Großheide

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coat of arms Germany map
Coat of arms of the community of Großheide
Großheide
Map of Germany, position of the community Großheide highlighted

Coordinates: 53 ° 36 '  N , 7 ° 21'  E

Basic data
State : Lower Saxony
County : Aurich
Height : 5 m above sea level NHN
Area : 69.32 km 2
Residents: 8597 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density : 124 inhabitants per km 2
Postal code : 26532
Area code : 04936
License plate : AUR, NOR
Community key : 03 4 52 007
Community structure: 10 districts
Address of the
municipal administration: 		Schlossstrasse 10
26532 Großheide
Website : www.grossheide.de
Mayor : Fredy Fischer ( independent )
Location of the community Großheide in the district of Aurich
Baltrum Juist Landkreis Wittmund Landkreis Leer Memmert Norderney Nordsee Emden Landkreis Friesland Landkreis Leer Landkreis Wittmund Aurich Berumbur Berumbur Dornum Großefehn Großheide Hage Hagermarsch Halbemond Hinte Ihlow (Ostfriesland) Krummhörn Leezdorf Lütetsburg Marienhafe Norden (Ostfriesland) Osteel Rechtsupweg Südbrookmerland Upgant-Schott Upgant-Schott Wiesmoor Wirdummap
About this picture

Großheide ( Low German Grootheid ) is a municipality in the Aurich district in East Friesland ( Lower Saxony ). It borders the district town of Aurich in the extreme southeast and is about 15 km from the city center and about ten km east of the city north .

With 8,597 inhabitants, it is one of the smaller unitary communities in the district and also one of the smaller unitary communities in East Frisia . The inhabitants are spread over a little more than 69 square kilometers, which results in a population density of 123 per square kilometer. This means that Großheide is below the comparative values ​​for East Frisia (148), Lower Saxony (168) and the Federal Republic of Germany (230).

The municipality is characterized in the extreme southeast by the Berumerfehner Moor , which is part of the Ewiges Meer nature reserve around Germany 's largest raised bog lake of the same name . The eponymous district of Berumerfehn is the only fen settlement in the Norderland and the most northwestern part of the Federal Republic. In addition to two historic windmills, one of the cultural sights is the Bonifatius Church in the Arle district, which was built around 1200 .

Großheide is hardly industrialized and has little business overall. In addition to agriculture, tourism also plays a role. The community is to a large extent a community of commuters , especially to the cities of Norden, Aurich and Emden .

geography

Position and extent

The community, located near the North Sea , is largely located on the East Frisian Geestrücken , on the former high moor area that borders the marshland . Canals and numerous drainage ditches on the edges of the pastures still bear witness to the former moor landscape , some of which is still preserved today.

The largest north-south extension between the Ostercoldinner Grashaus farm in the north and the moor near Königskeil in the south is around 14.5 kilometers. In the east-west direction, however, the maximum extent is only around 7.6 kilometers, between Westermoordorf and the border to the neighboring municipality of Holtriem near Eversmeer.

Geology, hydrology and soils

Geologically, the municipality of Großheide, like all of East Friesland, is superficially formed by sediments from the Pleistocene and Holocene . Pleistocene deposits can be found in the Geest areas that make up the central part of the municipality around Arle and Menstede. The geest sediments are partly covered by Holocene bog soils . The soils of the East Frisian Geest were mostly made from deck sands and boulder clay during the Drenthe stage of the Saale Glaciation . Großheide is located on the northwestern foothills of the Oldenburg-East Frisian Geestrücken , which stretches from the Oldenburg area to the northwest to the north and runs in that direction across the East Frisian peninsula.

Profile of a Plaggenesches: 40–50 cm overlay on fossil podzol
Layers of peat in the bog

The extreme north of the municipality has a share of the Kalkmarsch and Kleimarsch soils made of clay and silt of high productivity, as can also be found in the neighboring municipalities of Hagermarsch and Dornum . To the south there are smaller strips with transitional marshland.

In the central part of the Arle / Menstede / Westerende / Großheide area, the municipality consists of podzol soils on Orterde or Ortstein in a drier location. These soils allowed only low agricultural yields. Due to pest manuring , which was carried out for centuries until the appearance of artificial fertilizers at the end of the 19th century, there are also pest ash floors, especially in the area around the old Geest villages . Due to the constant application of new soil, the Esch, known in East Friesland as (the) guests, is now higher than the village center. This form of fertilization increased the soil value significantly, even if it still lagged well behind fertile soils like those in the marshland .

At this central part of the south close podzolic in more humid location, also with Orterde or hardpan and often with Plagge Esch edition, as well as locally Anmoorflächen and abgetorfte areas with strong humus rich topsoil on. At this Geest areas in the central municipal area running in the east-west direction strip includes south fen surfaces that have been locally recultivated to peat.

Rain moor areas can be found in the extreme south of the municipality . They are part of the large moor area northwest of the city of Aurich, which extends over the city, the municipality of Südbrookmerland, the municipality of Großheide and the joint municipality of Holtriem. Some of these are raised bogs with paved edges .

The small watercourses of the Großheider municipality originally drained directly into the North Sea. The current flowing through Arle river Rendel sat in the Middle Ages to the north than before the construction of the first dikes Priel or tidal inlet in the Wadden Sea continued. Around 1600 there was still brisk shipping traffic near today's town of Neßmersiel . The wooden sewer was built around 1700 and replaced by a stone one during the reign of Frederick the Great in 1779. The drainage of Großheider area took place via the rake depth (also: Helmer low) and this Dredge. This changed in 1951 when the sewer was closed. Since then, the water from the higher Geest areas of Großheide has initially continued to flow northwards, but at the level of Terhalle it now flows through the Kleiner Rendel to the west to the Blandorfer Tief, which changes its name to Norder Tief further west . Right on the border between the joint municipality of Hage and Großheide, the Blandorfer Tief also flows into the (Blandorfer) Ehe, which also drains parts of the western municipality. After 1951 the Großheider area drained over the Norder Tief through the Leybuchtsiel into the Leybucht . With the creation of the Leyhörn reservoir in 1991 and the Störtebekertief to the new Leysiel there , drainage has been via the latter since then. The North Drainage Association is responsible for this .

