Großefehn
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Coordinates: 53 ° 25 ' N , 7 ° 35' E |
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| Basic data | ||
| State : | Lower Saxony | |
| County : | Aurich | |
| Height : | 4 m above sea level NHN | |
| Area : | 127.23 km 2 | |
| Residents: | 13,982 (Dec. 31, 2019) | |
| Population density : | 110 inhabitants per km 2 | |
| Postal code : | 26629 | |
| Primaries : | 04943, 04944, 04945, 04946 | |
| License plate : | AUR, NOR | |
| Community key : | 03 4 52 006 | |
| Community structure: | 14 villages | |
| Address of the municipal administration: |
Kanalstrasse Süd 54 26629 Großefehn |
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| Website : | ||
| Mayor : | Erwin Adams (independent) | |
| Location of the community Großefehn in the district of Aurich | ||
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The community of Großefehn ( Low German Grootfehn ) is located in the Aurich district in East Frisia . The three villages Ost- , Mitte- and Westgroßefehn form the core . The municipality's administrative seat is Ostgroßefehn. The adjective is Großefehntjer with the Ostfriesi Platt German usual diminutive - (t) each.
Großefehn is located on the southern edge of the Aurich district. With 13,982 inhabitants, spread over a little more than 127 square kilometers, the municipality is sparsely populated. A population density of 110 per square kilometer contrasts with comparative values of 148 (East Frisia) and 230 (Germany). In the regional planning of the state of Lower Saxony, Großefehn is listed as the basic center .
The district Westgroßefehn is the second oldest fen settlement in Germany (after Papenburg ) and the oldest in East Frisia. Several districts on the Geest are much older, however, the early medieval settlement goes back to the 7th / 8th. Century back. The present-day community Großefehn was created in the course of the Lower Saxony community reform in 1972 from 14 previously independent communities, which today form the districts.
The municipality's economy is characterized by medium-sized businesses and tourism. The community has more than 190,000 guests. Agriculture plays an important role in land use, with dairy farming predominant. However, the municipality is an out- commuter municipality .
In addition to historical churches, the community's cultural heritage also includes the largely preserved fen character with canals and bridges. Five historical windmills have also been preserved in the community, which is why Großefehn also calls itself the mill community or five-mill land .
The philosopher Wilhelm Schapp comes from the community of Großefehn . Rolf Trauernicht , who was one of the two “fathers” of the premature closing of the gap on federal motorway 31 , is also one of the community's important sons .
geography
Position and extent
Großefehn is located in the south of the Aurich district in East Friesland and very centrally located within this region in the far northwest of the Federal Republic of Germany. The community borders directly on Aurich in the north . Other larger cities nearby are Emden in the west (about 25 kilometers away) and Wilhelmshaven , which is only a little further north-east of Großefehn. The closest major city is Oldenburg , a little more than 50 kilometers southeast of the center of the municipality in Ostgroßefehn. Within East Frisia, Großefehn belongs to the Auricherland region . In the regional planning of the state of Lower Saxony, Großefehn is listed as the basic center .
The municipality extends over 127.25 square kilometers, which makes it the seventh largest in terms of area in East Frisia and the third largest in the Aurich district after the district town and the municipality of Krummhörn . The greatest extent is in north-south direction between the Ems-Jade Canal and Bagband in the south about 13.5 kilometers, in east-west direction between the district Fiebing in the east and the confluence of the north and south Fehntjer Tief in the west just over 16 kilometers.
Geology and hydrology
Geologically, the community of Großefehn, like all of East Friesland, is formed superficially by layers of the Pleistocene and Holocene . Pleistocene layers can be found in the Geest areas of the municipality, which are located in the south around the places Bagband and Strackholt and in the north around the places Holtrop, Wrisse, Felde and Aurich-Oldendorf. The soils of the East Frisian Geest mostly consist of deck sands and boulder clay .
In between, there are extensive raised bog areas in the middle and especially in the east of the municipality, which are rain bogs , more precisely plateau rain bogs . They began to emerge around 5000 years ago. Apart from a few small areas, there are hardly any original raised bog areas. In the course of the Moorkolonisierung the bog forming were peat layers to mineral onto the sand / layer including abgetorft . The lower-lying black peat was dried and used as fuel, the previously cleared white peat layer was often mixed with fertilizer material such as cattle manure or silt from the coast to make the soil more fertile.
In the southwest of the municipal area near Timmel there is also a sloping fen, a Holocene layer. In the course of the Bagbander low as well as the Flumm and the Fehntjer low, there are up to 30 centimeters of silt at the edge of these rivers.
The municipality is criss-crossed by a large number of watercourses, most of which have been artificially created or deepened. These are mostly the fen canals, which were laid out from 1633 over a period of almost 300 years, which served to drain the moors and to settle colonists. The last of these artificially created Fehn canals were the Stelzenwieke and the Pallerwieke in the far east of Großefehn, but after changes due to the local reform in 1972, some of them belong to the neighboring town of Wiesmoor. They were only excavated in 1934 and, despite the technically improved possibilities in the meantime, essentially by hand: It was a measure in the course of job creation programs. The last major drainage measure was the construction of the Sauteler Canal from Großefehntjer municipality by the neighboring municipality of Moormerland zur Ems in the 1960s. However, it is not a fen canal that was used to settle bog colonists. Rather, the Sauteler Canal was dug because the existing canals were no longer sufficient for drainage. It absorbs water from the adjacent fen canals, but there are no new fen settlements on its banks (apart from the existing ones).
Larger rivers in the municipality are the Fehntjer Tief and its tributary Flumm and the Bagbander Tief. The Fehntjer Deep has a northern and a southern arm. The confluence is located in the border triangle of the communities Großefehn, Ihlow and Moormerland, a little more than a kilometer northwest of Timmel. The southern arm is fed from the Spetzerfehn Canal and the Neuefehn Canal in the neighboring community of Neukamperfehn. The northern arm begins at the confluence of the Flumm and Großefehnkanal in Westgroßefehn. The Flumm has its origin in the extreme north-east corner of the municipality on the border with the Wiesmoor town of Marcardsmoor . In earlier times the river was also called Norder Ehe (see section Development of the community name). The Bagbander Tief is a strongly meandering river on the southern border of the municipality. It is fed with water from the moorland east of Strackholt. In addition to the canals and rivers, there are numerous drainage ditches in the municipality, regionally known as chutes .
The largest body of water in Großefehn, the Timmeler Meer , was also artificially created. It was dredged in 1985/1986 specifically for tourism. The Timmeler Meer has an area of 25 hectares. In addition, northeast of Timmel there is the much smaller Frauenmeer , a lake that was created during the Vistula glacial period . The Großefehntjer municipality also borders near Timmel on the Boekzeteler Meer , whose water surface is, however, on the territory of the neighboring municipality of Moormerland.
Occasionally, there is flooding in the Großefehntjer municipality when the winter rain continues. The community is looking for polder areas that can be flooded in an emergency. In addition, the locks of the Großefehn Canal are to be automated in order to ensure faster drainage.
The community is on average about five meters above sea level.
Land use
| use | Area in ha |
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| Building and open space | 1.002 |
| including living space | 598 |
| of which commercial and industrial space | 83 |
| Operating area | 26th |
| of which mining areas (especially sand) | 3 |
| Recreation area | 63 |
| including green area | 41 |
| traffic area | 565 |
| of which road, path, square | 565 |
| Agricultural area | 10,530 |
| of which moor | 49 |
| Water surface | 242 |
| Forest area | 246 |
| Areas of other use | 49 |
| including cemeteries | 6th |
| of it land | 3 |
| total area | 12,723 |
The land use table on the right shows the overwhelming proportion of agricultural land in the total area of Großefehn: It is almost 83 percent and is thus still above the East Frisian average of 75 percent, which in turn is well above the national average of 52 percent. 49 hectares of which are still moorland. The nature and landscape protection areas mentioned in the section below are for the most part recorded under agricultural areas and some are used extensively. Waters, especially the Timmler Sea and the Fehn canals, but also drainage ditches, cover around 1.9 percent of the municipal area. Großefehn is only sparsely forested - even within the poorly forested East Frisia, which has an extremely below-average forest area in comparison with the rest of Germany. Trees can be found mainly around the Geest villages in the form of extensive hedge landscapes . Apart from the trees on these hedgerows, the community is very tree-poor. There are only a few (and smaller) afforested areas, most of them between Westgroßefehn and Timmel. In earlier centuries the trees were cleared to gain timber on the one hand and space for agriculture on the other.
Community structure
Großefehn comprises 14 districts. The individual localities are specified here, sorted by number of inhabitants. The (rounded) area of the village and its associated area is also listed.
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Neighboring communities
Großefehn borders on the municipality of Ihlow to the west, the district town of Aurich (districts of Schirum , Wiesens and Brockzetel ) to the north and the city of Wiesmoor to the east . These three municipalities are located in the Aurich district. The community of Uplengen is located southeast of Großefehn , and the communities Firrel , Hesel and Neukamperfehn (all of which are part of the Hesel community ) are to the south . The municipality of Moormerland is located southwest of Großefehn . The latter municipalities are all in the Leer district .
