bell tower caused by children playing in February 1989, the large bell, cast in Rostock in 1572, was badly damaged and is now in the north transept of the church as a donation bell. In 1992, the tower was faithfully restored using preserved wooden parts.
Propstei
In the south of the former monastery is the former provost , the seat of the monastery provost. It is an elongated brick building over 45 meters long and 14 meters wide, completely built with a basement, towering over two floors and covered with a steep pitched roof . There are representative gables in the east and west. Both have a stepped end, but the more elaborate east gable was changed from originally three steps to five steps in modern times.
In addition to residential and administrative purposes, the building also served storage purposes, which is why the ribbed vaulted basement part was accessible from the west side at ground level through a round arched gate entrance. The walls are enlivened by differently designed niches for candles.
Another special feature is the completely preserved roof structure from the time it was built. The simple rafter roof with three flattened collar beam layers consists of 36 oak bundles. By means of dendrochronological dating, the completion of the provost house with the subsequent erection of the two gables could be dated to the year 1301, a whole century earlier than previously assumed.
This makes the Propstei one of the most important high Gothic secular buildings in Mecklenburg.
Provosts and prioresses
The name and year indicate the documentary mention of provost and prioress.
Toast
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|
Prioresses
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Celleraria
- 1371 Wyndelburgis
Scholastica
- 1371 Ida
Individual evidence
- ^ Friedrich Schlie : The art and historical monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin , Schwerin 1899, Volume III. Pp. 445-446.
- ↑ (MUB) No. 254.
- ↑ (MUB) No. 255.
- ↑ Josef Traeger: The plan becomes reality . In: St. Maria im Sonnenkamp , Leipzig 1979, pp. 10-12.
- ↑ (MUB) No. 260.
- ↑ (MUB) No. 1120.
- ↑ (MUB) No. 879, 1231.
- ^ Josef Traeger: St. Maria im Sonnenkamp , Leipzig 1979, pp. 25, 31.
- ↑ LAKD: Neukloster local file, excavation documentation and archaeological construction supervision 2006–2008.
- ↑ Tilo Schöfbeck: Neukloster. 2016, p. 630.
- ↑ Tilo Schöfbeck: Medieval churches between Travelodge and Peene. 2014, p. 363.
- ↑ Tilo Schöfbeck: Medieval church between Travelodge and Peene. 2014, p. 363.
- ↑ Tilo Schöfbeck: Neukloster. 2016, p. 629.
- ↑ Membership of the community
- ↑ Beatrix Dräger: Neukloster, district of Northwest Mecklenburg, church, organ. In: KulturERBE in Mecklenburg und Vorpommern, Volume 6, Schwerin 2011, ISBN 978-3-935770-34-7 , pp. 176–177.
- ↑ Sabine Schöfbeck, Tilo Schöfbeck, Detlef Witt: Monastery Sonnenkamp in Neukloster. 2009, p. 34.
- ↑ Sabine Schöfbeck: Neukloster 2016, p. 631.
- ^ Albrecht Volkmann: Sonnenkamp Monastery. 1938, pp. 120-125.
- ↑ Sabine Schöfbeck: Neukloster. 2016, pp. 631–633.
- ↑ Sabine Schöfbeck, Tilo Schöfbeck, Detlef Witt: Monastery Sonnenkamp in Neukloster. 2009, p. 42.
- ^ Josef Traeger: St. Maria im Sonnenkamp Leipzig 1979, appendix pp. 42–43.
- ^ Friedrich von Meyenn : Der Dompropst Henning . In: Documented stories of the von Pentz family , Volume II Schwerin 1900
literature
- Albrecht Volkmann: Sonnenkamp Monastery to Neukloster in Mecklenburg. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher , No. 102. Year 1938, Schwerin 1938, pp. 31–200.
- Adolf Friedrich Lorenz : Remains of late Romanesque secular buildings in Mecklenburg. German preservation of art and monuments, vol. 41. (13) 1939/40 issue 1.
- Heinz Mansfeld, Walter Ohle: The repair of the medieval glass paintings in Neukloster. In: Preservation of monuments in Mecklenburg. Dresden 1952, pp. 173-189.
- Josef Traeger : St. Maria in Sonnenkamp. A contribution to the history of the former Cistercian priory Neukloster 1219-1555. Leipzig, 2nd edition 1979.
- Georg Dehio : Handbook of the German art monuments, Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Munich, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-422-03081-6 , pp. 373-275.
- Monika Böning: The Sonnenkamp Monastery and its medieval glass paintings. In: Acculturation and Assertion. Studies on the development history of the lands between Elbe / Saale and Oder in the late Middle Ages. , ed. by Peter Moraw, Berlin 2001, pp. 37–82 (= reports and treatises of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences , special volume 6), ISBN 3-05-003557-9 .
- Reinhard Kuhl: 19th century glass paintings. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, The churches. Leipzig 2001, ISBN 3-361-00536-1 , p. 142.
- ZEBI eV, START eV: Village and town churches in the Wismar-Schwerin district. Bremen, Rostock 2001, ISBN 3-86108-753-7 pp. 62-64.
- Verena Friedrich: Neukloster (Mecklenburg). Peda art guide 89, Passau 2002.
- Sabine Schöfbeck, Tilo Schöfbeck, Detlef Witt: Sonnenkamp Monastery in Neukloster. Petersberg 2009.
- Martin Lehmann: The grave slabs of the Sonnenkamp monastery . Rostock 2011 (= Corpus of the tombstones in Mecklenburg , edited by Wolfgang Eric Wagner, Volume 3), ISBN 978-3-86009-107-4 .
- Tilo Schöfbeck: Medieval churches between Trave and Peene. Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86732-131-0
- Kristina Hegner: From Mecklenburg's churches and monasteries. The medieval inventory of the State Museum Schwerin. Petersberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-7319-0062-7
- Antje Koolmann, Frank Nikulka, Sabine Schöfbeck, Tilo Schöfbeck, Detlef Witt: Neukloster. S. Maria Monastery (Ordo Sancti Benedicti / Benedictine Sisters; Ordo Cisterciensis / Cistercian Sisters). In: Mecklenburg monastery book. Handbook of the monasteries, monasteries, coming and priories (10th / 11th-16th centuries) , ed. by Wolfgang Huschner , Ernst Münch , Cornelia Neustadt and Wolfgang Eric Wagner , Volume 1, Rostock 2016, pp. 616–643, ISBN 978-3-356-01514-0 .
swell
Printed sources
Unprinted sources
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State Main Archive Schwerin
- LHAS 1.5–4 / 13 Neukloster Monastery. (Sonnenkamp)
- LHAS 1.12–1 Chronicles. Number 1.
- LHAS 2.12–3 / 4 churches and schools. Generalia and Specialia.
- LHAS 2.12–3 / 5 church visits. (1558 - 1600)
- LHAS 2.22–10 / 30 Domanialamt Warin-Neukloster-Sternberg-Tempzin.
- LHAS 9.1 Reich Chamber Court . No. 1064. (1564-1569)
- LHAS 12.3–6 / 2 Lorenz estate. New monastery No. 2–4, 9, 10, 28–31.
- Landeskirchenarchiv Schwerin
- LKAS file No. 47, buildings of the church in Neukloster. (1815-1867)
- LKAS OKR reign of Wismar-Neukloster.
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State Office for Culture and Monument Preservation
- LAKD local file archeology and monument preservation, various excavation documentation.
- LAKD plan archive.
Web links
- Website of the parish of Neukloster
- Literature about new monasteries in the state library MV
Coordinates: 53 ° 51 ′ 45 " N , 11 ° 41 ′ 10" E