Land use

Land use 2011
use Area in ha
Buildings and open spaces 582
including living space 405
including commercial and industrial areas 27
Operating areas 56
of which mining land 44
Recreational areas 55
including green spaces 37
Traffic areas 306
of which streets, paths, squares 297
Agricultural land 5227
of which moors 415
Bodies of water 119
Forest areas 578
Areas of other use 8th
including cemeteries 3
of it land 4th
total area 6932

The land use table on the right shows the overwhelming proportion of agricultural land in Großheide: it is around 75.4 percent and is almost exactly in line with the East Frisian average of around 75 percent, but well above the national average of 52.3 percent. With 8.33 percent of the forest area, Großheide is well above the East Frisian average of around two percent, but clearly below that of the Federal Republic: In Germany, around 29.5 percent of the national area is forested. 415 hectares of the municipal area, located in the extreme southeast, are still covered by moors, which corresponds to an area share of exactly six percent.

Neighboring communities

Großheide borders three joint municipalities and therefore has a larger number of neighboring municipalities, namely ten. To the east of Großheide lie the municipalities of Nenndorf and Eversmeer (both joint municipality of Holtriem in the district of Wittmund ). The district town of Aurich is located southeast of Großheide . That deserted Großheider area that borders the Aurich districts of Tannenhausen and Georgsfeld , however, consists of reforested, former raised bog areas and areas that have been healed after peat extraction , so that there is no direct road connection to Aurich. In the south, Großheide borders on the municipality of Südbrookmerland , in the southwest on the municipalities Rechtsupweg and Leezdorf (both joint municipality Brookmerland ) and in the west on the municipalities Halbemond , Berumbur and the Flecken Hage (all joint municipality Hage ). The municipality of Dornum is located north of Großheide . These municipalities are all in the Aurich district. If the number of neighboring municipalities is counted at the joint municipality level, then there are six neighbors.

Community structure

The community of Großheide today consists of the ten districts Arle , Berumerfehn , Coldinne , Großheide, Menstede , Ostermoordorf , Südarle , Südcoldinne , Westerende and Westermoordorf .

climate

Großheide is located in the temperate climate zone, mainly in the direct influence of the North Sea . In summer the daytime temperatures are lower, in winter often higher than in the further inland. The climate is generally characterized by the Central European west wind zone. According to the effective climate classification of Köppen , Großheide is in the classification Cfb . C stands for a warm-temperate climate, Cf for a humid-temperate climate with warm summers b .

The raised bog complexes in the southeast of the municipality must be taken into account in terms of microclimates. Because of the subsurface conditions in a rain bog , the temperature differences between day and night are extreme. During the day in summer, temperatures on the ground can be very high, so that spontaneous combustion can cause moor fires. In addition, bog areas are much more fog-intensive than the surrounding area. Due to the centuries of peat mining and the associated drainage, this effect is no longer as pronounced as in the original natural landscape. However, the number of frost days in the raised bog area is significantly higher than in the surrounding area, with early and late frosts occurring more often.

The closest weather station is in neighboring Aurich, which has very similar climatic conditions to most of the Großheider municipality. The climate table of the station there:


Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Aurich
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temperature ( ° C ) 1.0 1.3 3.7 6.9 11.5 14.6 16.0 15.9 13.2 9.6 5.2 2.2 O 8.5
Precipitation ( mm ) 66.6 43.1 57.9 48.2 57.8 83.8 82.1 78.6 76.6 76.2 84.4 74.3 Σ 829.6
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 1.19 2.29 3.32 5.33 6.83 6.63 6.06 6.25 4.4 2.96 1.56 0.93 O 4th
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		66.6
43.1
57.9
48.2
57.8
83.8
82.1
78.6
76.6
76.2
84.4
74.3
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

history

Bonifatius Church in Arle (around 1200)

In the Middle Ages was the district Arle , in the 12th century Erle called one the diocese Bremen under standing provost . The Bonifatius Church still stands in the middle of the small Geestdorf today . The Premonstratensian monastery in the Coldinne district , built in 1290, is no longer preserved today.

In the course of the disputes between the East Frisian Count Edzard the Great and the chiefs Hero Omken from Harlingerland and Edo Wiemken the Younger from Jever , fighting also broke out in the present area. In 1495 Edzard had invaded Harlingerland. A battle between East Frisian and Harling troops took place near Arle on August 9th of that year. According to contemporary reports, the East Frisian leader Eilke Howerda von Uphusen was responsible for the unfortunate outcome of the battle and the death of many of his compatriots, including many horsemen from the Norderland under their leader Halle Tiarches. Eilke Howerda was taken prisoner in Harlingen. It was not until the following year that Edzard succeeded in gathering the enemy troops in Westerholt , which is only a little to the east .

The first written mention of the district Großheide comes from the year 1552. It can be found in the treasury register of the Berum office . The map of East Frisia created by Ubbo Emmius in 1595 already shows Großheide as Grote Heyde .

At the end of the Middle Ages it was the so-called pool yachts in the municipal area who carried out the development of the country through peatland cultivation. As in neighboring regions, this was done through upstream law. The pool yachts were actually road building and drainage associations; They also took over the cultivation of the bog. The eighth consisted of the interested parties (i.e. farmers) from the northern Norderland. However, the Poolachten never got beyond the marginal dismantling of the large moor area in the south of today's municipality of Großheide.

During the Thirty Years War , East Frisia was captured three times (1622-1624, 1627-1631 and 1637-1651) by foreign troops and used as quarters, even if no major fighting took place. From 1622 to 1624 the Mansfelder occupied East Frisia. The places in the area suffered from the occupation by the troops. The two following occupations also meant burdens through contributions. The occupiers from 1627 to 1631, however, imperial troops under Tilly , “kept male discipline and avoided excesses”, as did the Hessian troops billeted in East Frisia from 1637 to 1651 under Wilhelm V von Hessen-Kassel . Materially, too, the situation was different under the two occupations than under Mansfeld: Although contributions were collected, these were also spent in the region. During the war, the plague broke out in East Frisia , but deaths for the area in question are not documented.

Prussian period (1744–1806 / 15)

In 1744 Ostfriesland fell to Prussia through an prospectus . In the middle of the 18th century, Arle was still the market town of the present area. By far most of the craftsmen and merchants settled there. Prussian statistics from 1756 show that a total of 26 merchants and craftsmen were located in Arle and East Arle, including nine linen weavers, four merchants, three shoemakers and carpenters each and two bakers, tailors and blacksmiths each. For comparison: at that time there were five merchants and craftsmen in Westerende, three in Menstede and one in Großheide (town). However, Arle had already had to give up the leading economic role that it had played in the eastern Norderland in the Middle Ages to the town of Hage, which was also the seat of the Berum office. According to the same statistics, 61 merchants and craftsmen lived in Hage.