Part of the border with the municipality of Ihlow is formed by the northern arm of the Fehntjer Tief , the easternmost part of the border with the city of Aurich by the Ems-Jade Canal . The border to the city of Wiesmoor is extremely winding. On the Fehntjer side (Ostgroßefehn, Spetzerfehn) and Wiesmoorer side (Wilhelmsfehn I and II, Auricher Wiesmoor II), several Fehn canals and associated settlements are cut by the border.
climate
Großefehn is located in the temperate climate zone. The municipality is generally influenced by the North Sea . In summer the daytime temperatures are lower, in winter they are often higher than in the rest of Germany. The climate is generally characterized by the Central European west wind zone.
On the other hand, special climatic conditions prevail in the raised bog areas that make up parts of the municipality. Because of the subsurface conditions in a rain bog , the temperature differences between day and night are extreme. During the day in summer, temperatures on the ground can be very high, so that spontaneous combustion can result in moor fires. In addition, bog areas are much more fog-intensive than the surrounding area.
According to the effective climate classification of Köppen , Großefehn is in the classification Cfb .
- Climate zone C : warm-temperate climate
- Climate type Cf : humid-temperate climate
- Climate subtype b : warm summers
The closest weather station is in neighboring Aurich, which has very similar climatic conditions. The climate table of the station there:
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Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Aurich
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Protected areas
Großefehn is rich in nature and landscape protection areas as well as natural monuments . The community has different proportions of five nature reserves and is adjacent to a sixth. There are also three protected landscape areas and more than two dozen trees or groups of trees that are designated as natural monuments.
A tiny portion of 2 hectares in the 340 hectare nature reserve (NSG) Fehntjer Tief-Süd ( protected area 1979) is in Großefehn. The municipality also has a stake in the Fehntjer Tief-Nord NSG , 450 hectares in size and under protection since 1990. To the north-east of this area, the nature reserves wetland Westgroßefehn (8 hectares, since 1983) and Flumm-Niederung (365 hectares, since 1995) immediately follow. Both are completely in Großefehntjer area. The four protected areas mentioned are part of the FFH area “Fehntjer Tief und Umgebung” and the EU bird protection area “Fehntjer Tief”. These protected areas are predominantly wet meadow landscapes . Since it was placed under protection, the populations of meadow birds have recovered. In 2010 a total of 278 breeding pairs of lapwing , 100 black- tailed godwit and 60 breeding pairs of curlew were counted. Other species that exist include the brown, blue and stonechat, reed warbler , marsh harrier as well as spoonbills and gadgets . In 2006, the Wiesmoor-Klinge raised bog complex was also designated as a nature reserve. It covers 351 hectares and partly extends to the area of the neighboring municipality of Wiesmoor. Großefehn borders the NSG Boekzeteler Meer , the lake area of which is in the neighboring town of Moormerland, with the northeastern shore.
The landscape protection area (LSG) Boekzeteler Meer and the surrounding area north of the lake has been under protection since 1966 (37 hectares). The LSG Oldehave southeast of Bagband covers 741 hectares and has been protected since 1975. In addition, there is the 12 hectare LSG residual high moor area Kreismoor in the far northeast of the municipality, which has been protected since 1985. Trees or groups of trees are also added as smaller natural monuments in almost all villages in the municipality, in several villages two to four of them.
history
Prehistory and early history
“In the geest areas of the Auricherland, due to the high groundwater and backwater conditions, even small differences in height of only a few decimeters played a decisive role in the creation of living spaces and farmland. The flat, sandy ridges and islands between the valleys of the Geest brooks, for example the (...) Flumm, have always been favorable to settlement. Since the Neolithic Age, because of their relatively dry location and their "light" soils, which can be easily worked with the simple agricultural implements of earlier times, they have repeatedly attracted settlement groups. Our oldest Geest villages, the guest settlements, whose living spaces are often lined up on the edges of the Bachtal (...), are located on them today. "
In the Geest area of today's municipality, finds from several prehistoric and early historical epochs have been recorded. A Neolithic settlement with numerous artefacts has been proven on the edge of the Bagbander Deep, including a cut from the edge of a cut ax, which is probably dated to the funnel cup culture . Also near Bagband, next to flint rubble, a stone ax from the individual grave culture was discovered. Such a find also came to light in the district of Felde.
The East Frisian route network of the Bronze Age was reconstructed on the basis of such finds and the location of barrows . One of the most important ways led through the municipality. He connected the Geest in the area of today's places Leer and Hesel with the Geest area around Aurich. A natural obstacle between these areas was the moor area around today's Spetzerfehn, which was crossed with a boardwalk, the Spetze. The term comes from the Middle Low German speke and means something like 'Knüppel- or Faschinendamm through marshy terrain'. The Spetze connected the boundaries of today's places Strackholt and Aurich-Oldendorf.
Ceramic shards from the Roman Empire were discovered in the municipality. Since the Romans possibly had a military camp on the Ems , this suggests that the residents of the area at the time had exchanges with that camp.
Middle Ages and early modern times (until 1633)
The oldest settlements in the municipality are on the 7th / 8th Dated century. These are primarily the districts located on the Geest, namely Aurich-Oldendorf and Holtrop in the north and Bagband and Strackholt in the south of the municipality. In the north, Aurich-Oldendorf is probably the oldest district. There, a large number of finds from the Stone and Bronze Ages through the Roman Empire and into the Middle Ages indicate an early and permanent settlement of the local area. The place was probably called differently in the Middle Ages, but the name may have disappeared. Later settlers gave the place the name Aldenthorpe, which later became Oldendbod or Oldendorf, the old village . The local attribute Aurich- was added later to distinguish it from other Oldendorps in the northwest. Holtrop is assumed to be the next older settlement in the north of the municipality. As with Strackholt in the south, Holtrop (formerly: Holtdorp, i.e. Holzdorf - o and r have swapped places over time, a not uncommon shift in sound, the d was omitted) indicates that there were trees on the Geest in the early Middle Ages. These were cleared for the purpose of logging but also to gain arable land. Finds also suggest the extraction of lawn iron stone. The districts of Felde and Wrisse were settled from Aurich-Oldendorf and Holtrop in the High Middle Ages to the late Middle Ages. Both place names indicate geographical conditions: Fields are former heather areas, Wrisse (from Middle Low German wrase = lawn or grassland) are pastures. These districts were probably settled from the south, i.e. from the direction of Leer. This is supported by the fact that today's Großefehntjer municipality was assigned to the diocese of Münster in the Middle Ages , while the area further north directly around Aurich belonged to the diocese of Bremen .
Timmel is one of the other oldest settlements in the municipality. In the village on the edge of the Geest, near the river Flumm and thus on a shipping route, traces of settlement with house floor plans from the 8th century have been discovered. In the 10th century Timmel was the first of all districts to be mentioned in a document. Presumably in 1121 Cistercians settled in Timmel. However, there was never a monastery in Timmel, just an outbuilding with 250 to 300 hectares and its own chapel. This was leased in 1469 from the Klaarkamp monastery in West Friesland to the Ihlow monastery for 20 years . It was later transferred to the Thedinga Monastery near Leer and after the Reformation fell to the East Frisian Count House . In the 13th century, the five oldest churches in the municipality were built, which presumably all had wooden predecessors. With the exception of the one in Timmel, the stone buildings have been preserved to this day (see section Churches and Organs ).
After the turmoil of the chief fights between the Tom Brok and Ukena families, and later the Cirksena , the municipality finally fell to the latter. The Cirksena were raised to the rank of imperial count in 1464 and ruled over East Frisia for the following 280 years. The Reformation took hold of East Frisia in the early 16th century and with it the area of today's municipality, with the area tending towards Lutheran teaching, while Calvinism predominated in western East Frisia . This was due to the fact that the regulation Cuius regio, eius religio could never be enforced by the weak count house in East Frisia. In 1599 this split was contractually established in the Emden Concordate . It stipulated that the individual parishes could determine their own denomination.
During the Thirty Years' War , the municipality was hit several times by foreign troops. During this time Timmel was devastated by the Mansfeld troops . The troops also left twelve destroyed houses in Strackholt.
From the beginning of the Fehn colonization to the transition to Prussia (1633 to 1744)
The history of the (West) Großefehn district began in 1633 when the four Emden merchants Simon Thebes, Claas Behrends, Cornelius de Rekener and Gerd Lammers received permission from Count Ulrich II of East Frisia to build the still uncultivated raised bog Fehn canals after the Dutch model. These served on the one hand to drain the moorland and on the other hand as a transport artery. Their banks were therefore an ideal settlement area for the colonists. For this purpose, the four Emder founded the Großefehn company (Großefehn company) as a company in which they held the shares. The first area to be cultivated covered an area of 400 diemat . The merchants received the land on a long lease and leased it to the colonists. (West) Großefehn is therefore the oldest bog colony in East Frisia built according to this type.