Reclamation edict of 1765

After Frederick the Great had signed the Reclamation Edict (1765), more than 80 new bog colonies were established in East Frisia in the second half of the 18th century . The first in the present area was Müntjedorf, which was settled on state land from 1772. Further moor settlements on state soil were Südarle (founded in 1797) and Klosterdorf and Bredefeld (both 1801). The pool yachts, which have existed since the Middle Ages, also appeared as settlement developers. Ostermoordorf was founded on their land around 1790, Westermoordorf in 19797 and Südcoldinne around 1800 . The bog colonies emerged from the beginning as scattered settlements, which was noticeable decades later in the form of an inadequate network of roads. Each colonist could determine the size of his colonate himself. The agricultural basis of the bog colonies was the bog fire culture. Small trenches were dug in the summer to drain a piece of bog. In autumn, the Moor was chopped into flakes, which by freezing in winter and the following spring harrowed were. In late spring, the colonists set fire to the cultivated bog areas and placed seeds, mostly buckwheat, in the ashes, which grow very quickly and could be harvested after a few weeks. The buckwheat, a knotweed plant , was then processed. Potatoes, rye and oats were also grown. However, the bog soil was depleted after a few years due to this form of cultivation, so that the yields fell. With a few exceptions, the bog colonies therefore became emergency areas, especially since they were already overpopulated after a very short time: The prospect of an independent agricultural existence, supported by twelve free years without taxes to the state, had attracted (too) many colonists.

House of the Fehn company in Berumerfehn

In order to supply the city of Norden with fuel peat , citizens from the city and from Hage established a fen colony at the end of the 18th century, the first and only bog colony in the area of ​​the old district of the north that was accessible through a fen canal. The Berumer Fehngesellschaft received from the state on April 4, 1794 a long lease agreement for an area of ​​1500 Moordiemat , which corresponds to about 1500 hectares. Since then, the year has been considered the founding year of the Berumerfehn district. In 1794 the construction of the Berumerfehn Canal began, which extends from the Norder Tief to the high moor near the fen colony. Three years later, the construction was completed with the excavation of the main Wieke (main access canal ), followed by other so-called Inwieke , i.e. side canals. The excavation was done by around 160 workers from the Oldenburg region , as East Frisian workers refused to take over the construction work. Here the influence of the pool yachts became clear, who resisted the competition from the newly founded fencing company (ultimately unsuccessful), because the colonies of Ostermoordorf and Westermoordorf established by the pool yachts are in the immediate vicinity of Berumerfehn.

Since the Fehngesellschaft had little competition from other peat suppliers in the sale of peat in the north, it was not only able to dictate the peat prices but also the conditions for peat cutting, which is why Berumerfehn had a completely different history and social structure than the other Fehn settlements for decades after it was founded East Frisia. While in other communities such as Großefehn or Rhauderfehn, after the peat had been dug up, an agricultural existence (albeit a modest one) was possible for tenants and the Fehntjer otherwise turned to shipping, this possibility was lacking in Berumerfehn. The fencing company had the peat dig up by employees, some of the pitted areas were cultivated on their own, and they took care of foreign cattle for a fee. The Fehngesellschaft also took on the shipping of the peat via the canal to the north on its own - an activity that in other East Frisian Fehn settlements increasingly became a flourishing occupation of the Fehntjer. As a result, the workers and a few settlers remained in poverty for decades after the founding of Berumerfehn.

After the battle of Jena and Auerstedt in 1806, East Friesland and with it the present area was incorporated into the Kingdom of Holland and thus into the French sphere of influence. In 1810, the Ems-Orientale (Osterems) department became part of the French Empire, and in 1813, after the Wars of Liberation, Prussia was briefly re-established. After the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, Prussia ceded East Frisia to the Kingdom of Hanover.

Hanoverian and Imperial Era (1815–1918)

The district of Berumerfehn hardly developed in Hanover. It was not until 1816, nineteen years after the main canal was completed , that the Hauptwieke was completely settled, and it took another 34 years before the Osterwieke, a few hundred meters away, was completely settled. The population development developed accordingly: In 1816 there were 119 inhabitants, in 1833 there were 187 and then 250 in 1858. For comparison: In the developed fen areas of East Friesland, the number of inhabitants doubled, tripled or quadrupled in that period, including 1000 and sometimes 2000 people already exceeded. The Berum Office reported in 1844 that of 28 settlers, one was wealthy, seven were not needy and 20 were needy. There was an average of one cow for every two of the Fehntjer moor settlers. The people of Berumerfehn did not benefit from the shipbuilding bonus that the Hanoverian government had launched in 1844 for the expansion of the (inland) ship fleets in the fen areas, as the peat ships were in the hands of the Norder Fehngesellschaft. Their fleet remained at a similarly low level throughout the 19th century: in 1816 there were 16 inland vessels for transporting peat to the north, in 1882 there were 20. In most of the other villages, the number of seagoing ships alone exceeded the number of abandoned ships.

Großheide's transport infrastructure was not significantly improved until the second half of the 19th century. Between 1860 and 1880 the post route from Hage via Arle to Westerholt (today's Landesstrasse 6 ) was paved with clinker bricks . With the construction of the East Frisian Coast Railway , Westerende received a train station.

As part of the Prussian district reform in 1885, Großheide was incorporated into the newly founded district of Norden , to which it belonged until its dissolution in 1977. The municipality of Berumerfehn, which was still independent at the time, was at that time the second largest in the district in terms of area, although large parts of the municipality were wasteland (moorland).

Around 1900, the northern spirits company Doornkaat gradually acquired around 300 hectares of land near the core town of Großheide. About five-sixths of these consisted of heather and one-sixth of cultivated grassland. The liquor factory wanted the accumulating during distillation vinasse used as fertilizer on the newly acquired lands. For this purpose, rails were built into the roadway in the road from the north via Hage to Großheide, so that carts of oxen could safely transport the carts with the stillage. Company boss Jan (III.) Ten Doornkaat Koolmann also had a large manor house built for the estate manager, several cattle sheds, a large barn, two field barns and workers' apartments. After just a few years, however, it turned out that the company was not operating profitably. Land that had not been cultivated until then was therefore sold to bog colonists, and after the First World War the entire land was finally sold to the north district.

The southern area of ​​the municipality around Südarle, Südcoldinne and Ostermoordorf was not connected to the town of Großheide and thus to the district town of Norden with a paved road until 1911. Previously there were only muddy paths there.

Weimar Republic and National Socialism

In April 1919, however, there were so-called “bacon parades” by Emden workers , which were followed by rioting on the farm workers and similar raids in the Rheiderland . Workers broke into the surrounding villages in closed trains and stole food from farmers in clashes. The situation only calmed down after the deployment of the Reichswehr troops stationed in the region . As a reaction to this, resident police formed in many places in East Friesland - including those that were not affected by the “parades” . The defense in Berumerfehn consisted of 60 people with 50 weapons, the one in Westerende 55 men with 30 weapons. In Arle, too, a resident guard of 49 people was formed, but apparently only late, so that weapons were "requested", but nothing is known about the implementation of this request. The resident services were only dissolved after a corresponding decree by the Prussian Interior Minister Carl Severing on April 10, 1920.

In 1919 a new dairy was built in the Westerende district. While the quantities of milk that had accumulated in the municipality had been delivered to dairies in Norden and Westerholt until then , it now remained within the area.

In many moors and geest areas in East Frisia, a clear shift to the right in the Reichstag elections was noticeable in the present area at the latest by the mid-1920s. The DNVP received 61 percent of the vote in Menstede-Coldinne in 1924, and four years later even 76 percent. It was replaced by the NSDAP , which prevailed from 1930.

As in the entire north-west of Lower Saxony, the rural people's movement was given a boost in the Weimar Republic after a bad harvest occurred in 1927 and the farmers were increasingly in dire straits. However, by focusing on quantities rather than quality, the problems were partly homemade. As in other parts of the country, the black flag, symbol of Florian Geyer's Black Band in the Peasants' War , fluttered as a sign of protest. On January 5, 1928, there was a large demonstration by farmers from the region in Aurich, in which 4,000 people took part. The National Socialists, with their blood and soil ideology, saw themselves as guardians of the needs of the farmers and found appropriate support in many communities.

The farmers in the municipality were in the Reich into line . The passing of the Reichserbhofgesetz met with protests from many farmers, as they felt that their economic freedom of choice was limited. In the bog colonies there was also the fact that the agricultural land was often too small to represent a full-time farm. The ban on selling hereditary farms therefore hit those businesses with the lower size limit of a hereditary farm of 7.5 hectares in particular. Although there were many judicial judgments in favor of the plaintiff smallholders, the proportion of hereditary farms in the region remained above the national average.

post war period

Due to the poor soil conditions in large parts of today's municipal area and the associated lower agricultural productivity compared to the marshland areas, the five municipalities at that time only took in a below-average number of displaced persons from the eastern areas of the German Empire. The proportion in Menstede-Coldinne was 14.8 percent in 1946 and dropped to 13 percent four years later.

The inadequate road connections to the peatland colonies in the south of the municipality were not improved significantly until after the Second World War. Until then, the transport of goods was often only possible with horse-drawn vehicles on muddy paths (especially in the winter months). For 1.5 million DM (the value at that time) 24 kilometers of new roads were built, including Coldinner Straße (Südarle - Großheide), Königsweg (Willmsfeld - Berumerfehn) and Middelweg, which runs north-south in the eastern municipality. In addition, side roads were created so that the scattered settlements were connected to the local transport network.

On July 1, 1972, the communities Arle, Berumerfehn, Menstede-Coldinne and Westerende were incorporated into the community of Großheide.

When the northern district planned to build a garbage dump in the Arler Hammrich in 1974, a citizens' initiative successfully fought against this project. Today a memorial stone with the Low German inscription “Nooit” (“Never”) commemorates the resistance. Since the municipal reform, the main town of Großheide in particular has been expanded. Among other things, an artificially created market square (without a historical predecessor) with surrounding shops was created, and further retail stores were located on the outskirts of the village.

Population development

When the community was formed in 1972, Großheide had 7,467 inhabitants. The population rose to more than 8,000 in the following two decades. The community of Großheide has been recording a decline in population for some time. In 2008 there were still 8,832 people living in Großheide, a year later there were still 8,659 and again a year later 8,652. New residents often come from North Rhine-Westphalia or southern Germany: They are looking for a retirement home near the coast. Families, on the other hand, are less profitable.

table

The numbers from the years 1961 and 1970 are the respective census results including the later incorporated locations.

year Residents
1961 6465
1970 7389
1972 7467
2008 8832
year Residents
2009 8659
2010 8652
2011 8604
2016 8538

politics

In the past few decades, the SPD has mostly won a relative and sometimes an absolute majority of the votes. In the first federal election in 1949, the Social Democrats won the majority of the votes in all five then still independent municipalities that today form the Großheide municipality: in Arle, Berumerfehn, Großheide, Menstede-Coldinne and Westerende. In the subsequent election in 1953, the CDU in Menstede-Coldinne won a relative majority, the other four communities remained SPD-dominated. The 1969 Bundestag election, which brought the CDU new record results in large parts of the social democratic stronghold of East Friesland, was also reflected in what is now the municipality: it won an absolute majority in Menstede-Coldinne and Westerende. The SPD, in turn, won an absolute majority in Berumerfehn and Großheide and a relative majority in Arle. In the "Willy Brandt election" in 1972 , which gave the SPD the record number of votes at the time, the Social Democrats in Westerende, Großheide and Berumerfehn won an absolute majority, while in Menstede-Coldinne the CDU and Arle also won obtained relative majority of votes. Since the local government reform and the amalgamation of the five municipalities to form the Großheide municipality, the SPD is overall ahead of the CDU. In the three previous federal elections in 2005 , 2009 and 2013 , the Social Democrats in Großheide emerged as the strongest force.

Municipal council

Großheide has the status of a unified municipality . The community council of the community Großheide consists of 22 councilors. This is the specified number for a municipality with a population between 8001 and 9000 inhabitants. The 22 council members are elected for five years each by local elections. The current term of office began on November 1, 2016 and ends on October 31, 2021. The full-time mayor Fredy Fischer is also entitled to vote in the council of the municipality .