As is often the case in the history of East Frisia , the background to the founding of the Fehnsiedlung is largely to be found outside the country's borders. At that time, peat was the most important fuel for the East Frisians. In addition, improved drainage options and thus higher harvest yields in the march ensured the rise of the Gulfhaus , for which more clinker bricks were necessary - which in turn increased the fuel requirements of the brickworks. Although the region was rich in the raw material peat, the cities such as Emden and fertile rural areas such as the marshes obtained most of the peat from the neighboring Dutch province of Groningen , and to a lesser extent from the neighboring Saterland . In 1621, however, the Dutch government imposed a ban on the export of peat because the poorly forested country urgently needed the fuel itself. When the delivery of the Saterland peat stalled in the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War, the four Emden merchants started to ask the sovereign for permission to set up their own fen colony. Emden itself was not taken during the Thirty Years War because of its recently completed fortifications and was therefore in a very comfortable position. However, refugees from the surrounding area had moved into the city, which increased fuel requirements. The Count's House, on the other hand, was concerned with the consequences of billeting foreign troops and, on the other hand, the constantly tight financial situation made it impossible to establish a fen colony from its own resources.
Ulrich II finally approved the establishment of the settlement, with the primary aim of promoting the development of the country , i.e. the agricultural use after the peat had been dug up. The merchants, on the other hand, were only interested in the extraction of raw materials and only slowly took care of the subsequent use of the land. Until 1675, when the eastern end of what is now the West Großefehn, the fen society only used wage laborers to dig the canal and shed the moor. Only then, when the area of today's Mittegroßefehn was reached, sub-tenants took over this task, with the aim of building up an agricultural existence or at least doing farming as a sideline. The first colonists settled on the parcels plowed by the wage laborers from 1647, 14 years after the tapping. Most of them came from the surrounding Geest villages, but some also came from the Oldenburger Münsterland .
Equal interests between the count and the merchants consisted in having the colony dumped as quickly as possible. Therefore, the parcels remained quite small and barely exceeded a few hectares. This is the reason why many colonists later had to take up occupations outside of agriculture, because only a part of them were able to expand their property in order to be able to live on agriculture alone. Accordingly, from the 18th century onwards, many Fehntjer shifted exclusively to shipping, initially fencing between the colonies and the cities (mostly Emden), and later also to maritime shipping. There were complaints about too low water levels on the Fehn Canal just a few decades after the colony was founded. In 1717 the first wooden lock was built in Westgroßefehn, which was replaced by a stone one in 1786.
The Christmas flood of 1717 not only caused great damage to the East Frisian coast. Since the landscape between Westgroßefehn and the Ems / the Dollart has hardly any topographical elevations, the flood penetrated into the fen colony, where there were also losses of human life, even more of livestock. The places on the higher Geest, however, were spared.
From the first to the second Prussian rule (1744 to 1871)
After the last Count of East Friesland, Carl Edzard , died childless at an early age, East Friesland fell to Prussia in 1744 due to a prospect that had existed since the end of the 17th century .
Around 1760, almost 130 years after the founding of the Fehn, the Fehn Canal reached the eastern border of what is now Mittegroßefehn. After the reclamation edict of 1765, new peatland colonies emerged in what is now the municipality, which were not laid out according to the Fehn Canal principle. Fiebing came into being from 1783 when the first settler Tamme Fiebing settled in the moor southeast of Strackholt. The place was named after him. A first settler in Akelsbarg is documented for the year 1787, but the place itself was not founded until 1798. Also in 1798, the Wrisser Hammrich and Wrisser Moorlage settlements were built northeast of the eponymous mother town, Wrisse.
In 1806 the area came together with the rest of East Friesland to the Kingdom of Holland, which in turn was annexed to the French Empire in 1810. In the "French times", Timmel was the seat of a canton of the same name, which reached from today's western Ihlower municipality to the north of the bordering Moormerland and also included today's municipality. In 1811 Fehntjer Schiffer opposed the drafts of the Napoleonic military for the French navy. Near the Tatjebrücke near Timmel there was a skirmish between the boatmen and the soldiers, from which the latter emerged victorious. As a punishment, 300 Fehntj seamen were forcibly transferred to French ships.
After the Napoleonic occupation, East Friesland was again part of Prussia from 1813 to 1815, which the region ceded to the Kingdom of Hanover after the Congress of Vienna .
At the beginning of the 19th century, Fehntjer who had become wealthy bought shares in the Großefehn company, so that until 1840 the majority of it was owned by local residents.
In 1830, a dam was built in the moor on the Spetze, which was already known from prehistory , on which the first stone road in East Friesland between Leer and Aurich (today: B 72) was built in the following years. The Kingdom of Hanover founded a seafaring school in Timmel in 1846 to train seafarers in Fehntjer, which existed until 1918. Felix Graf von Luckner was taught there, among others . The Timmel location had the advantage that it is centrally located in the middle of two Fehn complexes: on the one hand Ost-, Mitte- and Westgroßefehn and Spetzerfehn in the east, on the other hand Warsingsfehn, Jheringsfehn and Boekzetelerfehn (today's municipality of Moormerland) and Neuefehn and Stiekelkamperfehn (today's integrated municipality of Hesel) in the south and southwest.
Empire and Weimar Republic
The expansion of the infrastructure continued in the German Empire. Road traffic was expanded by an important route in the years 1870 to 1872: In 1870, a brick connection was first built from Westgroßefehn via Timmel to Neermoor, and in 1872 finally the extension from Westgroßefehn via Ostersander to Schirum near Aurich. This is the forerunner of today's Landesstraße 14 (see section Traffic ). Until then, these roads were unpaved.
The Ems-Jade Canal , which connects Emden and Wilhelmshaven, was built north of Holtrop between 1880 and 1888 . As early as 1850, the East Frisian landscape proposed to drive the Großefehn Canal further south through the moor to the Jade Bay . However, this proposal was not pursued further during the Hanover period.
In the second half of the 19th century, many of the Großefehten emigrated to the USA. This led to a decrease in the population and later slower growth. A major cause is to be found in the increasing coal production, which increasingly displaced peat as a fuel. In addition, many Fehntjer boatmen with their wooden sailors could do little to counter the rise of the iron-hulled ships on the high seas and suffered from increasing competition from the railways in inland shipping. Previously self-employed skippers, however, also switched to serving as the crew of other shipowners. Fehnschifffahrt to the East Frisian cities and marshland settlements continued, however.
During the Prussian district reform in 1885, today's municipality came to the Aurich district. Since then, Großefehn has been part of the Aurich district without interruption.
Towards the end of the Weimar Republic, today's municipality was a stronghold of the NSDAP. In the Reichstag election in 1930 she already achieved an absolute majority in several municipalities. In the following elections to the Reichstag in July 1932 , November 1932 and March 1933 it was even more popular: The National Socialists won more than 90 percent of the votes in some towns, such as Felde, Fiebing or Akelsbarg, and in Wrisse the NSDAP and the right-wing extremist DNVP came together to 100 percent. The Social Democrats, on the other hand, went completely empty in a few cases, for example in the field.
National Socialism
One of the focal points of National Socialist activities was the Mittegroßefehn district. In addition to the Mayor of the National Socialists who had already been a National Socialist before 1933, the pastor of the parish, who was also an active member of the German Christians , also agitated on the East Frisian level. The mayor Westgroßefehns was also considered an active member of the NSDAP. In 1935 all children and young people of the corresponding age in his community were organized in the Hitler Youth .
During the war there were a large number of prisoner-of-war camps in today's municipal area, each of which had three-digit prison numbers. These were prisoners of war from the western and eastern fronts. The prisoners were used primarily in agriculture.
Towards the end of the war, Canadian and Polish troops advanced in the direction of the Ems-Jade Canal at the beginning of May 1945, after having crossed the Ems at Leer at the end of April and marched on towards the northeast. The occupation of the Großefehntjer area went largely without a fight. However, two bridges near Westgroßefehn were blown up by the Wehrmacht soldiers, which severely impeded traffic after the war. The shelling caused slight house damage.
post war period
After the Second World War, the localities of the community of Großefehn took in a large number of expellees from the eastern regions of the German Reich - each village, however, to a different extent. Overall, the population increased from around 9400 (1939) to more than 12,000 (1946) despite the effects of the war (fallen soldiers).
The activity report of the Aurich district administration for the electoral period 1948–1952 clarifies the associated problems (the reporting period already begins during the Second World War):
“Strangers even came into the district and later a lot of the military. Much of it stayed here when the war ended. Sufficient work and living space could not be created for all of these people, especially since the cities of Emden and Wilhelmshaven had been smashed and some of their residents had also been evacuated to the Aurich district. The military government instructed the displaced persons to attend to this unnatural increase in the population, which was in complete contradiction to the capabilities of the district. That meant a catastrophe for both parties: for the Aurich district and for the displaced! The recurring unemployment affects the displaced the most. Although only 15 B.C. H. make up the inhabitants, they are around 30 percent. H. involved in unemployment. The housing shortage has just as severe an impact. (...) The displaced people were mostly assigned the poor side rooms, summer kitchens, up-chambers, milk rooms and bakeries, which are just as unhealthy as they are inhumane, like the Nissen huts and barracks. The housing misery of the displaced in the Aurich district is confirmed by the State Statistical Office by stating "that the Aurich administrative district has the highest density of housing in Lower Saxony with the smallest average apartment size". (...) They (the displaced persons, d. Authors) were randomly housed in the circle. The big city dwellers among them do not live without work and in miserable homes in the country. You run the risk of social decline. The mountain people are as unhappy in the moor as the Catholics in the purely Protestant country. More than half of the displaced therefore applied for resettlement. "
On July 1, 1972, the 14 communities Akelsbarg, Aurich-Oldendorf, Bagband, Felde, Fiebing, Holtrop, Mittegroßefehn, Ostgroßefehn, Spetzerfehn, Strackholt, Timmel, Ulbargen, Westgroßefehn and Wrisse merged to form today's large community Großefehn. The central Großefehn was determined as the municipality name, the largest municipality Ostgroßefehn as the capital. On January 1, 1973, an area with then around 200 inhabitants was assigned to the municipality of Hesel in the district of Leer . In earlier times, the formation of centers in Fehnkanal settlements was difficult due to the extremely elongated character of the settlement, but after the municipal reform, Ostgroßefehn was expanded to become the center of the community beyond the Fehnkanal through the designation of new building areas. The population of what was already the largest district at that time rose again significantly, so that the administrative headquarters, main shopping area and location of one of the three commercial areas of the municipality is by far the largest district today. Mittegroßefehn and Ulbargen have further municipal importance as the two other locations of industrial areas as well as Westgroßefehn and especially Timmel as main tourist areas. As the location of the garbage dump and the recycling center of the Aurich district, Mittegroßefehn is also of supraregional importance.
Population development
A systematic recording of the population by the authorities took place in East Friesland since the beginning of the Prussian period (1744). However, official figures for individual villages are seldom transmitted from that time, so local history research is often based on church sources.
Individual villages in the municipality grew quite strongly in the first half of the 19th century, so that overall, between around 1820 and the unification of the empire, there was a clear increase in the number of inhabitants. This applies, for example, to the Akelsbarg bog colony, which has been inhabited since the late 18th century and whose population rose from 31 to 224 between 1821 and 1871. Ostgroßefehn in particular grew significantly. In 1821 the district had one less inhabitant than the old Geestdorf Strackholt (715 compared to 716), the current capital of the municipality 50 years later was already slightly more than twice as large (1932 compared to 962).
In the second half of the 19th century, but especially after the unification of the empire, many Fehntjer emigrated to the USA, so that in 1885 there was already a slight decrease compared to 1871. This was then also noticeable in much slower growth up to the turn of the century. Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, less than 10,000 people lived in the municipality - a mark that was clearly broken in 1946 by the admission of many displaced persons and did not decline in the following years. However, this happened in the first half of the 1950s: Due to a lack of career prospects (or any job at all), many of the newcomers emigrated to more prosperous regions, so that the population fell to just over 10,000. When the community merged in 1972, the number had grown again to more than 11,000. In the 1990s, residents from the new federal states, repatriates and a certain number of retirees from other regions of Germany immigrated to the community to seek retirement. For several years the population has been constant at just over 13,000.
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Development of the community name
Today's large community of Großefehn is named after the central Fehnsiedlung, which is formed by the districts of West-, Mitte- and Ostgroßefehn. It had its historical and geographical beginning in West Großefehn. The district was known by several names when it was founded: On the one hand, it was referred to as "Norder Ehefehn" or "'t Groote Ehefehn". This relates to the location on the Norder Ehe watercourse, which is now called Flumm or Fehntjer Tief. On the other hand, the settlement was also referred to as "Timmeler Große-Veen" or "Timmler groote Fehn", reflecting the geographical location near the (southern) town of Timmel, which was closest to the first settlement. The spelling with "v" is borrowed from Dutch, which was widespread in the 17th century in East Frisia (and especially in Emden, where the four Fehn founders came from). The "Groote Vehn" or "Groote Fehn" finally prevailed. With the spread of the standard German language in East Frisia in the 19th century, it became Großefehn.
religion
The political community of Großefehn has a predominantly Lutheran church . In the largely Protestant East Frisia, Großefehn is part of the larger eastern Lutheran area, while the Reformed denomination predominates along the Ems. The Großefehntjer parishes belong to the Aurich parish, which is the second largest parish of the Hanoverian regional church with around 73,000 parishioners . The Lutheran Church in the districts of Aurich and Wittmund has the highest percentage of Lutherans in all of Germany.
Seven parishes cover the area of the political community Großefehn and partly also adjacent areas. The Bagband parish, with around 700 parishioners, is the smallest in the parish and also has members in Spetzerfehn and in the Neuemoor district of Hesel, which is already in the Leer district . The Christ parish in Spetzerfehn is the youngest in Großefehn, it was only dissolved by the mother parish in Strackholt in 1970. The other parishes are those in Timmel, Holtrop, Aurich-Oldendorf, Strackholt, Mittegroßefehn and Ostgroßefehn, whereby the one in Strackholt also includes the Zwischenbergen belonging to the city of Wiesmoor.
In addition to the Lutheran congregations, there is also a New Apostolic congregation in Ostgroßefehn that has existed since 1926 and moved into its first chapel in 1929. A new building was inaugurated in 1985. There are no Catholic parishes in Großefehn, Catholics receive spiritual care from the closest parishes in the neighboring towns of Aurich and Wiesmoor.
politics
Municipal council
The council of the community of Großefehn consists of 30 councilors, which according to the Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law is the number set for a community with a population between 12,001 and 15,000. The 30 council members are elected for five years each by local elections. The current term of office began on November 1, 2016 and ends on October 31, 2021.
The last local election on September 11, 2016 resulted in the following:
| Political party | Proportional votes | Number of seats | Change voices | Change seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPD | 46.49% | 14th | −0.38% | 0 |
| CDU | 27.30% | 8th | −1.38% | −1 |
| Citizen List | 13.21% | 4th | −0.21% | 0 |
| Alliance 90 / The Greens | 7.19% | 2 | + 0.15% | 0 |
| The left | 3.92% | 1 | −0.07% | 0 |
| FDP | 1.88% | 1 | +1.88% | +1 |
The turnout in the 2016 local elections was 57.63%, above the Lower Saxony average of 55.5%. For comparison - in the previous local election on September 11, 2011, the turnout was 51.5%.
The full-time mayor is also entitled to vote in the municipal council.
There are also local councils in the 14 districts. They are responsible for matters that do not exceed the scope of the village or the district. They are also heard on matters that affect their village but are decided at community level - for example because the local council is responsible based on the financial volume.
mayor
Erwin Adams, a non-party member, has been mayor of the community of Großefehn since 2019. His predecessor Olaf Meinen held the office from 2006 to 2019 and gave it up prematurely on the occasion of his election as District Administrator of the Aurich district.
Adams won the election on November 3, 2019 in the first ballot with 63.17 percent of the votes against the SPD candidate Friede Schone, who was defeated by 19.5 percent, and Verena Beermann, who was not a party, who received 17.4 percent of the votes.
Representatives in the Landtag and Bundestag
A member of the constituency 86 Aurich (Aurich, Südbrookmerland, Ihlow, Großefehn, Brookmerland, Großheide) is represented in the Lower Saxony state parliament (legislative period until 2022) . The direct mandate won in the 2017 election of the Aurich social democrat Wiard Siebels . He stood for the first time in the state elections in 2008. No other politician from the constituency entered the state parliament via the parties' list.
In federal elections, Großefehn belongs to constituency 24 Aurich - Emden . This includes the city of Emden and the district of Aurich. In the 2017 federal election , the social democrat Johann Saathoff was directly elected. No party candidate from the constituency entered the Bundestag via the parties' list.
Municipal finance
The municipality of Großefehn closed the budget year 2010 with a deficit of around 1.5 million euros after the budget could not be balanced in the previous year. In the years 2006 to 2008, however, the municipality was still able to reduce debts. At the end of 2010, the municipality's total debt was around 9.6 million euros.
coat of arms
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Blazon : "Under a red wave shield head, in it three golden acorns, in gold a red gallery Dutch mill." |
| Founding of the coat of arms: The council of the large community of Großefehn, newly formed in 1973, decided that year to adopt this coat of arms. The wave symbolizes the numerous fen canals and lows, while the mill stands for the formerly numerous windmills in the municipality, five of which are still preserved. The acorns (for the Upstalsboom ) and the colors gold and red are taken from the coat of arms of the Aurich district. |
Partnerships
In 2004 the municipality of Großefehn entered into a partnership with the Dutch municipality of Pekela in the province of Groningen . Contacts between the Fehntjer Comprehensive School and the Dollard College in Pekela have existed since the early 1990s. There are particularly close ties in the areas of school, sport, culture and agriculture. Sports festivals with around 100 participants take place every two years, and choirs and music groups also visit each other. Since 2009, Dutch has been offered as a study group at all four primary schools in the municipality.