The most recent local elections on September 11, 2016 resulted in the following:

Political party Proportional votes Number of seats Change voices Change seats
SPD 42.60% 9 −4.13% −1
CDU 32.28% 7th +1.42% 0
Free Association of Voters (FWG) 12.78% 3 +1.91% +1
Alliance 90 / The Greens 4.21% 1 −3.02% −1
The left 3.44% 1 + 0.60% 0
FDP 4.66% 1 + 3.22% +1

The turnout in the 2016 local elections was 53.16%, below the Lower Saxony average of 55.5%. For comparison - in the previous local election on September 11, 2011, the turnout was 49.49%. In the constituent meeting on November 17, 2016, the Green parliamentary group, the Left parliamentary group and the FDP parliamentary group joined forces.

mayor

The full-time mayor of the community of Großheide is Fredy Fischer (non-party). In the last mayoral election on June 16, 2014, he was elected in a runoff election with 67.33% of the vote, his opponent Arno Mennen (SPD) received 32.67%. The turnout was 47.95%. Fredy Fischer took up his post on November 1, 2014.

Representatives in the Landtag and Bundestag

A member of the constituency 86 Aurich (Aurich, Südbrookmerland, Ihlow, Großefehn, Brookmerland, Großheide) is represented in the Lower Saxony state parliament (legislative period until 2022) . The direct mandate won in the 2017 election of the Aurich social democrat Wiard Siebels . He stood for the first time in the state elections in 2008. No other politician from the constituency entered the state parliament via the parties' list.

In federal elections, Großheide belongs to constituency 24 Aurich - Emden . This includes the city of Emden and the district of Aurich. In the 2017 federal election , the social democrat Johann Saathoff was directly elected. No party candidate from the constituency entered the Bundestag via the parties' list. The Großheider voted with an absolute majority for Saathoff in the first votes and a majority in favor of the SPD in the second votes.

Municipal finance

The community of Großheide has not been able to balance its budget for several years. In the 2013 budget year, expenses of EUR 9.096 million were set against income of EUR 8.898 million. The debt level amounted to 2.107 million euros at the end of 2012 compared to 1.963 million euros a year earlier. In 2011 the community of Großheide was in debt with around 1.9 million euros. Of this, 487,000 euros were incurred in the 2011 budget year. At the time, the per capita debt was 219.07 euros, three times as high as in 2010. However, compared to other municipalities in Lower Saxony, it was around 230 euros lower.

In the 2013 budget year, key allocations from the State of Lower Saxony made up the largest item in the 9 million budget with 3.295 million euros. The share of income tax was 1.476 million euros, property taxes came in at 802,000 euros, while trade tax in the structurally weak municipality was only 800,000 euros. On the expenditure side, personnel costs were at the top at 3.59 million euros, followed by the district levy for the Aurich district at 2.855 million euros. Depreciation on investments resulted in 828,000 euros.

badges and flags

Großheide coat of arms
 Blazon : "In black diagonally crossed a silver and a silver Abtstab Moor Godfather, accompanied up of a golden acorn, down from a golden plow, right and left, each a golden six-pointed Sporenrädlein ."
Justification of the coat of arms: The abbot indicates the former Coldinne monastery, the moor spade to the centuries-long cultivation of the moors in the south of the municipality, and the spur wheels taken over from the northern city coat of arms indicate that Großheide belongs to the northern region. The acorn symbolizes the Berumerfehner forest, which was reforested after the moor was cultivated, and the plow the agricultural character of the community.

The municipality also carries a flag with three stripes: two narrow black and one wide yellow one in the middle. The coat of arms is inserted in the three stripes on the left. The municipal administration gives the flags to interested citizens to hoist on their own property.

Partnerships

Woldegk in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been twinned since 1990 .

religion

The Evangelical Lutheran parish of Großheide was separated from the mother parish of Arle on January 1, 1974 and made independent.

Culture and sights

Museums

The forest and moor museum in Berumerfehn shows a local history collection, in which the settlement of the Berumerfehner moor, the natural area high moor with its fauna and flora and the habitat forest are represented. It lies on the edge of the afforested area that was created after the bog was drained. It is housed in the former school building of the former village school, on the edge of the raised bog and directly on the Berumerfehner Forest.

Buildings

There are two historic churches in Arle and Berumerfehn, the one in Arle being the much older one: it dates from the Romanesque period .

Regular events

Since 2000 there has been a tractor meeting in the Berumerfehn district every year in midsummer. Around 300 old agricultural machines drove to the 14th edition, even one participant from Belgium. One of the highlights is a parade of tractors.

The traditional events during the year include the Easter bonfire (mostly on Holy Saturday ) and the erection of a maypole on the eve of May 1st. At Ascension are separated even bridal paths laid. A sporting event that also takes place on Ascension Day is the lectern jumping at the so-called Nooit stone in the Arler Hammrich . The East Frisian Highland Games have been taking place here since 2017.

Further events are:

  • Highland Games East Friesland
  • "MuSeum7 - Music at the lake at seven" - Live music event at the Kiessee
  • "Kieselchen" - the children's party in the Kieselbucht
  • Rock at the mill
  • Trade show of the Großheide trade association
  • Deichboxerreffen
  • “Buurderee - the cultural court hall”. In the Buurderee in the Großheid district of Ostermoordorf, cultural events such as readings, concerts, lectures or shows take place on a regular basis

Culinary specialties

Grootheider tip

In addition to the typical regional meals in East Friesland such as kale with pee (in winter) and various fish dishes as well as the high tea consumption , which is also widespread throughout the region, there are three specialties whose names are directly linked to that of the community. On the one hand, there is Grootheider Stipp , a sauce that is preferably eaten with jacket potatoes. There are also two herbal specialties from the local Friesen pharmacy in the main town of Großheide: Grootheider Bittern is a bitter bitters, Grootheider Törfbrott is a herb candy .

Sports

Universal sports clubs in the community are SV Arle, TuS Großheide and SuS Berumerfehn. There are also the “Fehntjer Football Friends” (FFF Berumerfehn) in Berumerfehn, who concentrate exclusively on the aforementioned sport. The four clubs worked together in youth football and for this purpose founded the JFV (youth football club) Großheide, which dissolved in 2017. Despite falling birth rates, young footballers should be able to play football at club level in their home community. The Frisian sports Boßeln and Klootschießen are practiced in seven clubs in Großheide, Menstede-Arle, Westerende, Coldinne, Berumerfehn, Südarle and Ostermoordorf. In various clubs many other sports, such as B. Hapkido, judo, gymnastics, shooting sports, steel darts or Celtic dance are offered. In addition to the gyms at the schools and the sports fields of the clubs mentioned, there is also a swimming lake in the community ( Badesee Großheide ).

language

In Großheide, East Frisian Platt is spoken in addition to High German . The place has on the entrance sign next to the High German name also the Low German, Grootheid .