Culture and sights
Museums
In Westgroßefehn there is the Fehnmuseum Eiland and a weaving museum. The Fehn Museum shows exhibits from the early moor colonists such as bunk spades, peat spades, peat spades, peat carts and bog shoes and provides information about the history of the settlement of the Great Vehn . Another focus is the presentation of the shipping history of the Fehntjer with models of Binnentjalks, kuffs, galiots and schooners. A historic forge, a sawmill and a small harbor basin are also part of the museum. The weaving museum De Weevstuuv (The Weaving Room ) was established in the late 1990s and shows exhibits from the work of weavers. Web courses are also offered in the museum. The museum is housed in the old village school, which was built in 1883 and is no longer used as such. A beer museum is connected to the local brewery in the district of Bagband. In Ostgroßefehn, the museum ship Frauke is moored on the Fehn Canal in the center of the village and can be viewed. It is about a 100 year old Tjalk , as it was used in the fen shipping. The ship is owned by the municipality but is maintained by volunteers. The Gretje , a restored Tjalk that was built around 1913, has her home port in Timmel .
Churches and organs
In the municipality of Großefehn there are four brick church buildings from the Middle Ages. The Strackholter Church was built in the 13th century as a rectangular hall church with vaults, to which an east apse was added in the Romanesque era . The crucifixion group was created on the beam in the triumphal arch in the 15th century, the winged altar in 1654 and the rococo pulpit in 1801. The organ by Gerhard Janssen Schmid from 1798/1799 has been in the south pore since 1833 and has undergone several extensions. Due to the heavy church attendance at the time of the revival preacher Remmer Janssen , the building was expanded into a cruciform church . The free-standing bell tower of the parallel wall type dates from the 14th century and has richly designed gable sides.
The Holtrop Church has largely retained its shape since the 13th century. However, the semicircular east apse had to be removed after 50 years. Instead, a rood screen with three large round arches was installed, above which a crucifixion group has been attached since the 15th century. Instead of the original vaults, a wooden mirrored ceiling now closes the interior. The altarpiece from the 17th century comes from the Cröpelin workshop, the pulpit probably from the same period. Hinrich Just Müller created the organ on the west gallery in 1772. The work has eight registers on a manual and an attached pedal and is still largely original. Like many other East Frisian churches, it has a free-standing bell tower.
The Bagbander Church was built on a terp in the 13th century , the apse and vault of which were later removed. The baptismal font made of Bentheim sandstone is the oldest piece of furniture. The crucifixion group and the double Madonna in a halo come from the 15th century. The pulpit dates from 1654. Like Müller, Heinrich Wilhelm Eckmann also had a Westphalian influence on the organ landscape in East Frisia . Its largely preserved organ from 1775 has 14 stops on one manual. The church tower in neo -Gothic style has replaced the medieval belfry since 1895.
The St. Petri Church in Aurich-Oldendorf was built around 1270–1280 from yellowish bricks with a rectangular choir and a separate bell tower of the closed type. The original vault is only preserved in the choir. The small font made of Bentheim sandstone is badly weathered. The pulpit dates from 1695. In the choir arch, the old organ front by Valentin Ulrich Grotian from 1692 has been preserved. The organ was first in the Reformed Church in Bunde and was sold to Aurich-Oldendorf in 1791. The interior is from 1973 by Jehmlich Orgelbau Dresden .
The medieval Petrus-und-Paulus-Kirche in Timmel was flooded in 1717 and had to be abandoned. In 1736 today's baroque church was completed. The reredos from the previous building date from the 1640s; the pulpit dates from 1695. Of the organ that Johann Friedrich Constabel built in 1740, only the prospectus remains. Behind it is a new work by Gebr. Hillebrand from 1962 with 18 stops on two manuals and pedal.
Architecturally shaped by historicism are the Mittegroßefehner Church (1857) and the neo-Gothic Ostgroßefehner Church (1894/95), both of which were built for the fen colonies that had grown significantly up to then. The youngest church in the parish is in Spetzerfehn. After a chapel congregation was founded there in 1950, the congregation gained independence with the construction of the Christ Church in 1970.
Other structures
There are five restored gallery Dutch windmills in Großefehn . Großefehn therefore also calls itself "Mühlengemeinde" and "Fünf-Mühlen-Land". The Steenblock mill in the Spetzerfehn district is the only one still in operation. The first mill was built there in 1818 and after a fire in 1885 it was replaced by a three-story gallery dutch. After the mill was shut down in 1953, it was renovated in 1961. Since then, the Steenblock family has been running the mill again. In addition to being driven by wind, there is also the option of ensuring that the grinding operation is carried out by a motor in times of calm. The one-story Dutch gallery in Bagband dates from 1812 and was renovated in 1988. Further mills are located in the districts of Ostgroßefehn (built in 1804), Westgroßefehn (1898) and Felde (1866). Art exhibitions are shown in the mill in Ostgroßefehn, and a registry office is also located there.
Along the Fehn canals in West-, Mitte- and Ostgroßefehn as well as in Spetzerfehn there are numerous historical Dutch bascule bridges , which together with the canals make up the typical Fehn picture. Historic locks are maintained and continue to serve their purpose: both to drain the area and as a passage for smaller boats.
In the district of Timmel there are a large number of historical buildings, including the old Blehs brewery from around 1650 . Other historical buildings are the Old Vogthaus (1794), the building of the seafaring school founded in 1846, the Old Küsterei (1857) and the birthplace of the philosopher Wilhelm Schapp from around 1850. There are also several historical buildings in the Westgroßefehn district. They are lined up there along the Großefehn Canal. One of the most impressive buildings is the captain's house from 1835, which was built by a captain who had become prosperous. The other buildings are also residential buildings and also date from the 19th century. Individual typical colonist houses are still preserved on the Fehn canals in Spetzerfehn and in Ostgroßefehn.
There are still a number of Gulf farms in the municipality , which on the Geest and in the moor do not usually reach the size of farms as in the more fertile marshes , but they are structured in the way they are. A historic courtyard from 1768 is in the center of Aurich-Oldendorf. Its living area was changed thoroughly in 1950, but the historical facade was retained. On the Alter Postweg between Bagband and Strackholt you can see a Gulfhof from 1827, which has hardly been changed structurally. It belonged to a once larger complex with a (no longer preserved) mill. Hof Pleis in the center of Bagband is one of the oldest preserved Gulf farms in the municipality. The front building with the residential part was rebuilt in 1811, but the entablature of the economic part can be dated to around 1700. In Ostgroßefehn and Spetzerfehn there are Gulfhöfe along the Fehn canals.
In addition to the churches, there are a number of other buildings under monument protection in the community of Großefehn. In Timmel alone, in addition to the building of the former nautical school and its outbuildings, seven Gulfhöfe are listed as historical monuments. In Westgroßefehn three residential buildings, six Gulf houses and the former smithy are listed.
Sports
The nationwide best-known sports club from the community is SuS Timmel : Its women's soccer team played in the second division from 2004 to 2007 and in the regional league for several years. Other universal sports clubs are SV Großefehn, FT Spetzerfehn and SV Spetzerfehn, TSV Holtrop and SuS Strackholt. The Timmeler Meer is home to both the local paddling enthusiasts and a boat sports club. Frisian athletes are active in the Akelsbarg Boßelverein . There is also a swimming club, a hiking group and four shooting clubs. In addition to the Timmel driving and riding club, which is based in the RTC, there is another one in the Moorlage district.
In addition to the RTC, there are other sports facilities in the community: Sports halls in Holtrop, Ostgroßefehn, Mittegroßefehn, Spetzerfehn and Strackholt as well as tennis facilities in Ostgroßefehn, Spetzerfehn and Strackholt. A heated outdoor pool can be found in the district of Holtrop, a natural outdoor pool on the Timmeler Meer.
Regular events
The Equestrian Tourism Center (RTC, original spelling), which was newly opened in 2008, not only regularly hosts horse tournaments and shows, but also regional business fairs, concerts and other events such as theater performances. The annual Ossiloop runs through Großefehn , a cross-country ski run between Leer and Esens, which largely follows the former Leer-Aurich-Wittmund small railway line.
Every year in May / June the Großefehntjer Mill Days take place. A traditional part of the mill days is a boat race on the Fehn Canal in Ostgroßefehn. One of the concerts of the annual Musical Summer in East Friesland usually takes place in one of the municipality's historic churches . The harbor festival is celebrated in Timmel every year, in which not only the skippers who have moored their boats there take part, but also those from outside the city.
language
In Großefehn, East Frisian Platt is spoken in addition to High German . It is an everyday language among adults. In order to make children and young people more familiar with the East Frisian Platt again, Großefehn, as one of the first two municipalities in the district (the other is the neighboring town of Wiesmoor), appointed a volunteer Low German representative in 2009. Language acquisition should begin in kindergartens.
Economy and Infrastructure
The economy in the community of Großefehn is characterized by medium-sized companies, but only a few industrial companies are among them. Tourism is of some importance with almost 200,000 overnight stays a year, as is agriculture, which takes up most of the municipality's area.
Großefehn is an out- commuter community . 3545 Fehntjer are employed subject to social security contributions, there are 2784 positions subject to social security contributions in the municipality. 1812 commuters from other municipalities compared to 2573 commuters to other municipalities, which results in a negative commuter balance of 751. All rural communities on the mainland of the Aurich district have a negative commuter balance. Among them, however, Großefehn has the second best relative ratio between commuters and commuters after Marienhafe .
Separate labor market data for Großefehn are not collected. Together with the cities of Aurich and Wiesmoor and the communities of Ihlow and Südbrookmerland, Großefehn forms the Aurich branch within the Emden-Leer district of the Employment Agency. In the Aurich division, the unemployment rate was 7.1 percent in February 2019. It was 1.2 percentage points above the Lower Saxony average.
The municipality has three industrial areas in Ostgroßefehn, in Mittegroßefehn on the B 72 and in Ulbargen on the B 72. The last-mentioned, twelve-hectare industrial area is the youngest: It was set up in 2004 after having had commercial space in the municipality at the end of the 1990s had become scarce. Almost all companies from the community have settled here that have not been able to expand at their previous location.
tourism
Tourism is a mainstay of the local economy with a focus on the districts of Timmel and Westgroßefehn in the west of the municipality. The tourist infrastructure is mainly located on the Timmeler Meer, where the tourist information office for the entire municipality is also located. At Timmeler Meer there is a sandy beach, boat moorings, a campsite with trekking huts and a paddle-and-pedal station where tourists can rent boats or bicycles and return them to stations in other communities. Another paddle-and-pedal station is at the Fehnmuseum Eiland in Westgroßefehn. In addition to the campsite, there are holiday apartments, holiday houses and pensions as well as a small number of hotels in the municipality. Individual farms also offer overnight accommodation. A total of around 900 beds are available in the municipality, plus 180 parking spaces on the campsite. Around 180 private landlords can be found in the municipality, which is recording increasing tourism figures. In 2008 there were 182,000 overnight stays, a year later the local tourism company counted 191,100.
In addition to water tourism and bicycle tourism, the municipality has also been focusing on horse tourism for some time. In 2008, for example, the equestrian tourism center was opened in Timmel, which is owned by the community. Not only equestrian events take place there, boxes and other infrastructure are also available for horse owners to pursue their hobby. Training is also offered.
The community has a network of cycle paths, which is not yet completely available on all main roads. In addition, parallel to the construction of the equestrian center, a network of riding trails was created, which includes both paved and sandy paths. It is 114 kilometers long in the municipality. An infrastructural problem for boat tourism in the municipality is an approximately eight kilometer long section of the Fehntjer Depth, which is only 60 to 80 centimeters deep due to silting and is therefore hardly navigable for (larger) boats. A change of ownership from the state of Lower Saxony to the oldersum drainage association is sought.
The community of Großefehn subsidizes tourism annually with a six-figure sum. In 2010, the community institutions were subsidized with around 327,000 euros. These included 236,500 euros for the equestrian tourism center, 130,000 euros for the tourist information and 27,500 euros for the swimming pools. Only the community-owned campsite at Timmeler Meer made a profit: 59,600 euros. In 2009, however, the grant was even higher at 573,000 euros.
Agriculture
Agriculture in the municipality is largely shaped by dairy farming. In addition to grassland, there are also cultivation areas for forage crops such as maize. The district of Aurich is the eleventh largest milk producer district in Germany, to which the municipality of Großefehn as the third largest in area in the district makes a major contribution. More recently, the dairy farmers in the municipality have suffered from milk prices that are too low and more volatile. Ludwig Soeken, dairy farmer in Timmel, is one of the spokesmen for the Association of German Dairy Farmers, which works to improve market conditions for dairy farmers. Dairy farming is practiced almost exclusively with cows, but individual farmers have also specialized in other animals, such as the East Frisian milk sheep .
The number of farms has decreased over the past few decades, while farm sizes have increased. In 1949, for example, there were still 87 farms in the Timmel district, 53 of which had a farm area of less than five hectares. In 2006 there were only twelve full-time businesses in Timmel.
Farmers are increasingly relying on energy production using biogas, which, however, occasionally leads to protests among the population. The systems are used for local supply with electricity and heat. With a biogas plant in combination with a combined heat and power plant in Aurich-Oldendorf, electricity is fed into the grid and waste heat is conducted through a 2.7-kilometer line in the Ostgroßefehntjer school center. The boom in biogas plants, however, is leading to an expansion of the cultivation areas for maize, which in East Frisia grew by 60 percent between 2005 and 2010. This was accompanied by an increase in the price of agricultural land for arable land and grassland by 31 and 40 percent. In the face of opposition from the population, plans to build stables for factory farming meet, some of which were not implemented.
Agricultural areas are also used to generate wind energy . There are a total of 33 wind turbines in the municipality , including 18 in a wind farm northeast of Bagband, Timmeler Kampen . Another area northwest of Bagband with 14 to 20 systems is to be built in the future, according to a resolution by the local council. In addition, more energy is to be generated in the Timmeler Kampen wind farm through repowering .
traffic
Großefehn is located off the autobahn and is accessed by two federal highways. There is no longer a rail connection. The federal highways 72 and 436 run through the municipality . Coming from the direction of Hesel , both federal roads use the same route up to the fork in Bagband. The B 72 runs from Bagband via Mittegroßefehn on to Aurich. The B 436 first crosses the village of Bagband itself, then the Strackholt district and finally continues via Wiesmoor to the A 29 near Sande. The community is also accessed from the state road 14. This leads from Aurich-Schirum via Westgroßefehn and Timmel to the Neermoor junction on the A31 .
The nearest junctions are Neermoor on the A 31 (just under 16 kilometers from the Ostgroßefehntjer center), Leer-Ost (about 20 kilometers), Filsum (almost 24 kilometers) and Apen / Remels (22 kilometers) on the A 28 .
Bus routes form local public transport. Two express bus routes between Aurich and Leer through the municipality are of great importance, as they not only connect Großefehn to the district town, but also to Leer train station , where there is a connection to the national intercity network. The route of line 460 leads on the B 72 through the municipality with stops at Holtrop, in Mittegroßefehn and Bagband, the line 481 uses the state road 14 and connects Westgroßefehn and Timmel. Both lines run every hour. In June 2011, the one millionth passenger since the line was introduced in 2001 was counted on line 460. Other buses run with less regularity between Aurich and Wiesmoor with stops in the eastern Fehntjer districts. There is also a shuttle service from Wiesmoor via the eastern Großefehntjer municipality to the Aurich-Leer express bus line. In Bagband the shuttle has a connection to the express bus.
From the beginning of the 20th century until 1967/1969, Großefehn had stations on the Leer – Aurich – Wittmund small railway , a meter- gauge railway. Stopping points were in Bagband, Strackholt, Spetzerfehn, Ostgroßefehn, Wrisse and Holtrop (list from south to north). The line was closed due to unprofitability. The last passenger train ran in 1967, the last freight train two years later. The Ostfriesland hiking trail is now on the route.
The fen canals and the natural lows are no longer significant for commercial shipping today. However, they are still used for boat and paddle tourism. Because of the low and rigid bridges in Mitte and Ostgroßefehn, however, passage in a west-east direction (ultimately from the Ems to the Nordgeorgsfehn Canal ) is only possible for paddle boats or motorized boats without superstructures.
The nearest airports are those in Emden and Leer , the nearest international airport with scheduled flights is the one in Bremen .
Established businesses
The building materials trading company Trauco, founded in 1949, is located in Großefehn, which grew strongly in the 1970s and 1980s through takeovers in northwest Germany and now has 23 subsidiaries. The Beekmann group of companies has developed from a haulage company of a family of boatmen to a transport and disposal service provider. Beekmann takes on waste disposal in the Aurich district and is integrated into the Dual System Germany. This resulted in the subsidiary Polybeek , founded in 1983 , a company in the plastics recycling and plastics processing industry, which is now also active in this sector in India. Another subsidiary, Beekmann Umwelttechnik, has concentrated on building renovation. The Beekmann Group also includes the Aurich-Wiesmoorer Torfverwertungsgesellschaft, which operates peat extraction in Wiesmoor and Großheide . The clothing manufacturer Hinrichs has existed in Mittegroßefehn since 1954. The fittings manufacturer Nocado, based in Hamburg, produces fittings in Großefehn. The small brewery Ostfriesen-Bräu has been located in the Bagband district since 1999, where an old brewery had previously existed. The company sells around 1200 hectoliters of dark country beer per year. The brewery is the only one in East Frisia, as the Jever Pils is brewed in Jever and therefore in the Oldenburger Land .
media
Großefehn is in the circulation area of two daily newspapers: on the one hand, the Ostfriesische Nachrichten , which appears in Aurich, and , on the other hand, the Ostfriesen-Zeitung, which appears in Leer . The latter is the only daily newspaper in East Frisia that appears across the region. Großefehn is editorially supported from Aurich (Ostfriesische Nachrichten) or from Wiesmoor (Ostfriesen-Zeitung). In addition, an advertising paper from the publishing house of the Emder Zeitung appears twice a week : on Wednesdays it appears as the home paper , on Sundays as the Sunday paper . The editorial office is based in Aurich. From the community also reports of citizens broadcast transmitter Radio Ostfriesland .