Economy and Infrastructure

Large parts of the municipality are occupied by agricultural land . In terms of employment, however, the primary sector only plays a minor role. There are only a few production companies in Großheide. A few craft businesses have settled in an industrial area in Südcoldinne, others can be found scattered in the districts. There are no industrial companies in Großheide. Tourism plays a certain role among the services .

Measured by the number of employees subject to social security contributions at the place of work, the (general) service sector in Großheide plays the leading role with a share of 31.8 percent. Another 21.1 percent is accounted for by trade, 14.8 percent by traffic and communication and 1.5 percent by the hospitality industry. Overall, the service sector has a share of 69.2 percent. The manufacturing industry has a share of only 3.1 percent, another 23.7 percent work in the construction industry. The manufacturing and construction industries together make up 26.8 percent of the workforce at Großheide. In the primary sector (agriculture), 2.6 percent are employed subject to social security contributions, with the actual number of people working in agriculture (as well as in the hospitality industry) being significantly higher, as the (usually self-employed) farmers and their family members help out in an overview of the Employees subject to social insurance are not included.

One of the destinations of the commuters from Großheide: the VW plant in Emden

Overall, the community is to a large extent an out- commuter area, with the cities of Norden and Aurich in particular, the Emden Volkswagen plant being very important as a destination for commuters. In 2006, the Autowerk was the largest employer for the Menstede-Coldinne district. 2451 employees subject to social insurance are compared to 655 jobs subject to social insurance (as of 2006). 301 employees commute to Großheide, 2097 Großheider, on the other hand, were employed outside the municipality that required social security contributions. The out-commuter surplus is therefore almost 1,800 people with a population of around 8,700.

Separate labor market data for Großheide are not collected. The community belongs to the north division within the Emden-Leer district of the Federal Employment Agency. In the Northern division, the unemployment rate in December 2015 was 9.8 percent. It was 3.9 percentage points above the Lower Saxony average. Around two percent of employees work in the agricultural sector. In the manufacturing industry, 27 percent, in trade, hospitality and transport, 36 percent of the employees subject to social security contributions make their living. 34 percent of employees work in other service occupations (as of 2014).

Agriculture

A major structural change can be observed in Großheide's agriculture. Between 1991 and 2007 the number of agricultural holdings decreased by almost two thirds, with a simultaneous increase in the area of ​​existing holdings. This was accompanied by an increase in the area of ​​the existing farms. In contrast, the proportion of residents directly involved in agriculture has declined sharply in the past few decades, primarily as a result of increasing technology. In addition to the purely agricultural operations, there are some upstream and downstream companies in this sector.

In terms of area, the municipality is clearly shaped by agriculture. Around 75 percent of the almost 70 square kilometers of the municipal area are used for agriculture. Because of the poor quality of the soil, dairy farming is predominant. The district of Aurich is the eleventh largest milk producer district in Germany, to which the municipality of Großheide contributes to a certain extent due to the high proportion of agricultural land and, at the same time, below-average size of the municipality. Dairy farmers have been suffering from very low milk prices for several years. Goat and pig farming is of little importance compared to cattle farming, but poultry farming is increasing.

In terms of arable farming, the agricultural areas are mainly used for growing animal feed, especially maize . The maize is mainly grown for the production of silage . In addition, the cultivation of crops for the production of biogas plays a role. The sharp increase in the number of biogas plants, however, leads to an expansion of the cultivation areas for maize, which in East Frisia grew by 60 percent between 2005 and 2010. This was accompanied by an increase in the price of agricultural land for arable land and grassland by 31 and 40 percent.

Individual farms have specialized in organically produced products and have joined appropriate marketing organizations. Farmers earn additional income by installing wind turbines and biogas systems. To a lesser extent, farmers also offer rooms for holiday guests ( vacation on the farm ). Home slaughtering of private individuals for personal use still takes place, but is just as much a part of maintaining tradition as it is to supply.

tourism

Together with the neighboring communities of Südbrookmerland, Aurich and Holtriem, the community of Großheide has set up an approximately 40-kilometer-long cycle route called the “Eternal Sea Route”. The route leads through the moor and heather vegetation of the Berumerfehner Moor.

traffic

Traffic axes in East Friesland: The municipality of Großheide (east of the north) is located off the main traffic routes in the region.

Großheide is located away from the main traffic routes such as railway lines, motorways and federal highways. In road traffic, the main access road is Landesstraße 6, which leads from the north to Esens . It crosses the northern municipality in an east-west direction and is the main connection road to the central center north. The further supra-local traffic is handled via district roads, whereby those who connect the southern municipal area with the federal highway 72 in the area of ​​the integrated municipality Brookmerland and the municipality Südbrookmerland are of greater importance , as the cities Aurich and Emden as well as the Autobahn 31 can be reached from there . There are cycle paths that are structurally separated from the road structure on the state road and on sections of some district roads.

Großheide is not directly connected to the Deutsche Bahn network. The next long-distance train stations are in Norden and Marienhafe . The latter offers connections on the regional express line Norddeich Mole - Hanover and, since 2013, Intercity to Leipzig / ( Cottbus ); these also stop at the Norder Bahnhof, where there are also IC services in the direction of Cologne . The local transport tariff applies to Bremen / Leer. In the district of Westerende there is a station on the East Frisian Coast Railway, which is now used as a museum railway . A citizens' initiative is committed to reactivating the route for scheduled regional traffic.

Public facilities

The municipal administration with its subsidiaries such as the building yard should be mentioned among the public institutions. In addition, the municipality has founded a private company that is 100 percent owned and used to operate a biogas plant. In the future, the operation of a wind farm is to be added: Together with the district of Aurich, the municipality holds shares in a company that wants to operate a wind farm in Arler Hammrich together with private investors. In this way, the municipality should benefit directly from the investments in its area through trade tax returns. The Castle Grossheide serves as a youth services facility under the direction of since 2012 Leiner pin . The only other noteworthy public facility is the local police station, which is not manned around the clock.

Education and health

There are four schools in the community. The Friederiken School ( secondary and secondary school ) and the Frya Fresena Elementary School are housed in the school center in the main town . Another elementary school called Waldschule is located in the Berumerfehn district. Due to the inclusion, the special needs school in Großheide expired in 2018. The free school “Room for Natural Learning” was opened in the same building. Early childhood education and care is offered in two crèches and four kindergartens. One of the kindergartens is located in the districts of Südarle and Berumerfehn, a day nursery in the district of Arle, and the other three facilities in the main town. This also includes an integration kindergarten. There are no further school offers in the municipality, which has fewer than 9,000 inhabitants. In the neighboring joint municipality of Hage , the cooperative comprehensive school offers the opportunity to take the Abitur , as well as the Ulrichsgymnasium in the north . The vocational schools are also in the north. The nearest university of applied sciences is the University of Emden / Leer , the nearest university the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg .

Most of the medical professionals are based in the main town. As in many other rural communities in Germany, a shortage of specialists is expected in Großheide in the future. The closest hospital is the Ubbo-Emmius-Klink in Norden.

media

Großheide is in the catchment area of ​​two daily newspapers, Ostfriesischer Kurier and Ostfriesen-Zeitung . The Kurier, which appears in the north, has been the home newspaper of the Norderland since 1867 and claims to have a market share of 90 percent there. The Ostfriesen-Zeitung, which appears in Leer , has an editorial office in the north and reports from there on local events. The weekly advertising paper “Echo” also comes from the Kurier's publishing house . The community radio stations Radio Ostfriesland and Radio Nordseewelle also report from the community .

Personalities

literature

  • Eberhard Rack provides a somewhat older representation of the settlement of the area: Settlement and settlement of the old district of the north. , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN.

In addition, the following works, which deal with East Friesland in general, are also significant for the history and description of the community insofar as they illuminate individual aspects:

  • Otto Aden: Development and changing situations of selected trades in East Friesland from the middle of the 18th to the end of the 19th century. (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 40), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1964, without ISBN.
  • Walter Deeters : East Frisia in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of East Frisia . 78: 32-44 (1998).
  • Hans Bernhard Eden: The residents' defenses of Ostfriesland from 1919 to 1921. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of Ostfriesland , vol. 65 (1985), pp. 81-134.
  • Beatrix Herlemann : The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81 (2001), pp. 205–216.
  • Theodor Janssen: Hydrology of East Frisia. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN.
  • Karl Heinrich Kaufhold ; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Frisia. ( Sources on the history of East Frisia , Vol. 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 .
  • Günther Möhlmann (edit.): Norder Annalen. Records from the Dominican monastery in Norden 1271–1530. (Sources on the history of East Frisia, Vol. 2), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1955, without ISBN.
  • Eberhard Rack: A little regional study of East Frisia. , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 .
  • Heinrich Schmidt : Political history of East Frisia. ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , Vol. 5), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, without ISBN.
  • Theodor Schmidt: Analysis of the statistics and relevant sources on the federal elections in East Friesland 1949–1972. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1978, without ISBN.
  • Wolfgang Schwarz: The prehistory in East Frisia. , Verlag Schuster, Leer 1995, ISBN 3-7963-0323-4 .
  • Karl-Heinz Sindowski et al .: Geology, Soils and Settlement of East Friesland (East Friesland in the protection of the dike, vol. 1), Deichacht Krummhörn (ed.), Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1969, without ISBN.
  • Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History. ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dyke , vol. 6), Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1974 without ISBN.
  • Eckhard Wassermann: settlement history of the moors. In: Karl-Ernst Behre, Hajo van Lengen (Ed.): Ostfriesland. History and shape of a cultural landscape. , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , pp. 93–112.
  • Harm Wiemann / Johannes Engelmann: Old ways and streets in East Frisia. ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dyke , vol. 8), Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1974, without ISBN.

Web links

Commons : Großheide  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Website of the community of Großheide
  • Old photos from Arle, Großheide, Eversmeer and Berumerfehn