Public facilities
The Großefehntjer municipal administration not only maintains its subordinate facilities such as the building yard and the tourist information office, but is also the owner of the business enterprise Reitsport-Touristik-Centrum in the Timmel district. The town hall also houses a police station for the municipality, which is manned during normal office hours. After work is over, the municipal area is looked after by the police station in Wiesmoor.
The district administration maintains the district's recycling plant as a subsidiary in Mittegroßefehn. This operates under the name of Materialkreislauf- und Kompostwirtschaft GmbH & Co. KG . Connected to it are an organic waste composting plant, a mechanical-biological waste treatment plant for residual waste, a recycling center, a stationary hazardous waste collection point and two storage halls for biomass, waste wood, construction site waste and waste electrical equipment. There has not been a landfill there since 1993, and landfill waste has since been brought to Breinermoor in the Leer district. The landfill was landscaped and is a landmark in the otherwise flat landscape.
A branch of the Office for Children, Youth and Family of the Aurich district administration is located in Mühlenhof in Ostgroßefehn. She is responsible for the communities Großefehn and Ihlow as well as the city of Wiesmoor.
An ambulance has been located in Spetzerfehn since the end of November 2007 , as the journey from Aurich was too long. This later became an independent rescue station, operated jointly by the DRK and the district.
The fire and disaster control is taken over by the volunteer fire brigade Großefehn. After the municipal reform in 1972, it is divided into the following nine fire departments at local level: Akelsbarg-Felde-Wrisse, Aurich-Oldendorf, Bagband, Holtrop, Ostgroßefehn, Spetzerfehn, Strackholt, Timmel and West-, Mittegroßefehn / Ulbargen.
One of around 1,800 measuring points of the radioactivity measuring network of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) is located in the Bagband district of Großefehntjer . The measuring station measures the local gamma dose rate (ODL) at the measuring location and sends the data to the measuring network. The data, averaged over 24 hours, can be called up directly on the Internet.
education and parenting
In the community of Großefehn there is a cooperative comprehensive school in the main town of Ostgroßefehn and four primary schools in the districts of Mittegroßefehn, Holtrop, Spetzerfehn and Strackholt. At the KGS, grammar school lessons are offered up to the tenth grade, so Fehntjer students have to do their Abitur outside of the community. The closest options are the Ulricianum grammar school or the IGS Aurich-West in the district town and the KGS in Wiesmoor. For early childhood education there are day-care centers and crèches in Mittegroßefehn, Spetzerfehn, Strackholt, Timmel, Holtrop, Moorlage and Ostgroßefehn available in the community. A school for learning support, the David Fabricius School , can be found in Ostgroßefehn. A branch of the Aurich community college makes educational offers for adults. The nearest university of applied sciences is the University of Emden / Leer , the nearest university the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg .
The Leinerstift , a socio-educational institution of the Diakonisches Werk, is located in Mittegroßefehn . A school is attached. In addition to the sponsorship of the special school with a focus on "emotional and social development", the Leinerstift is active in child, youth and family aid.
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the church
The philosopher and lawyer Wilhelm Schapp was born in Timmel in 1884. He studied under Edmund Husserl in Göttingen and received his doctorate in philosophy in 1909 on the “phenomenology of perception”, which is one of the main publications in classical phenomenology today . Schapp died in 1965 in Sanderbusch (municipality of Sande near Wilhelmshaven). The writer Toni Wübbens , who was also born in Timmel in 1850 , made a name for herself with stories written in Low German. She died in Hanover in 1907. The historian and local researcher Ufke Cremer (1887–1958) was also a native of Timmeler.
Johann Habben (born in Bagband in 1875) was police chief in Hanover during the Weimar Republic and National Socialism and appeared as a sympathizer (and later a member) of the NSDAP . The lawyer Johann-Tönjes Cassens , born in Aurich-Oldendorf in 1932 , was a member of the Bremen citizenship from 1963 to 1981 as a CDU member and was the top candidate in the 1971 state election. From 1981 to 1990 he was Minister of Science in the cabinet of Lower Saxony's Prime Minister Ernst Albrecht . The entrepreneur Rolf Trauernicht was born in Ostgroßefehn in 1924. He founded a successful building materials business in the community, but became known nationwide primarily for his commitment to the further construction of the A 31 (see section honorary citizens below). The Lower Saxony state politician Hans Bookmeyer was born in Mittegroßefehn in 1955 and was twice a member of the state parliament. TV and radio journalist Mareike Aden comes from Holtrop and works as a reporter in Moscow. In 2011 she received the Peter Boenisch Memorial Prize for her work. The Youtuber and rapper Taddl and Tj_beastboy also lived in Großefehn
People who worked on site
The East Frisian revival preacher Remmer Janssen was pastor in Strackholt for 44 years.
Honorary citizen
The community of Großefehn has not given the native Fehntjer Rolf (called "Tullum") Mourning honorary citizenship. With this, the municipality not only paid tribute to mourning nothing's work as an entrepreneur in the municipality, including as the founder and long-time owner of the building materials retailer chain Trauco , but also his commitment to closing the gap on federal motorway 31 early on . Trauernicht, together with the Emsland District Administrator Hermann Bröring, launched a successful fundraising campaign in the regional economy and among private individuals in order to be able to complete the important connection to North Rhine-Westphalia earlier than planned. Trauernicht added EUR 125,000 from his private fortune. The gap was closed in 2004, ten years earlier than planned in the Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan. The private pre-financing of a section of the motorway was unprecedented in Germany.
literature
- Silke Arends-Vernholz: Großefehn - see the country! Verlag SKN, Norden, ISBN 3-928327-86-0 .
- Kurt Brüning (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 2: Lower Saxony and Bremen (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 272). Kröner, Stuttgart 1958, DNB 456882812 .
- Jürgen Bünstorf: The East Frisian Fehnsiedlung as a regional type of settlement and bearer of socio-functional professional tradition. Publishing house Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1966.
- Heinrich Gronewold: Großefehn, stories and pictures from the oldest East Frisian fen colony and its surroundings. Verkehrs- und Heimatverein Großefehn e. V., Achim 1983.
- Helmut Sanders: Großefehn-Wiesmoor. Sutton, Erfurt 1999, ISBN 3-89702-162-5 .
- Helmut Sanders: The settlement of the Großefehn as part of the East Frisian Fehn colonization. (unedited manuscript in the State Archives Aurich 1948)
- Heinrich Tebbenhoff: Großefehn. Aurich 1963.
- Manfred Wittor: Mühlen in Großefehn - history of all grain, water scoop and sawmills in Großefehn from over 400 years. Verkehrs- und Heimatverein Großefehn e. V.
Web links
- Großefehn
- Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape ): Mittegroßefehn (PDF file; 58.2 kB)
- Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle): Westgroßefehn (PDF file; 59.5 kB)
- Paul Weßels (local chronicle): Ostgroßefehn (PDF file; 59.2 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).
- ^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland. Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 24.
- ↑ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Timmel (PDF; 60 kB), accessed on July 3, 2011.
- ^ Karl-Heinz Frees: Wiesmoor: The long way from the moor to the flower city. Rautenberg Verlag, Leer, p. 77.
- ↑ Land under in Großefehn. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. November 12, 2008, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ Großefehn: Too much water introduced: Spetzerfehn Canal overflows , Ostfriesische Nachrichten, January 4, 2012, accessed on September 11, 2012.
- ↑ Großefehn is looking for emergency areas. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. December 18, 2010, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , as of August 9, 2011.
- ^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland. Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 115.
- ↑ The population figures come from the municipality's website ( memento from September 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). As the municipal administration's own surveys are concerned, the aggregated total number of inhabitants differs from that of the State Statistical Office in Hanover.
- ↑ German Weather Service
- ^ Heinrich level / Uwe Mosig: Bird protection at the Fehntjer Tief - successful protection of wet grassland. In: Annual report 2010 of the Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation, available online at www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de , accessed on June 26, 2011.
- ↑ The information can be viewed on an interactive map under Environment Map Lower Saxony .
- ^ Gerhard Siebels: The settlement names of the Auricherland, in: Hajo van Lengen (Hrsg.): Collectanea Frisica. Contributions to the historical regional studies of East Frisia. Walter Deeters on his 65th birthday. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-86-9 , pp. 75-100, here: pp. 76/77.
- ↑ www.ostfriesenelandschaft.de: Fundchronik 1996 , accessed on August 13, 2011.
- ↑ www.ostfriesenelandschaft.de: Fundchronik 1998 , accessed on August 13, 2011.
- ↑ www.ostfriesenelandschaft.de: Find in Felde. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
- ^ Harm Wiemann, Johannes Engelmann: Old streets and ways in East Friesland (= East Friesland in the protection of the dike. Volume VIII). Unchanged reprint of the first edition 1974, Verlag Schuster, Leer 2002, ISBN 3-7963-0356-0 , p. 96 ff.
- ^ Gerhard Siebels: The settlement names of the Auricherland. In: Hajo van Lengen (Ed.): Collectanea Frisica. Contributions to the historical regional studies of East Frisia. Walter Deeters on his 65th birthday. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-86-9 , pp. 75–100, here: p. 76, note 2.
- ↑ www.ostfriesenelandschaft.de: Find in Holtrop , accessed on August 13, 2011.
- ↑ The information in this paragraph comes from: Gerhard Siebels: Die Siedlungsnames des Auricherlandes. In: Hajo van Lengen (Ed.): Collectanea Frisica. Contributions to the historical regional studies of East Frisia. Walter Deeters on his 65th birthday . Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-86-9 , pp. 75-100, here: pp. 76, 80, 90, 91, 93, 94.
- ^ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Timmel (PDF; 60 kB), p. 1, accessed on June 27, 2011.
- ↑ The information in this section comes, if not otherwise referenced, from: Ekkehard Wassermann: Siedlungsgeschichte der Moore. In: Karl-Ernst Behre, Hajo van Lengen (ed.): East Frisia - History and shape of a cultural landscape. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , pp. 93–111, especially pp. 101–107, and Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the Ostfriesische Landschaft): Westgroßefehn (PDF; 51 kB), accessed on July 3, 2011.
- ↑ Bernd Kappelhoff: History of the city of Emden from 1611 to 1749. Emden as a quasi-autonomous city republic. (= East Frisia under the protection of the dike. Volume 11). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1994, ISBN 3-7921-0545-4 , p. 349.
- ^ Ernst Siebert: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to 1890. In: Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (= East Frisia under the protection of the dike. Volume 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, p. 74.
- ^ Eckart Krömer: Small economic history of East Friesland and Papenburg. Verlag SKN, Norden 1991, ISBN 3-922365-93-0 , p. 80.
- ↑ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Mittegroßefehn , p. 3 (PDF file; 58.2 kB), viewed September 22, 2011.
- ↑ a b Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Westgroßefehn , p. 3 (PDF file; 59.5 kB), viewed September 22, 2011.
- ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft: Strackholt, Gemeinde Großefehn, Landkreis Aurich (PDF; 57 kB), accessed on July 23, 2011.
- ↑ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft: http://www.ostfriesenelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/HOO/HOO_Akelsbarg.pdf , accessed on July 23, 2011.
- ^ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Timmel (PDF; 60 kB), accessed on July 23, 2011.
- ^ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Westgroßefehn (PDF; 51 kB), accessed on July 23, 2011.
- ^ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Mittegroßefehn , p. 3 (PDF file; 58.2 kB), accessed on July 23, 2011.
- ^ District Aurich (ed.): Activity report of the district Aurich 1948–1952. Verlag Dunkmann, Aurich 1952, reprint of the district administration of the district of Aurich, 2006.
- ↑ a b Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality register for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 261 .
- ↑ The population figures come from the articles of the local chronicles of the East Frisian landscape on the 14 individual districts of the community Großefehn ( local database ) and were only summarized by the authors, i.e. aggregated to the area of today's large community.
- ^ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Westgroßefehn (PDF; 51 kB), accessed on July 2, 2011.
- ↑ sprengel-ostfriesland.de : Sprengel Ostfriesland , accessed on September 11, 2012.
- ^ Sprengel Ostfriesland ( Memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ): Statistical , accessed on September 11, 2012.
- ↑ kirchenkreis-aurich.de : Bagband , accessed on March 24, 2016.
- ↑ a b www.grossefehn.de: Results of the local elections on September 11, 2016 , accessed on December 28, 2016
- ↑ The CDU gets the most votes nationwide. September 12, 2016, accessed December 27, 2016 .
- ↑ https://votemanager.kdo.de/20191103/03452006/html5/Buergermeisterwahl_NDS_146_Gemeinde_Gemeinde_Grossefehn.html
- ^ Result of the state election 2017 , accessed on October 20, 2017.
- ^ Nordwest-Zeitung: Bundestag election: These members represent our region . In: NWZonline . ( nwzonline.de [accessed September 29, 2017]).
- ↑ "The year went better than expected". In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. December 28, 2010, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ Relocated to secondary theaters. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. March 20, 2010, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ www.grossefehn.de: Development of Partnership ( Memento from September 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 26, 2011.
- ↑ Fehntjer elementary school pupils learn Dutch. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. September 30, 2009, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ^ Hermann Haiduck: The architecture of the medieval churches in the East Frisian coastal area . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1986, ISBN 3-925365-07-9 , p. 143 .
- ↑ Gottfried Kiesow : Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 250 .
- ^ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape ): Timmel (PDF file; 59 kB), viewed June 29, 2011.
- ↑ www.spetzerfehn.de: Christus-Kirchengemeinde , seen June 29, 2011.
- ↑ Monika van Lengen, Uda von der Nahmer: Kulturkarte Ostfriesland. Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 2006, ISBN 3-932206-61-4 , p. 70.
- ↑ Johann Aeils, Jan Smidt, Martin Stromann: Stone witnesses in March and Geest: Gulfhöfe and workers' houses in East Friesland. 3rd, revised edition. Verlag SKN, Norden 2007, ISBN 978-3-928327-16-9 , p. 54.
- ↑ www.rtc-grossefehn.de: The RTC , accessed on June 26, 2011.
- ↑ Barger Kickers won the canoe race. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. May 30, 2011, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ In schools, Platt should be a compulsory subject. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. March 19, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
- ^ Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency, Excel file, line 2061
- ↑ Emden - Empty. In: statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. March 9, 2019, accessed March 9, 2019 .
- ↑ The Ulbargen industrial estate is slowly filling up. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. June 9, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
- ↑ Großefehn is becoming more popular with tourists. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. January 8, 2010, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ After a fatal accident: cycle path required. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. July 28, 2010, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ Minister Ehlen released the network of bridle paths. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. April 6, 2010, accessed August 7, 2011.
- ↑ The Fehntjer low should be low again. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. May 10, 2011, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ Land wants to get rid of the Fehntjer low. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. May 5, 2011, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ The red numbers work out for the better. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. February 9, 2011, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ Lower Saxony State Office for Statistics , quoted in: Ostfriesischer Kurier , August 14, 2008, p. 12.
- ↑ Uwe Buse: The volatile country life. In: Der Spiegel. April 28, 2008, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ Mittegroßefehner have been breeding milk sheep for 30 years. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. February 26, 2009, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ^ Siegfried Lüderitz (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Timmel (PDF; 60 kB), p. 6, accessed on July 3, 2011.
- ↑ Bauer presents its biogas plant. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. June 22, 2011, Retrieved June 26, 2011.
- ↑ School is now heated with chicken manure. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. November 30, 2010, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ No end in sight with the biogas boom. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. November 25, 2010, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ Chicken coop does not come to Wrisse. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. May 18, 2011, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ My opinion: "The country will soon release all areas". In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. April 16, 2011, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ The information was calculated using the route planner www.de.map24.com , accessed on June 26, 2011.
- ↑ René Piller is the millionth passenger. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. June 10, 2011.
- ↑ www.jan-klein.de: History , accessed on August 13, 2011.
- ↑ Overview map. In: www.trauco.de. Retrieved January 12, 2016 .
- ↑ www.polybeek.de ( Memento of the original from June 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Menu item About us , accessed on June 26, 2011.
- ↑ “Ostfriesen Bräu” attracts many vacationers to Bagband. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. July 23, 2009, accessed June 27, 2011.
- ↑ http://www.polizei.niedersachsen.de/aurich/dst/pst_groszefehn/start.html (link not available)
- ↑ "Moving to Großefehn was worth it". In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. March 24, 2011, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ Spetzerfehn gets an ambulance. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. July 12, 2008, accessed June 26, 2011.
- ↑ Großefehn-Bagband measuring point , accessed on September 1, 2011.
- ↑ Locations of the measuring probes of the radioactivity measuring network with their daily mean values , accessed on September 1, 2011.
- ^ Tigers, football and crisis areas. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. July 22, 2011.
Aurich | Baltrum | Berumbur | Dornum | Großefehn | Großheide | Hage | Hagermarsch | Half moon | Rear | Ihlow | Juist | Krummhörn | Leezdorf | Lütetsburg | Marienhafe | North | Norderney | Osteel | Rechtsupweg | South Brookmerland | Upgant bulkhead | Wiesmoor | Willum
Non- parish area in the Aurich
Memmert district
Akelsbarg | Aurich-Oldendorf | Bagband | Field | Fiebing | Holtrop | Middle size | Ostgroßefehn | Spetzerfehn | Strackholt | Timmel | Ulbargen | Westgroßefehn | Cracks