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019  ( help ).
  2. ↑ The distances were measured with the help of a tool on the website of the Lower Saxony State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology , accessed on January 18, 2012.
  3. ^ Eberhard Rack: Kleine Landeskunde Ostfriesland , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 24.
  4. ↑ Günter Roeschmann: Die Boden Ostfriesland , in: Karl-Heinz Sindowski et al .: Geology, soils and settlement of Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dyke, volume 1), Deichacht Krummhörn (ed.), Self-published, Pewsum 1969, without ISBN, Pp. 51–106, here p. 96 as well as cartographic supplement.
  5. ^ Theodor Janssen: Hydrology of East Frisia. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 130 ff.
  6. ↑ www.entwaesserungsverband-norden.de: Remarkable , accessed on October 8, 2013.
  7. ↑ Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , direct link to the page is not possible. Procedure: Click on "Regional database", without logging in "Next", as a guest "Next", select "Survey area" and "Define time and region", click on "Einheits / Samtgemeinde", select Großheide (serial no. 452007), Clicking on “Create and View Table,” accessed December 27, 2011.
  8. ^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland . Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 115
  9. ↑ Land use Land use land by type of use ( Memento of November 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on April 15, 2018.
  10. ↑ The community of Großheide (note: the districts are listed in the subsections), accessed on April 15, 2018.
  11. ↑ Thomas Huntke: Vegetation-ecological studies on the development of the Lengener Meer nature reserve (Leer district) - a case study on the efficiency of nature conservation in raised bogs , dissertation, University of Oldenburg, 2008 ( online ), pages 7/8 (PDF file; 40.3 MB) .
  12. ^ Günther Möhlmann (arrangement): Norder Annalen. Records from the Dominican monastery in Norden 1271–1530. (Sources on the history of East Frisia, Volume 2), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1955, without ISBN, p. 47 f.
  13. ^ Eberhard Rack: Settlement and Settlement of the Altkreis Norden , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 71.
  14. ^ Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland in the Thirty Years War , in: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfrieslands , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 39.
  15. ↑ The East Frisian historian Tileman Dothias Wiarda had already pointed this out in Volume 5 of his "Ostfriesische Geschichte" (Aurich 1795): "Since, however, as a result of the many years of billeting, these contributions were almost completely consumed again in the province, and the money always remained in circulation, in this way the riddle can be solved to some extent. ”Quoted in: Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland im Thirty Years War , in: Emder Jahrbuch für Historische Landeskunde Ostfrieslands , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 43.
  16. ^ Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland in the Thirty Years War , in: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfrieslands , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 38.
  17. ^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Friesland (sources on the history of East Friesland, Volume 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , p. 388.
  18. ^ Eberhard Rack: Settlement and Settlement of the Altkreis Norden , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 77.
  19. ↑ Helmut Sanders: Wiesmoor - His cultivation and settlement from the peripheral communities . Verlag Mettcker & Söhne, Jever 1990, ISBN 3-87542-006-3 , p. 22 ff.
  20. ^ Eberhard Rack: Settlement and Settlement of the Altkreis Norden , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 73.
  21. ^ Eberhard Rack: Settlement and settlement of the old district north , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 72 f.
  22. ↑ Großefehn had a total of 2513 inhabitants in 1858, Warsingsfehn 1678 and (West-) Rhauderfehn 2240. Figures from: Otto Aden: Development and changing situations of selected trades in East Friesland from the middle of the 18th to the end of the 19th century (treatises and lectures on history Ostfrieslands, Volume 40), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1964, without ISBN, p. 200.
  23. ^ Eberhard Rack: Settlement and Settlement of the Altkreis Norden , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 73.
  24. ↑ Otto Aden: Development and changing situations of selected trades in East Frisia from the middle of the 18th to the end of the 19th century (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 40), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1964, without ISBN, p. 201 .
  25. ↑ Hinrich Gast (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Arle , PDF file, p. 6/7, accessed on February 9, 2013.
  26. ^ The community of Großheide, OT Berumerfehn , accessed on April 15, 2018.
  27. ↑ www.schloss-grossheide.de: History , accessed on February 9, 2013.
  28. ↑ Helmut Fischer: The first colonist comes in 1789. In: Ostfriesischer Kurier of July 21, 2012.
  29. ↑ Hans Bernhard Eden: The Resident Services of Ostfriesland from 1919 to 1921. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 65 (1985), pp. 81-134, here pp. 94, 98, 103, 114.
  30. ^ Report from the Ostfriesischer Kurier dated April 7, 2012, archived in the press database ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 692 kB) on the community homepage, accessed on August 26, 2018.
  31. ↑ Beatrix Herlemann : The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81 (2001), pp. 205–216, here: pp. 205f.
  32. ↑ Beatrix Herlemann : The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81 (2001), pp. 205–216, here: pp. 209f.
  33. ↑ Newly constructed roads open up the area in and around Menstede-Coldinne , accessed on August 27, 2018.
  34. ↑ a b Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality register for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 264 .
  35. ↑ History of the community in Großheide , accessed on August 26, 2018.
  36. ↑ Tatjana Gettkowski: Großheide attracts more elderly people than families. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , January 27, 2010, accessed on July 9, 2011.
  37. ↑ For the election results mentioned below, see Theodor Schmidt: Analysis of the statistics and relevant sources on the federal elections in East Friesland 1949–1972 . East Frisian Landscape, Aurich 1978, cartographic appendix.
  38. ↑ Klaus von Beyme : The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany: An introduction , VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-33426-3 , p. 100, viewed at Google Books , April 10, 2012.
  39. ^ Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law (NKomVG) in the version of December 17, 2010; Section 46 - Number of MPs , accessed on December 28, 2016
  40. ^ Community of Großheide: Ratsinformationssystem , accessed on August 26, 2018.
  41. ↑ a b Municipality of Großheide - overall results of the 2016 municipal council election , accessed on December 28, 2016
  42. ↑ The CDU gets the most votes nationwide. September 12, 2016, accessed December 28, 2016 .
  43. ↑ www.grossheide.de: Municipal Council , accessed on December 28, 2016.
  44. ^ Community of Großheide - overall results of the runoff election for mayor on June 15, 2014 , accessed on November 6, 2014
  45. ^ Result of the state election 2017 , accessed on October 20, 2017.
  46. ^ Nordwest-Zeitung: Bundestag election: These members represent our region . In: NWZonline . ( nwzonline.de [accessed September 29, 2017]).
  47. ↑ a b Oliver Heinenberg ( OLH ): Deficit despite increase in earnings. ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 689 kB) In: Ostfriesischer Kurier from March 28, 2013, accessed on August 26, 2018.
  48. ↑ Tatjana Gettkowski: City council decides to increase tax. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , March 19, 2011, accessed on July 9, 2011.
  49. ↑ Heidi Janssen: Black and yellow are now hoisted in the front yard. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , December 22, 2010, accessed on July 9, 2011.
  50. ↑ Forest and Moor Museum in Berumerfehn , accessed on August 27, 2018.
  51. ^ Regine Hein ( REH ): 14th tractor meeting arouses nostalgia in visitors. ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 589 kB) In: Ostfriesischer Kurier from July 8, 2013, accessed on August 27, 2018.
  52. ↑ MuSeum7 website of the community of Großheide , accessed on May 17, 2015
  53. ↑ Kieselchen website of the community Großheide
  54. ↑ Official Buurderee website of the community Großheide
  55. ^ Report in the Ostfriesischer Kurier of March 20, 2012 ( Memento of September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 789 kB), accessed on August 27, 2018.
  56. ↑ Integrated rural development concept : Ostfriesland-Mitte ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.3 MB), p. 11, accessed on August 27, 2018.
  57. ↑ Hinrich Gast, local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape: Menstede-Coldinne , PDF file, 8 pages, accessed on April 10, 2012.
  58. ^ Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency, Excel file, line 2062 .
  59. ↑ Development of the unemployment rate for the Norder branch of the Employment Agency , accessed on August 27, 2018.
  60. ↑ www.komsis.de: Location profile Großheide , accessed on February 2, 2016.
  61. ↑ Integrated rural development concept : Ostfriesland-Mitte ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.3 MB), p. 15, accessed on August 27, 2018.
  62. ↑ Lower Saxony State Office for Statistics , quoted in: Ostfriesischer Kurier. August 14, 2008, p. 12.
  63. ↑ Bernd-Volker Brahms: No end in sight for the biogas boom. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , November 25, 2010, accessed on January 31, 2012.
  64. ↑ above author: From the origin to fresh sausage. ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 871 kB) In: Ostfriesischer Kurier from March 13, 2012, accessed on August 27, 2018.
  65. ↑ Eternal Sea Route , accessed August 27, 2018.
  66. ↑ Tatjana Gettkowski: Coast Railway: citizens' initiative draws courage. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , February 16, 2011, accessed on July 9, 2011.
  67. ^ Richard Fransen: Wind joint venture in the Arler Hammrich. ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Internet Archive / PDF) In: Ostfriesischer Kurier from January 30, 2012, accessed on April 14, 2018.
  68. ↑ Oliver Heinenberg ( OLH ): Leinerstift takes over Großheide Castle. ( Memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 842 kB) In: Ostfriesischer Kurier from June 26, 2012, accessed on August 26, 2018.
  69. ↑ Manfred Wirringa: No new building areas in the new year. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , January 19, 2010, accessed on July 9, 2011.
  70. ↑ www.skn.info: data on the courier , accessed on April 10, 2012.